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Digestive system

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Digestive system

Composed of two parts :

    • Gastrointestinal tract
    • Accessory digestive organs.

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Gastrointestinal tract:

Consist of :

  • Mouth
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine

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Accessory organs :

Include:

  • Salivary gland
  • Liver
  • Pancreas

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Mouth

  • Surround out side by lips (consist of skin ,subcutaneous fat , muscles ).

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Oral cavity

Consist of two parts :

  • Vestibule
  • Oral cavity proper

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Vestibule

Oral Cavity Proper

O

V

Oral cavity [mouth cavity] – divided into vestibule & oral cavity proper

Parts of the oral cavity

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Structure found in the oral cavity :�����

  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary gland

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Teeth

    • Two type :
      • Deciduous (20)
        • Ages 6 month - 2 years
      • Permanent (32)
        • Ages 6 – 12 years
        • 17-25 years (3rd molars)

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        • Function of the teeth :

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        • Cutting and tearing the food

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The Tongue

      • Is mobile muscular organ
    • Functions
      • Mixes food with saliva
      • Movement the food.
      • Taste sensation
      • Help in speaking

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  • Has two surface dorsal and ventral surface .
  • Also has base ,body ,apex

Apex

Body

Base

Tongue

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The Salivary Glands

    • Three pair :
    • Parotid ,submandibular ,sublingual gland secret saliva

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      • Function of saliva :
  • Help in the lubrication of the food.
  • Defense mechanism because include( Ig )
  • Digestion the food because include enzymes lipase .amylase lipids and starch .
  • Help in speaking .

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  • Is fibromuscular tube extend from base of skull to the esophagus
  • Has three parts :
  • Nasopharynx posterior to the nasal cavity
  • Oropharynx posterior to the oral cavity
  • Laryngopharynx posterior to the larynx

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The pharynx

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15

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tongue

Palatine tonsil

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  • Is a muscular tube , about 25cm in length , extending from the lower end of the pharynx to the stomach.
  • Penetrate the diaphragm at the level of T10 .

Function:

  • passage the food from pharynx to stomach.

Esophagus

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  • Is the most dialated part of the gastrointestinal tract between the esophagus and the small intestine.

Function:

  • Storage the food (main function )
  • Mixing the food with gastric juice help in digestion .
  • Kill the germs because produce HCL .
  • Digestion proteins through pepsin enzyme

Stomach

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Parts, borders & ends

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  • Parts of the stomach :
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pylorus

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Small intestine

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Length 6 meter

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divided into:

  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum

function : digestion & absorption of the food

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duodenum

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  • Its a C-shaped tube around the head of the pancreas.
  • Its about 25 cm .
  • Has 4 parts the main part is the second part because the main pancreatic duct and bile duct open init .

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27

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The Large intestine

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Length about 1,5 meter. �Parts of the large intestine :�

  • Cecum ( Appendix open in it )
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal

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Function :�

  • Reabsorption of the water .
  • Storage the stool.
  • Excresion the waste products .

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The Large intestine

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Sigmoid

colon

Transverse

colon

Descending

colon

Cecum

Appendix

Rectum

p106

Ascending colon

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Accessory organs

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S

Small Intestine

D

Transverse Colon

Liver

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    • Location – under the diaphragm in the right side ,
    • The liver is the largest gland in the body, weighting about 1.5 Kg
    • It has two lobes right and left lobe

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Functions of the Liver

    • Produces bile
    • Stores iron, vitamins, glucose
    • Detoxification
    • Metabolizes proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
    • Filtration of the blood
    • Produces the plasma proteins

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Gallbladder

    • Location – Lower part of the right lobe of the liver

Function of the gallbladder :

    • Storage and Concentration the bile by remove the water .

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The Liver

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition

Prentice Hall, © 2001

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Pancreas

  • Mix gland Has an exocrine portion:

Because secret pancreatic juice that share in digestion of lipids through two duct s of pancreas main and accessory duct drain in the second duodenum

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  • Endocrine portion:
    • These cells secrete hormones direct into the blood stream
      • Insulin
      • Glucagon

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