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Chap. 5 The Operational Amplifier

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Contents

5.1 Operational Amplifier Terminals

5.2 Terminal Voltages and Currents

5.3 The Inverting-Amplifier Circuit

5.4 The Summing-Amplifier Circuit

5.5 The Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit

5.6 The Difference-Amplifier Circuit

5.7 A More Realistic Model for the OP Amplifier

Objectives

  1. 能指明和描述運算放大器的五個端子,並應用電壓和

電流的限制予以簡化,導出一理想運算放大器。

2.能分析包含理想放大器的簡單電路,並分辨下列運算

放大器電路:反相放大器和值放大器非反相放大器

差值放大器

3.瞭解比較實際的運算放大器模型,並能利用它來分析包

含這些放大器的簡單電路。

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5.1 Operational Amplifier Terminals

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運算放大器的五個重要端子為:

反相輸入端(Inverting Input)

非反相輸入端(Noninverting Input)

輸出端(Output)

正電源(V )

負電源(V )

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5.2 Terminal Voltages and Currents

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The voltage transfer characteristic of an op amp.

運算放大器的電壓轉移曲線:當它在線性區運作時,輸出電壓為輸入電壓之差再乘以A 倍,此倍數稱為增益(gain)。

線性區外則輸出電壓是飽和的。

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Input Voltage Constraint for Ideal Op Amp

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理想運算放大器的輸入電壓限制條件:

線性區時,因增益無限大,所以vp = vn,亦稱為虛短路(virtual short)。

Input Current Constraint for Ideal Op Amp

理想運算放大器的輸入電流限制條件:

等效輸入電阻無限大,所以ip = in = 0

Symbol without the power supply terminals.

From KCL,

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EX 5.1 Analyzing an Op Amp Circuit

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Ideal

a) Calculate vo if va = 1V and vb = 0V.

b) Repeat (a) for va = 1V and vb = 2V.

c) If va = 1.5V, specify the range of vb

that avoids amplifier saturation.

  • Negative feedback ⇒ linear region
  • No negative feedback ⇒ saturation
  • Then analyze and check!

a)

b)

c)

Because vo lies between ± VCC, the op amp is in its linear region.

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5.3 The Inverting-Amplifier Circuit

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Ideal

Note:

其中負號代表反相,增益或比值為Rf / Rs

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Open-Loop Operation of an Inverting Amp

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Ideal

Note: The op amp can operate open loop in the linear mode only if

Also note that :

Open-Loop Gain

of the Op Amp

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5.4 The Summing-Amplifier Circuit

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Ideal

@inverting input terminal:

&

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5.5 The Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit

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Ideal

&

&

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5.6 The Difference-Amplifier Circuit

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@inverting input terminal:

Ideal

簡化的差值放大器

輸入電壓與輸出電壓關係

If

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The Difference Amplifier-Another Perspective

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重新定義輸入電壓:

差模(differential mode) 共模(common mode) 電壓輸入。

vo in terms of vcm & vdm

If

只放大輸入電壓的差模部分,

而消除共模部分。

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Measuring Difference-Amplifier Performance

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電阻不匹配時會造成共模增益不為零,因此以共模拒斥比(common mode rejection ratio, CMRR) 來表示與理想放大器的接近程度

CMRR 值愈大代表愈接近理想差值放大器

Let

OR

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5.7 A More Realistic Model for the Op Amp

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較實際的模型

  1. 輸入電阻Ri 有限值
  2. 開迴路增益A有限值
  3. 輸出電阻Ro不為零

µA741 op amp的典型值:

Ri = 2 M Ω

A = 105

Ro = 75 Ω

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Analysis of an Inverting-Amplifier Circuit �Using the More Realistic Op Amp Model

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Analysis of a Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit �Using the More Realistic Op Amp Model

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where

What if Ro🡪0, A🡪∞, and Ri 🡪∞?