Chap. 5 The Operational Amplifier
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Contents
5.1 Operational Amplifier Terminals
5.2 Terminal Voltages and Currents
5.3 The Inverting-Amplifier Circuit
5.4 The Summing-Amplifier Circuit
5.5 The Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit
5.6 The Difference-Amplifier Circuit
5.7 A More Realistic Model for the OP Amplifier
Objectives
電流的限制予以簡化,導出一理想運算放大器。
2.能分析包含理想放大器的簡單電路,並分辨下列運算
放大器電路:反相放大器、和值放大器、非反相放大器
與差值放大器。
3.瞭解比較實際的運算放大器模型,並能利用它來分析包
含這些放大器的簡單電路。
5.1 Operational Amplifier Terminals
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運算放大器的五個重要端子為:
◆ 反相輸入端(Inverting Input)
◆ 非反相輸入端(Noninverting Input)
◆ 輸出端(Output)
◆ 正電源(V + )
◆ 負電源(V - )
5.2 Terminal Voltages and Currents
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The voltage transfer characteristic of an op amp.
運算放大器的電壓轉移曲線:當它在線性區運作時,輸出電壓為輸入電壓之差再乘以A 倍,此倍數稱為增益(gain)。
線性區外則輸出電壓是飽和的。
Input Voltage Constraint for Ideal Op Amp
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理想運算放大器的輸入電壓限制條件:
在線性區時,因增益無限大,所以vp = vn,亦稱為虛短路(virtual short)。
Input Current Constraint for Ideal Op Amp
理想運算放大器的輸入電流限制條件:
因等效輸入電阻無限大,所以ip = in = 0。
Symbol without the power supply terminals.
From KCL,
EX 5.1 Analyzing an Op Amp Circuit
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Ideal
a) Calculate vo if va = 1V and vb = 0V.
b) Repeat (a) for va = 1V and vb = 2V.
c) If va = 1.5V, specify the range of vb
that avoids amplifier saturation.
a)
b)
c)
Because vo lies between ± VCC, the op amp is in its linear region.
5.3 The Inverting-Amplifier Circuit
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Ideal
Note:
其中負號代表反相,增益或比值為Rf / Rs。
Open-Loop Operation of an Inverting Amp
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Ideal
Note: The op amp can operate open loop in the linear mode only if
Also note that :
Open-Loop Gain
of the Op Amp
5.4 The Summing-Amplifier Circuit
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Ideal
@inverting input terminal:
&
5.5 The Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit
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Ideal
&
&
5.6 The Difference-Amplifier Circuit
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@inverting input terminal:
Ideal
簡化的差值放大器
輸入電壓與輸出電壓關係
If
The Difference Amplifier-Another Perspective
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重新定義輸入電壓:
差模(differential mode) 和共模(common mode) 電壓輸入。
vo in terms of vcm & vdm
If
只放大輸入電壓的差模部分,
而消除共模部分。
Measuring Difference-Amplifier Performance
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當電阻不匹配時會造成共模增益不為零,因此以共模拒斥比(common mode rejection ratio, CMRR) 來表示與理想放大器的接近程度。
CMRR 值愈大代表愈接近理想差值放大器
Let
OR
5.7 A More Realistic Model for the Op Amp
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較實際的模型:
µA741 op amp的典型值:
Ri = 2 M Ω
A = 105
Ro = 75 Ω
Analysis of an Inverting-Amplifier Circuit �Using the More Realistic Op Amp Model
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Analysis of a Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit �Using the More Realistic Op Amp Model
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where
What if Ro🡪0, A🡪∞, and Ri 🡪∞?