2020
Life Without Energy:
Needs, Dreams and Aspirations
SPACE10 Report
SPACE10 x Quicksand
SPACE10 x QUICKSAND
2020
Energy is a commodity that many of us take for granted. But what happens when we don’t have it?
Motivation
SPACE10 and Quicksand decided to travel around the world to find out.
Motivation
We visited 40 families in Kenya, Peru, Indonesia and India to give you a unique and first-hand glimpse of how families around the world live an everyday life with little or no access to electricity.
Motivation
We also explored how solar energy and other off-grid solutions could unlock the full potential of these families—from better education, livelihoods, well-being, and health to more equality.
Motivation
We invite you to meet these 40 families — and 2 billion others like them — who have no or limited access to electricity.
Motivation
We unfold their stories, testimonies and unique insights into their everyday lives — and how clean energy could fuel their needs, dreams and aspirations.
Motivation
Opportunities
Desk research + expert consultations
Introduction
Project
overview + landscape
Global
Perspective
Field research
Home
Energy
1 — Global Perspectives
Assessment of the existing global and regional energy landscape in key emerging regions (Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia-Pacific).
2 — Life at Home
Insights around the unique lives and needs of different households across socio-economic and cultural backgrounds.
3 — Life with Energy
A tangible understanding of the relevance and applications of electricity and solar services, and the quality of life improvements these potentially bring.
4 — Opportunities
Avenues to move forward based on the project’s research for product and service development.
Life at Home
Impact
Challenges
Life with Energy
Report Structure
Content
1.0 — Introduction
1.1 — Objectives
1.2 — Project Phases
1.3 — Research Approach
1.4 — Privacy and Consent
1.5 — Global Electrification
2.0 — Global Perspective
2.1 — Impact of Electrification
2.2 — Barriers to Universal Electrification
2.3 — Understanding Aspirations
3.0 — Life at Home
3.1 — Shelter First
3.2 — Generational Responsibility
3.3 — Unshakable Hospitality
3.4 — Irregular Income
3.5 — Pooling Resources
3.6 — Fighting Isolation
3.7 — Live-work Homes
4.0 — Life with Energy
4.1 — Costly Habits
4.2 — Adaptive Lifestyle
4.3 — Safety Trade-offs
4.4 — Affordability Beyond Cost
4.5 — Dependence on Power
4.6 — Meeting Aspirations
5.0 — Summary
5.1 — Key Learnings
5.2 — Call to Action
7.0 — Appendix
6.0 — Opportunities
6.1 — Last Mile Provision Principles
6.2 — Leveraging Off-Grid Solar
About SPACE10
SPACE10 is a research and design lab on a mission to enable a better everyday life for people and the planet. SPACE10 research and design innovative solutions to some of the major changes expected to affect people and our planet in the years to come. SPACE10 is proudly supported and entirely dedicated to IKEA – working as an independent research and design lab. SPACE10 bring new perspectives and design new solutions that enable IKEA to live up to their vision of creating a better everyday life for the many people.
About Quicksand
Quicksand is one of India’s leading design studios with bases in New Delhi, Bangalore and Goa. Quicksand pushes the use of design-led thinking in a range of projects addressing challenges in its surrounding society — whether it's creating experimental toilet infrastructure in urban slums, proposing the future of household products, inspiring next generation communication devices or developing a technology platform for rural schools.
Introduction
Project brief and approach
1.0
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Understand the lives and spaces
of people across varying degrees
of electrification.
Study the products and services
that drive electricity usage in
these contexts.
1.1 — Objectives
Report
Handover
Unpacking
the Brief
Global Market Scan + Prioritisation
Methodology Framing and Evaluation
Initial Synthesis
Global Primary Research
Final
Synthesis
Kick-off
Interim Report Production
Foundational Research
India Research Pilot
Home Visits + Experts
Research Structure
Formalisation
Final Report Production
Sep 2019
Nov 2019
Oct 2019
Dec 2019
1.2 — Project Phases
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1.3 — Research Approach
Local
Stakeholder
Interviews
Home Visits
Desk Research
Expert
Consultations
Across
4 Regions
1 — Desk Research
A review of existing research on the topic
of electrification and its impact around the world, including key regions of interest.
2 — Expert Consultations
Experts from the energy and socio-economic development sector were consulted to develop a holistic perspective on life with and without electricity.
3 — Home Visits
Home visits were conducted in rural and isolated areas to meet families living across the electrification spectrum. Each visit lasted 6-7 hours and involved meeting each member of the family.
4 — Stakeholder Interviews
In between home visits, local shop owners, community leaders and technicians were interviewed to better understand the life in the communities.
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1.4 — Privacy and Consent
All those quoted during home visits have had their names anonymized. Experts that have been quoted have not had their names changed.
All participants provided consent
to have their stories and pictures shared publicly using anonymized names. In Kenya and India, those interviewed during home visits provided consent through audio recordings. In Indonesia and Peru, written consent was provided.
Peru
Population: 31,989,260
Electrification: 96%
(Urban:100% Rural:84%)
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Kenya
Population: 51,393,010
Electrification: 64%
(Urban:81% Rural:58%)
India
Population: 1,352,617,330
Electrification: 93%
(Urban:99% Rural:89%)
Indonesia
Population: 267,663,430
Electrification: 98% (Urban:100% Rural:96%)
Sources:
World Bank 2018
1.5 — Global Electrification
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Global Perspective
How is electrification changing lives around the world?
2.0
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Today, about two billion people—around 1 in 4 people in the world—live with no or limited access to electricity. Of those, 860 million people, mostly located in rural areas, live completely without electricity.
Today, about two billion people—around 1 in 4 people in the world—live with no or limited access to electricity. Of those, 860 million people, mostly located in rural areas, live completely without electricity.
674 million people will continue living without access to electricity in 2030 if the rate of electrification doesn’t rise significantly faster than population growth.
Today, about two billion people—around 1 in 4 people in the world—live with no or limited access to electricity. Of those, 860 million people, mostly located in rural areas, live completely without electricity.
674 million people will continue living without access to electricity in 2030 if the rate of electrification doesn’t rise significantly faster than population growth.
Even those who live with electricity are often underserved, only having access to an unreliable or inadequate grid connection.
Impact of
Electrification
How can electrification improve lives?
2.1 — Global Perspective
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2.1 — Impact of Electrification
The benefits of electrification are hard to ignore. Governments and service providers use electricity access as a tool to reduce poverty, alongside other efforts, such as those to improve sanitation, nutrition and access to clean water.
SDG 7
SDG 7 – ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy, is a priority for governments because living without electricity impacts a wide range of development indicators.
2.1 — Impact of Electrification
Health
Affordable access to clean energy can drastically reduce the use of candles, kerosene lamps and generators, all of which emit hazardous home pollutants.
4 million
Each year, there are close to 4 million premature deaths attributable to household air pollution from inefficient cooking practices that
use solid fuel and kerosene.
World Health Organisation 2018
2.1 — Impact of Electrification
Livelihood
Lighting can greatly increase the duration of productive work hours, whether it be at home, in the field, or running a shop outside of daylight hours.
82%�A study in Ghana found that the average income of solar-electrified enterprises was 82% higher than non-electrified enterprises.
2.1 — Impact of Electrification
Gender Equality
Women and children are especially vulnerable to hazardous fumes and domestic pollution caused by firewood stoves and kerosene lamps. Access to electricity can also be a driver of economic growth that enables women to take on new employment opportunities in or outside the home.
2x
The income of self-employed rural women with access to energy is over twice that of their counterparts �without access to energy.
2.1 — Impact of Electrification
Education
The increase in productive hours from affordable lighting and access to devices like computers provide crucial support to children and young adults wanting to study.
82.3%
After purchasing a solar light, study hours for children increased from an average of 1.7 to 3.1 hours a night -
a 82.35% increase.
2.1 — Impact of Electrification
Climate
Using clean energy appliances and systems as alternatives to ‘dirty’ ones can have a dramatic impact on reducing emissions generated by the home.
550kg
Using a clean alternative instead of a kerosene lamp, on average, averts the emission of nearly 550kg of emissions—
the same as when an average passenger vehicle drives over 1,000 miles.
“My son feels safer at night going to sleep with the light on.”
— Rosangela, Pucallpa, Peru
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2.1 — Impact of Electrification
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“With lighting in my house, my sons would be able to go home at night without the need for me to accompany them.”
— Esther, Mayoni, Kenya
2.1 — Impact of Electrification
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“I am unable to read the Quran if there’s no electricity. Light helps
me to pray in the evening.”
— Karimans, Tunda, Indonesia
2.1 — Impact of Electrification
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“The quality of electricity access is still a challenge. If you are unable to run a fan for 10+ hours, what’s the point?”
— Sasmita Patnaik, Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), India
2.1 — Impact of Electrification
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Access
Quality
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Access + Quality Meaningful Impact
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1 — Capacity�Capacity of a power source will directly impact the kind of appliances that can be run on it. This is especially a challenge for solar energy solutions.
2 — Reliability�Lack of reliability includes supply interruptions, irregular voltage, planned outages, all of which pose risks to the household and usability of appliances.
3 — Serviceability
Products are often designed with complex fabrication techniques that don't allow local technicians to fix and mend products locally.
4 — Long-term Impact
Many alternatives to the grid struggle to compete; the limited capacity of solutions like Solar Home Systems can limit people to a set of predetermined appliances that make it undesirable as long term solutions as they don't offer scope for growth.
Access
Quality
Meaningful Electrification
1 — Awareness�The lack of awareness of existing solutions and alternatives is a key barrier to adoption.
2 — Affordability�Energy access is often one of the first monthly payments families have to make, making it intimidating to pay upfront, however affordable it may be.
3 — Payment System
Billing confusion and lack of clear communication between electricity provider and households is a common bottleneck.
4 — Mobility
Limited mobility or lack of vehicle access, requires providers to come to their customers rather than customers being able to seek out products.
2.1 — Impact of Electrification
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Barriers to Universal Electrification
What does electricity access look
like for isolated communities?
2.2 — Global Perspective
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2.2 — Barriers to Universal Electrification
Central Grid
Isolated Household
Energy Gap
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Isolated communities
The main reasons for lack of access to electricity are: sparse populations where it is too costly for providers to reach, terrain too difficult to access through traditional means or, in cases of communities with grid penetration, unaffordability.
2.2 — Barriers to Universal Electrification
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Kenya
Electrification doesn’t reach the fast-growing and often isolated population, despite an expanding off-grid solar market.
India
Communities have high grid penetration but inconsistent and unreliable electrification.
Indonesia
An archipelago where the government is slowly but painstakingly shifting from
fossil fuels to solar mini-grids.
Peru
Remote populations with a limited range of options that do not meet their needs.
2.2 — Barriers to Universal Electrification
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Understanding
Aspirations
How does energy access impact
a household’s aspirations?
2.3 — Global Perspective
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2.3 — Understanding Aspirations
4
Four countries visited �in three continents
To understand regional electrification impact and challenges
40+
Homes visited in �four geographies
To understand electrification status, day-to-day needs and aspirations
17
Local stakeholders �+ global experts
To understand both global trends and on-ground implementation challenges
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2.3 — Understanding Aspirations
Home
Visits
Life at Home
Life with Energy
Appliance Adoption
Dreams & Aspirations
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2.3 — Understanding Aspirations
India
Peru
Kenya
Indonesia
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Seeking Stability�
Struggling to make a reliable living, households seeking stability are unable to plan beyond the day-to-
day and invest in their future.
Improving Lifestyle
Families with a more stable financial situation start investing in improving their lifestyle, increasing their productivity or making their home more comfortable.
Looking Beyond
Although never safe from financial blows, families with enough income to put money aside and plan are able to seek a better future and hope to reach it in their lifetime.
2.3 — Understanding Aspirations
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2.3 — Understanding Aspirations
ESMAP Multi-tier matrix for access to household electricity | Tier 0 | Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 | Tier 4 | Tier 5 |
Capacity Power | | Min 3 W (Very low) | Min 50 W (Low) | Min 200 W (Medium) | Min 800 W (High) | Min 2 kW (Very high) |
Duration Hours per day | | Min 4 hrs | Min 4 hrs | Min 8 hrs | Min 16 hrs | Min 23 hrs |
Reliability Outages per week | | | | | Max 14 disruptions per week | Max 3 disruptions per week |
Affordability | | | | Cost of a standard consumption package of 365 kWh per annum is less than 5% of household income | ||
Aspirational Ladder | Seeking Stability | Improving Lifestyle | Looking Beyond | |||
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2.3 — Understanding Aspirations
Tier 0: No appliances Tier 1: Task lighting, phone charging, radio | Tier 2: General lighting, television, fan | Tier 3: Any medium-power appliances, such �as a computer Tier 4: Printer, AC, fridge, water pump, food processors, washing machines, rice cookers Tier 5: Microwaves, hair dryers, water boilers, electric cookers | ||
Source: ESMAP Multi-Tiered Framework
Seeking Stability�
Struggling to make a reliable living, households seeking stability are unable to plan beyond the day-to-
day and invest in their future.
Improving Lifestyle
Families with a more stable financial situation start investing in improving their lifestyle, increasing their productivity or making their home more comfortable.
Looking Beyond
Although never safe from financial blows, families with enough income to put money aside and plan are able to seek a better future and hope to reach it in their lifetime.
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Life at Home
What rituals shape the home?
3.0
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“For our house is our corner of the world. [...] All really inhabited space bears the essence of the notion of home.”
— Gaston Bachelard, Poetics of Space
3.0 — Life at Home
Indian homes
The homes visited in India were largely multi-generational, multi-use clusters of living units often arranged around a communal space where shared amenities such as light, water and sanitation were easily accessible by all.
Grid the most commonly used source of electricity in India, often paired with a Solar Home System solution | <5hrs how much power most homes received in a day |
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3.0 — Life at Home
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Kenyan Homes
Kenyan homes often included fragmented structures each at different degrees of development, with an emphasis on security, for different members of the family.
Grid the most commonly used source of electricity in Kenya, often paired with a Solar Home System solution | 5-10hrs how much power most homes received in a day. |
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3.0 — Life at Home
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Mini Grid the most commonly used source of electricity in Indonesia, often paired with a Solar Home System solution | 5-10hrs how much power most homes received in a day |
Indonesian Homes
Made from bamboo, wood or sometimes dead coral, homes visited on the island of Tunda represent an open lifestyle and support the multi-occupational nature of residents.
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3.0 — Life at Home
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Pico PV the most commonly used source of electricity in Peru, often paired with a Solar Home System solution | <5hrs how much power most homes received in a day |
Peruvian homes
The homes visited in Peru were largely multi-generational, semi-open pitch roof structures made of cana brava (bamboo-like wood), branches, tin or concrete and brick for those who could afford it. The interiors were mostly dedicated to sleeping and cooking.
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3.0 — Life at Home
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3.0 — Life at Home
1 — Shelter First The home must provide shelter from the elements and those with malicious intent - without which a family cannot feel safe. | 2 — Generational Responsibility Improvements to the home happen sporadically, causing families to prioritise the needs of the more vulnerable family members when upgrading the home. | 3 — Unshakable Hospitality Ensuring loved ones or visitors feel at ease is a key function of the home, making the living quarters and kitchens central spaces. | 4 — Irregular Income Most households depend on irregular sources of income, making it hard to plan or save through formal channels. |
5 — Pooling Resources The prohibitive cost of obtaining certain resources and amenities lead families to share them with their surrounding community. | 6 — Fighting Isolation Isolated families struggle to see each other or even access key amenities and therefore actively seek connectivity and mobility. | 7 — Live-work Homes Living spaces and working spaces often overlap in households with thin wallets; improvements to the home will often aim to benefit both. | |
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Shelter First
Most households with thin wallets are still working on making their home a reliable shelter.
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3.1 — Life at Home
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3.1 — Shelter First
Rudimentary shelter
Being made of mud, branches or a bamboo-like material, will often mean there is no or limited electricity in the house.
Sturdy habitation
Bricks and concrete are seen as aspirational housing materials - “Like in the city.” Some families may choose to have a brick home before electricity.
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3.1 — Shelter First
Less maintenance
Improving one’s shelter also means doing away with demanding maintenance.
Mud houses need to be resealed twice a year (including floors); branch roofs keep the house cool but also require regular upkeep.
Protection from robbers
The fear of robbers was mostly expressed in Kenya and Peru. In Peru, the homes were likely to get broken into because they were made of a bamboo-like material that could easily be sawn through. In Kenya, robbers mostly targeted livestock kept outside.
Brick and mortar, the final frontier
Concrete and brick homes are seen as aspirational. They provide safety and are often the fruit of years of saving, planning and building.
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3.1 — Shelter First
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Shaky foundations
Farm families in native communities find their lack of stable employment a greater threat than their lack of a sturdy shelter.
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3.1 — Shelter First
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Shelter before power
Three years ago, Kajal and her family of six bought land on the outskirts of the village. They first built and lived in a mud house, which is now inhabited by their cattle.
She has since built herself a brick home, which she is still working on upgrading with a door and windows. Although it has meant putting off finding the funds electrify, they have a mobile phone they charge at their neighbour’s.
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3.1 — Shelter First
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Security lights
In Machakos county, Kenya, the homes visited were all made of brick or concrete. Homeowners were mostly concerned with protecting themselves and their cattle from robbers through gates and security lights installed on their porches.
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Generational Responsibility
Improvements to the home happen sporadically and tend to prioritise
more vulnerable family members.
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3.2 — Life at Home
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3.2 — Generational Responsibility
A brighter future through education
Jose and his wife struggle to make ends meet and see their home as unsafe due to inconsistent income. Most families take pride in their children’s education and see it as a necessary investment for their well-being. In unelectrified homes, it was often the biggest yearly expenditure after food.
Multi-generational homes
Mrs. Kariman’s son helps her with buying tanks of LPG because collecting firewood is difficult at their age.
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3.2 — Generational Responsibility
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Staying back
Out of concern for his parents, John decided to stay on with them as his brothers moved out to make their own homes.
Within the family compound, John’s home is the smallest and lacks a grid connection. He instead uses two solar lights that double as torches when he visits neighbours. His parents and children live in a separate structure that has electricity and is significantly larger than his, which is where he goes to spend time with them and charge his phone.
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3.2 — Generational Responsibility
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Living with two bulbs
Despite having a metered grid connection, Vinod only has 2 bulbs. He has one bulb outside his home near the entrance for safety from the forest. He places the second bulb in his son and daughter-in-law’s room while his room remains dark.
1
3
Shared
courtyard
Son’s room
Pig pen + store
Vinod’s room
Neighbour
Hand
pump
← Street →
4
2
3
2
1
Jungle
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3.2 — Generational Responsibility
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No compromise on education
Most families take pride in their children’s education and see it as a necessary investment for their well-being. In unelectrified homes it was often the biggest yearly expenditure after food.
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3.2 — Generational Responsibility
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“She’s my hero.”
Jacob made sure he could live right next to his mother, and got an electricity connection for her last year. He spends his day shuttling between his mother’s home and his own, making sure that she has eaten and had tea.
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Unshakable
Hospitality
Ensuring loved ones or visitors feel at ease is a key function of the home, making the living quarters and kitchens central spaces.
3.3 — Life at Home
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Welcoming home
In modest homes, the two most important rooms are the living or sleeping room (semi-covered in this Peruvian home) and the kitchen (to the left). Across regions, homes developed around these two key functions.
3.3 — Unshakable Hospitality
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Hosting
Getting together with visitors, neighbours or family is a key function of the home. Be it on the porch, in the verandah or inside, there is always a place to sit and chat: cots, homemade furniture, plastic chairs.
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3.3 — Unshakable Hospitality
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Snacks
Welcoming guests often involves food: fried snacks or crackers in India, coconuts and other fruits in Peru and friend bananas in Indonesia. Many snack times are accompanied by a fresh cup of tea.
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3.3 — Unshakable Hospitality
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Front porch furniture
The machaan is a staple of the Bihari home. Placed at the entrance of the house, it is a large covered surface under which visitors can sit and chat with the family. Some men will use it as a place to nap or sleep on hotter nights.
3.3 — Unshakable Hospitality
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“If you leave full, they’ll
know we treated you well.”
Hospitality towards visiting guests is emphasised as a cultural norm. Pradeep’s mother improvised a meal for the research team.
3.3 — Unshakable Hospitality
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Irregular Income
Most households depend on irregular sources of income, making it hard to plan or save through formal channels.
3.4 — Life at Home
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Gig-based income
Inconsistent incomes makes it challenging for many families to plan and save. Most households earn through labor intensive jobs like construction, security, cooking for others or doing laundry for neighbours, which tends to be irregular.
Seasonal income
Farmers are able to plan a little better but only receive their income during the harvests, which can be up to every six months. They often take on extra gigs to complement their income when in need of money.
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3.4 — Irregular Income
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3.4 — Irregular Income
Livestock as savings
Many families keep livestock, which doubles as a source of food and savings as they can be sold when in need of money.
Building materials
Many households saved money by purchasing construction material for their home, such as bricks, bags of concrete, coral or tin roofing sheets, until they had enough to upgrade their home.
Purchase-oriented saving
Buying costly appliances can involve setting a daily saving goal for families that can last six months to a year. Many phones, fridges and computers were purchased through money saved little by little prior to the purchase.
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3.4 — Irregular Income
Shifting occupations
Because the demand of coconuts by locals is very low, Sasri tries to compensate her income through odd jobs like washing clothes for her neighbours and knitting mats from coconut leaves, amongst other coconut products (brooms, traditional plates).
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3.4 — Irregular Income
“If my lantern breaks, I will have to sell a few chickens
to buy a new one.”
Antonio keeps chickens for food and as a source of emergency cash. If he breaks his solar lantern for instance, he knows he’ll have to sell two or three chickens to afford a new one.
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Pooling Resources
The prohibitive cost of obtaining certain
resources and amenities lead families to
share them with their surrounding community.
3.5 — Life at Home
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3.5 — Pooling Resources
Shared appliances
Many appliances can be shared within a household or with the community. To name a few: lights between rooms, firewood stoves, mobile phones, portable fans, TVs, water pumps and many others.
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3.5 — Pooling Resources
Shared lighting
John’s parents placed one light bulb in the centre of their house that provides light in the living room, children’s and personal rooms.
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3.5 — Pooling Resources
Getting your own is safer
Genaro in Peru is still paying off his TV and has had to cut his cable subscription, but is happy to allow neighbours’ kids to come and watch TV with his children. Before having his own, his kids would do the same and watch TV at neighbours’ houses, which he saw as unsafe as they would often only return home at night.
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3.5 — Pooling Resources
“We share everything, that’s the point of the home.”
Antonio sees everything in his home as available to his family, including the one Pico PV mobile charger they have.
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Fighting Isolation
Isolated families struggle to see each other or access key amenities, and therefore actively
seek connectivity and mobility.
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3.6 — Life at Home
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3.6 — Fighting Isolation
Connectivity
In isolated communities, staying in touch is a key concern. Mobile phones are often the first rechargeable device purchased in homes without electricity.
In Peru, solar-powered radio towers are also used to keep large villages up to date on government schemes or relevant announcements.
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3.6 — Fighting Isolation
Mobility
Being able to get around and quickly reach nearby cities is a luxury that isn’t available to everyone. Many need to walk up to three hours if they don’t have the money to hitch a ride to the city.
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3.6 — Fighting Isolation
Public boats
In Tunda, Indonesia, a typical boat trip from the closest (larger) island can take up to 3 hours and carry 15-20 people and goods, such as vegetables, rice, eggs, water cans, clothes and appliances that people buy from outside the island. The service only runs three times a week.
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3.6 — Fighting Isolation
TV as the window to
the world
Samlawi relaxes with his wife by watching TV, which helps him stay connected to the world and get daily updates on news and current affairs.
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3.6 — Fighting Isolation
Better employment
Paulina’s last loan was to buy herself a new scooter and fridge. Like the fridge, the scooter is a very important part of her life as she commutes every week to work in another village where she recently took a better paying job as a kindergarten teacher.
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Live-Work Homes
Living and working spaces often overlap in households with thin wallets; improvements
to the home will often aim to benefit both.
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3.7 — Life at Home
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3.7 — Live-Work Homes
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Essentials stores
Homes with access to a nearby road often converted a room to be used as a store. In homes with electricity, storefronts were usually one of the first areas to be electrified.
Kitchen and meal preparation
The kitchen can easily be adapted to provide food for neighbours on top of those living inside the home. Although this was only seen in Indonesia, it was heard of in Peru and India.
Homestays
Only seen in Indonesia, some homes were adapted into homestays for tourists from the capital, Jakarta.
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Barns for cattle
Several homes, especially in India, had rooms dedicated to cattle-rearing. Some of them ensure the cattle’s comfort with a fan and bulb.
Home garden
Small farms or home gardens are common and can provide enough food to sustain a small family.
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← Street →
Store
Kitchen
Living Quarters
Mezzanine attic
Cliff edge
Running a store within a home
Miriam and Jose’s store is at the back of their home; to access the shop, one must first enter the living room to reach the counter. The rest of their home life similarly has work and life overlapping. For instance, the next big appliance they’d like if the grid ever reaches their village is a fridge, which would be used to sell cold sodas and keep popsicles cool for the kids. Even now without the fridge, the kids run in and out of the store when playing, often helping themselves to a handful of candies.
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3.7 — Live-Work Homes
Yard work
Sambang pays for his house by doing labour work for the merchant like peeling coconuts and extracting oil and water to sell, which he does in his backyard.
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“[Decentralised solutions] are often criticised for their lack of power which limits economic development. However [...] in situations of extreme energy poverty, the first kWhs have the most significant impact on households’ standard of living.”
— Gabrielle Desarnaud, Sustainable electrification for Asia and Africa, Notes de l’Ifri 2016
3.7 — Live-Work Homes
Living room entrepreneurs
Miriam and her husband opened the first store in their village three years ago in the middle of their living room. The store has been a great success and they hope that one day the grid will reach their village so they can buy a fridge to sell cold sodas.
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3.7 — Live-Work Homes
Profession-turned-hobby
Sebastian was a technician who now houses a variety of electrical parts in his home and has tools to conduct repairs. He doesn’t charge money from less privileged people “because it’s [Sebastian’s skills] a talent.”
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3.7 — Life at Home
1 — Shelter First
2 — Generational Responsibility
3 — Unshakable Hospitality
4 — Irregular Income
5 — Pooling Resources
6 — Fighting Isolation
7 — Live-Work Homes
Life with Energy
Appliance Adoption
Dreams & Aspirations
Life at Home
Life with Energy
How does access to energy transform life at home?
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4.0 — Life at Home
1 — Costly Habits Easily available alternatives to clean power remain too appealing to let go of, making unsafe habits hard to break. | 2 — Adaptive Lifestyles Unreliable conditions like inconsistent energy supply, income and weather require households to constantly adapt through inventive uses of energy. | 3 — Safety Trade-off The questionable installation of grid connections presents a tradeoff between convenience and safety that often results in unforeseen complications. |
4 — Affordability Beyond Cost In light of irregular income and lack of information, flexibility of payments and transparency become important considerations for affordability of energy. | 5 — Dependence on Power Energy access and uptake in appliances brings economic growth to some but means a burdening dependence for others. | 6 — Meeting Aspirations Limited capacity grid alternatives struggle to meet long-term needs and aspirations of families. |
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Costly Habits
Easily available alternatives to clean energy remain too trusted and appealing, making �unsafe habits hard to break.
4.1 — Life at Home
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4.1 — Costly Habits
Flavour of tradition
Households take pride in sticking to traditional forms of cooking to retain local cuisine and flavour. Omprakash’s mother leaves milk to cook for hours over dung cakes and firewood.
Easy opt out
Short-term energy solutions like firewood or batteries are preferred because they can be opted in and out of as finances fluctuate, regardless of long term health or financial costs.
Old is gold
Traditional sources of energy, such as firewood, candles and kerosene oil, that rely on simpler technology, if any, remain the most trusted fallbacks.
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4.1 — Costly Habits
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Firewood is hard to give up
Even though they have two gas stoves, Jorge’s family seems to only use them for tea and prefers sticking to firewood for larger meals. One reason is due to the cost of replacing tanks, the other may be the comfort and ergonomics a large fire stove provides. Needless to say, after ten minutes of cooking dinner the kitchen fills with smoke.
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4.1 — Costly Habits
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Asymmetrical impact
The lack of clean electrification or cooking methods has a greater impact on the health and routines of women who are active outside daylight hours and subjected to hazardous fumes at each meal preparation.
5AM: Wife wakes up and prepares breakfast for the family
7-11AM: Family works in the fields, children go to school
11AM: Wife returns home to prepare lunch and tidy the house
6PM: Wife returns early from the fields to cook dinner, children study
9PM: The family rests, chatting, weaving
12PM: Family (husband, wife, children) regroup at home for lunch
6AM: Husband and children wake up and have breakfast
1PM - 6PM: Family is in the fields
7PM: The family has dinner
8PM: Wife puts children to sleep
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4.1 — Costly Habits
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Disposable batteries and radios
Gregorio uses D batteries for his radio, which he takes with him each day in the fields. He must walk to the nearest city for about an hour each time he wishes to buy new ones.
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Improved kitchens
Improved kitchens remain rare but offer a happy compromise between the use of firewood and decreasing the exposure to hazardous fumes by using a chimney to guide the smoke out of the home.
The only clean kitchen seen was in Genaro’s house, which was bought for his daughters who handle most of the cooking as his wife lives and works in another town.
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“Kerosene lamps and firewood are still used in urban slums, even when there are easily available alternatives. There is some resistance because the current system works for them.
What pushes switching is more penalties rather than incentives.”
— Rishika Rangarajan, Researcher, Indian Institute of Human Settlements
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Adaptive lifestyles
Demanding conditions require households to constantly
adapt through inventive uses of energy.
4.2 — Life with Energy
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4.2 — Adaptive Lifestyles
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Portable light
The irregular access to energy requires appliances that can be easily moved around the house and illuminate a room, such as rechargeable lanterns.
Grid backup
Several homes kept a Solar Home System and a grid connected bulb side by side in the courtyard in case of outages.
During storms, the grid would cut out but solar lanterns and Solar Home System solutions could last 4-5 hours.
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4.2 — Adaptive Lifestyles
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Versatile storage
Backup devices like power banks were ubiquitous possessions across Indonesian homes, used for charging phones, emergency lights and even cameras.
Weekend fun
Generators are used even in homes without grid access to temporarily run heavier equipment like juice blenders or TVs. Miriam’s family watches television on weekends using a diesel generator - a gallon lasts for about 3 hours for the cost of 24 soles (8 USD).
Two in one
Some products like Sebastian’s flashlight phone are valued for their multiple capabilities captured into a single device. It doesn’t hurt that it also has a durable battery life.
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4.2 — Adaptive Lifestyles
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Neighbour
Central Living Space
House
Store
Vending
Cart
Multi-tasking through energy
The central semi-open space in the house binds Rema’s day together — giving access to her rooms and kitchen, her neighbour’s house, the store and front yard. The space allows her to relax and watch TV while keeping an eye on the store. When she feels the need for some privacy, she has a bamboo curtain to shade the space from the street.
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Layering solutions
Samlawi meticulously manages the electricity hours of his solar lantern, Solar Home System and powerplant as part of his routine. He uses the Solar Home System to light the house at night and saves the Pico PV system to open the store early in the morning.
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4.2 — Adaptive Lifestyles
Power banks
Sapon from Indonesia owns five power banks that he charges when the diesel power plant runs for three hours in the evening.
His favorite among them is a Pico PV solar power bank from Serang, which is powered with a solar panel on one side and has a strong LED panel on the other. It doubles up as an emergency light for his house at night.
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4.2 — Adaptive Lifestyles
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Solar as backup
Although Kriti’s home has had grid electricity for 17 years, the connection remains unreliable.
In the photo, her father points out the grid and Solar Home System-powered bulbs in the main courtyard mounted side by side in case the grid power goes out.
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Safety Trade-offs
The questionable installation of grid connections presents a trade-off between convenience and safety.
4.3 — Life with Energy
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4.3 — Safety Trade-offs
The risks of DIY grid
Omprakash is a born DIY’er, he uses several cooking methods including firewood (predominantly), a gas stove and an induction stove, which he connects to a live connection he’s fastened himself (above) each time he needs to use it.
2019
Erratic current
TVs and fridges are the appliances most affected by unstable supply.
Repair options are expensive and often inaccessible, making appliance purchases difficult decisions.
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4.3 — Safety Trade-offs
Solar is safe
Solar Home Systems and Pico PV devices present a unique attribute in that they are relatively safe to operate and manipulate.
Manoj from Uttar Pradesh purchased his Solar Home System in the fear of his children getting a shock from the normal supply.
Solar DIY
Vikram explaining how the bulb he runs on his Solar Home System can be moved around the home by simply fastening and unfastening the cables that connect it to the power source.
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4.3 — Safety Trade-offs
Solar parts are hard to come by
Devices with PV technology embedded in them are praised for their convenience but it is nearly impossible to find replacement parts, making them expensive to fix.
Repairability = Durability
Other rechargeable lanterns (which can charge on solar) are more modular and more commonly repaired, adding to their durability.
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4.3 — Safety Trade-offs
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Second life: fridge as a cabinet
In the kitchen corner is an unplugged fridge that Javier’s family uses to store fruits and other goods.
Part practical, part aspirational, the fridge was gifted to them by a friend from the city after it broke down. It seems to be a welcome addition to the home.
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4.3 — Safety Trade-offs
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“Years ago, our cow was electrocuted drinking water close to a poorly earthed grid connection.”
Fearing hazards of electricity grid access to his children, Manoj from Uttar Pradesh installed a 100W Solar Home System at his home.
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Affordability
Beyond Cost
Energy access and appliance uptake brings economic growth to most, but can also mean
a burdening dependence for some.
4.4 — Life with Energy
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4.4 — Affordability Beyond Cost
One time fee
As a one time investment - some of them as low as 4 USD - Pico PV solar products enable easy access to basic lighting and phone charging for households who cannot afford monthly grid payments.
Pay as you go
In Kenya, energy providers have integrated the “opt in” payment system into their Solar Home System and grid solutions to better meet the needs of their customers, which typically range between installments of 0.5 USD and 1 USD per day.
Monthly billing
Usually only for the grid, monthly billing systems are by far the most affordable but are also the source of much frustration when having to pay full price for a very inconsistent service.
Consumables
Batteries, gas cylinders and diesel enable households to get power only when they can afford to but results in very high expenditures. In Peru, some households spent up to 7 USD a month on batteries.
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4.4 — Affordability Beyond Cost
Inconsistent billing cycles
India’s grid energy provision was a source of anxiety for many users due to irregular billing, miscommunication and lack of transparency regarding the calculation of the cost.
Unfair pricing
Rudimentary payment systems cause confusion and dissatisfaction among households.
In Tunda, all households pay the same amount (Rp 2000 per day or roughly USD 0.15) for diesel generated power even when appliances and power consumption vary.
One size fits all
In San Martín, Peru, the government started rolling out Solar Home System solutions as alternatives to the grid with installation free of charge but a flat monthly fee of 10.6 soles (USD 3), regardless of the energy consumption, causing much frustration.
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4.4 — Affordability Beyond Cost
Going PayGo
The ‘Pay As You Go’ option offered by many solar-based providers is a simple mode of payment that accounts for incremental and staggered spending.
The prepaid revolution
A newer payment format offered by major central grid provider, Kenya Power, is the ‘token system,’ which requires users to buy tokens to use a certain amount of electricity. This was often preferable for its transparency and the ability to use (and pay) whenever needed.
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4.4 — Affordability Beyond Cost
“I don’t get more bulbs because I don’t know how much the electricity costs. What if I get the bill and I can’t pay?”
After a year of having received a grid connection and two bulbs, Vinod is still concerned about its true cost and whether he can afford to run more appliances.
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4.4 — Affordability Beyond Cost
“I can stay without electricity for a few days, but can’t do the same without food and water.”
After relying on a metre-based solution, Anne opted for a more cost-effective prepaid mode of payment which allows her to only use power when she has money to spare, at which point she tops up her account and enjoys its benefits while it lasts.
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Dependence
on Power
Energy access and appliance uptake brings economic growth to most, but can also mean a burdening dependence for some.
4.5 — Life with Energy
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4.5 — Dependence on Power
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Energy Access
Economic Growth
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4.5 — Dependence on Power
Appliances that generate income
In Peru, the fridge was brought up by many homes as a key aspirational device that could help improve livelihoods and life at home. Maria was the only person who used her fridge to generate income by storing products like sodas to sell to tourists, while also keeping fresh food for the family.
Monetizing hobbies
A former fisherman, Wani, invests his time in hobbies like creating wooden fish bait and cultivating Bonsai. He aspires to develop these hobbies into means of livelihood by opening stores and reaching out to buyers online.
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4.5 — Dependence on Power
Unusable appliances
Between 2013 and 2017, the arrival of a sand mining company on Tunda had led to local prosperity and rapid upgrades in infrastructure. With it came an uptake in appliances and an increased dependence on electricity, but minimal livelihood growth.
Unfortunately, it has since shut and the decline of external public and private sector investments has resulted in a degradation of the grid and many appliances becoming unusable.
Threat of disconnection
For Sasri, paying for the PLTD diesel power connection has been difficult, owing to defaulted payments. The threat of disconnection looms over her every month as she prepares herself for days without power.
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4.5 — Dependence on Power
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Energy-empowered businesses
Ajimat, a certified diver and tourist guide based out of Tunda, shuttles between Serang and Tunda, looking for tourists. When he gets business, he escorts tourists from Serang to Tunda and back to Serang.
He conducts most of his business on the phone through social media and thinks information access through the internet is crucial to bring change to the island.
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4.5 — Dependence on Power
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Unforeseen circumstances
After her husband unexpectedly passed away, Esther could not afford to retain the extended electricity connection they had drawn from their neighbour’s home. She now uses candles for lighting, in hope of getting a separate connection in the future.
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4.5 — Dependence on Power
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“Not everyone can improve their productivity through electricity.”
Jumadi (aged 74) spends his days scavenging the island for plastic to sell and resting at his home. He feels that electricity doesn’t add much to his life.
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Meeting
Aspirations
Limited capacity grid alternatives struggle to meet
long-term needs and aspirations of families.
4.6 — Life with Energy
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4.6 — Meeting Aspirations
Pico and Solar Home System overlap
The most common uses of energy in the home (lighting and mobile charging) can be done just as well with the Pico PV lanterns compared to Solar Home System.
Limited capacity solar
Solar Home Systems are successful temporary solutions but struggle to meet the long-term goals of families. In Peru, the Solar Home System setup comes with a poster that clearly indicates the limited uses of the connection, deemed insufficient by many.
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4.6 — Meeting Aspirations
>
Diesel Power Plant (PLTD)
The diesel power plant at the port runs between 6pm and 9pm everyday, providing reliable electricity. Households pay Rp 2000 or roughly the equivalent of USD 0.15 a day to contribute funds for the diesel fuel.
Solar Power Plant (PLTS)
The government has added two solar power plants (PLTS) to provide power for the remainder of the night until 5am. However, lack of operator training, mismanagement and inadequate repair and monitoring has caused the PLTS energy provision to fall drastically and loss of trust for solar as a viable fossil fuel alternative.
more reliable than
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4.6 — Meeting Aspirations
Migrating to the grid
The reliability of solar is valuable but the technology still remains limited in its capacity.
Families like Pradeep’s have been using solar energy for over a decade. Through a bit of trial and error, the family has reached a level of capacity from solar that allows them to run a TV and charge multiple smartphones and fans. However, their dependence on solar has decreased over the years, as grid electricity has matured. They hope they can fully migrate to the grid one day.
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4.6 — Meeting Aspirations
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Self-sufficiency through Pico PV
John frequently shuttles between his house and his parents’ larger, better-equipped home to spend time with the rest of the family and charge his phone (his house is equipped with 2 solar lamps). The compound functions as a complete solution for themselves as well as their livestock, eventually installed with a gate in order to prevent entry through other points.
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2
Gate
Family
sitting
room
Kitchen
John’s house
Children’s bedroom
Parents’
bedroom
Cattle area
Toilet
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Higher load requirements
The fridge and blender were both seen as aspirational appliances that could not be run on the limited capacity of solar solutions but would greatly benefit the children on hot days. Those who had them had to save considerably and had a grid connection.
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4.6 — Meeting Aspirations
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Rapid obsolescence
Peter’s first d.light solar home system now lies barely used after he finished paying off its full amount. A new, higher capacity system now powers his home, including a TV.
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4.6 — Meeting Aspirations
1 — Costly Habits
2 — Adaptive Lifestyles
3 — Safety Tradeoff
4 — Affordability Beyond Cost
5 — Dependence on Power
6 — Meeting Aspirations
Life at Home
Life with Energy
Appliance Adoption
Dreams & Aspirations
4.6 — Meeting Aspirations
Most frequently owned appliances
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4.6 — Meeting Aspirations
Fridge
(Productivity, Sustenance)
The fridge is a well known and
common aspirational device that
only grid-connected homes can
hope to run sustainably.
Light
(Safety, Productivity)
Access to light, through bulbs, flashlights, oil lamps or candles, is a need present across households.
TVs and Radio (Leisure)
The importance of leisure and relaxing is seen in the importance of radios and TVs. The TV is one of the first significant purchases a family makes once they have a more stable income.
Mobile phone
(Safety, Leisure)
The mobile phone is the first appliance purchased after a lighting source, even in homes without electricity.
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Summary
Key learnings and call to action.
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The priorities of a home in isolated areas are:
Key Learnings
Clean energy access has a role to play
in fulfilling each of these priorities.
Key Learnings
According to the International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook, “renewable energy technologies provide the main pathway to the provision of universal energy access.”
Conclusion
The sun as a source of clean energy gets cheaper every year, and rapid improvements will almost certainly continue. In fact, solar photovoltaics (PV) are already one of the cheapest ways to generate electricity in many areas of the world.
Conclusion
On top, solar energy is not a fuel that can be used up, but a technology that is constantly being developed. Because of this, we can expect a continuous fall in prices.
Conclusion
In short, we believe that we are standing on the cusp of a fundamental shift in how we consume, generate and trade energy.
Conclusion
With solar PV outpacing growth of all other renewables, we believe that we need to accelerate its growth, use its electricity for more of our energy needs and, above all, make it more accessible and affordable.
Conclusion
Opportunities
Avenues for product and service development
based on this project’s research.
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Last Mile Provision
Principles
How to improve the lives of isolated communities?
6.1 — Opportunities
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6.1 — Last Mile Provision Principles
Last mile
Retail
Isolated
Households
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Pull Push
Sell Finance
Afford Trust
Provide Empower
6.1 — Last Mile Provision Principles
Pull → Push
How might we make solutions available to communities with limited mobility and high connectivity?
6.1 — Last Mile Provision Principles
Sell → Finance
How might we adopt new payment strategies to make solutions more relevant to homes with irregular income?
6.1 — Last Mile Provision Principles
Afford → Trust
How might we hold ourselves accountable and value the trust of isolated communities?
6.1 — Last Mile Provision Principles
Provide → Empower
How might we encourage users to adapt products to their unique energy constraints and applications?
6.1 — Last Mile Provision Principles
Leveraging
Off-Grid Solar
How can solar improve the lives of
off-grid communities?
6.2 — Opportunities
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60% of the people becoming electrified between 2017 and 2030 will do so through decentralised systems, equally distributed between mini-grids and off-grid PV solutions.
— Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2018, IRENA
6.2 — Leveraging Off-Grid Solar
Kerosene lamps
Batteries
Grid
electrification
Pico PV
These are easily accessible, and provide limited electrification solutions. These are typically procured through one time payments.
Capacity: Very low (<10W)
Uses: Lighting, feature phone charging
Solar Home System
Units that comprise solar panels, batteries and
an inverter, meant to service certain key domestic electrification needs for a single household.
Capacity: Limited (10W-350W)
Uses: Lighting, low wattage appliances
Mini-Grid
Larger scale systems that service a cluster of users. Often positioned as subscription based services, used as an alternative to the grid in remote locations.
Capacity: High (reliability varies)
Uses: Lighting, electric appliances, industrial tools & machinery
6.2 — Leveraging Off-Grid Solar
Decentralised
Solar solutions have successfully been distributed and adopted world wide by communities with limited access to energy. The ease of setup and use makes it an ideal grid alternative.
Affordable
Energy providers around the world are learning to make solar solutions relevant to communities with thin wallets through innovative pricing methods. This effort has been aided by the consistent drop in PV production costs.
Scalable
The variety of applications possible through PV and the ease of distribution make solar a valuable means of providing access to remote communities.
6.2 — Leveraging Off-Grid Solar
Peru
Population: 31,989,260
Electrification: 96%
(Urban: 100% Rural:84%)
0.1%
of total population with off-grid solar access in Latin America by 2016
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Kenya
Population: 51,393,010
Electrification: 64% (Urban:81% Rural:58%)
4.9%
of total population with off-grid solar access in Africa by 2016
India
Population: 1,352,617,330
Electrification: 93% (Urban:99% Rural:89%)
1.9%
of total population with off-grid solar access in the Asia by 2016
Indonesia
Population: 267,663,430
Electrification: 98% (Urban:100% Rural:96%)
1.9%
of total population with off-grid solar access in the Asia by 2016
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6.2 — Leveraging Off-Grid Solar
Aspirations
Needs
Energy Provision
Appliance Access
Batteries
Pico PV
Solar Home System
Grid
Light
Mobile
Radio
TV
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Appendix
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7.0 — Regions
Four regions in emerging economies were explored: India (as a pilot location), Sub-Saharan Africa, South America and Southeast Asia.
In each region one country was finalised depending on the team’s access to local contacts and how representative the countries were of the regional challenges identified during the secondary research.
1. Central + Southern Asia Electrification*: Urban: 98% Rural: 80% | India Population: 1,352,617,330 People Electrification: 93% (U:99% R:89%) NIB*: Lower middle income HDI**: 0.57 | Communities are provided inconsistent and unreliable electrification despite high grid penetration |
2. Sub-Saharan Africa Electrification*: Urban: 76% Rural: 23% | Kenya Population: 51,393,010 People Electrification: 64% (U:81% R:58%) NIB*: Lower middle income HDI**: 0.59 | An aggressive off-grid solar market trying to keep up with the needs of a fast-growing and often isolated population |
3. Southeast and Eastern Asia Electrification*: Urban: 99% Rural: 95% | Indonesia Population: 267,663,430 Electrification: 98% (U:100% R:96%) NIB*: Lower middle income HDI**: 0.694 | Slow shift of government interest from fossil fuels to solar as decentralised power solutions for remote islands |
4. Latin America and Caribbean Electrification*: Urban: 99:87% Rural: 91% | Peru Population: 31,989,260 Electrification: 96% (U: 100% R:84%) NIB*: Upper Middle Income HDI**: 0.745 | Remote populations are provided a limited range of options that do not meet their needs |
7.0 — India | Overview
The India research was conducted in two states — Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, in villages which were 100% electrified on paper, but exhibited inconsistent and unstable grid electricity.
Uttar Pradesh (UP)
Population: 228,959,599
Bihar (BR)
Population: 119,461,013
BR
UP
7.0 — India | Households
Seeking Stability | Improving Lifestyle | Looking Beyond |
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7.0 — India | Energy Access Data
Grid
38.9%
None/Kerosene
16.7%
Pico PV products
16.7%
Solar Home System
27.8%
Full day
20%
10-15 hours
30%
<5 hours
40%
5-10 hours
10%
1-5 years
33.3%
Never
25%
<1 year
8.3%
5-20 years
33.3%
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7.0 — Kenya | Overview
In spite of being 2 hours away from the capital of Nairobi, the county of Machakos houses a number of villages with varying degrees of electrification.
Machakos
Population: ~1,422,000
7.0 — Kenya | Households
Seeking Stability | Improving Lifestyle | Looking Beyond |
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7.0 — Kenya | Energy Access Data
Grid
46.2%
None/Kerosene
23.1%
Pico PV products
7.7%
Solar Home System
23.1%
20+ years
27.3%
Never
27.3%
<1 year
9.1%
1-5 years
27.3%
5-20 years
9.1%
Full day
16.7%
10-15 hours
25%
<5 hours
8.3%
5-10 hours
50%
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7.0 — Indonesia | Overview
The Indonesian archipelago presents a case of troubled electricity access for communities based in remote islands.
The research was conducted on the island of Tunda (Pulau Tunda), which is part of Banten province - one of the economically weaker provinces among the Javanese islands.
Tunda
7.0 — Indonesia | Households
Seeking Stability | Improving Lifestyle | Looking Beyond |
SPACE10 x Quicksand
7.0 — Indonesia | Energy Access Data
Mini Grid
52.6%
None/Kerosene
5.3%
Pico PV products
26.3%
Solar Home System
15.8%
Never
9.1%
<1 year
9.1%
1-5 years
36.4%
5-20 years
45.5%
Full day
27.3%
10-15 hours
18.2%
<5 hours
9.1%
5-10 hours
45.5%
SPACE10 x Quicksand
7.0 — Peru | Overview
Research in Peru was conducted near Lamas and Tarapoto in the state of San Martín. The region is an elevated plain covered in jungles and cultivated land. Homes and communities were visited ranging from remote native communities living near the jungle to families in urban centres.
San Martín
Population: 31,989,260
Electrification: 91.70%
7.0 — Peru | Households
Seeking Stability | Improving Lifestyle | Looking Beyond |
SPACE10 x Quicksand
7.0 — Peru | Energy Access Data
Grid
23.1%
None/Kerosene
15.4%
Pico PV products
38.5%
Solar Home System
23.1%
Grid
23.1%
<1 year
9.1%
1-5 years
36.4%
5-20 years
23.1%
20+ years
9.1%
<5 hours
45.5%
Full day
27.3%
5-10 hours
27.3%
SPACE10 x Quicksand
About SPACE10
SPACE10 is a research and design lab on a mission to enable a better everyday life for people and the planet. SPACE10 research and design innovative solutions to some of the major changes expected to affect people and our planet in the years to come. SPACE10 is proudly supported and entirely dedicated to IKEA – working as an independent research and design lab. SPACE10 bring new perspectives and design new solutions that enable IKEA to live up to their vision of creating a better everyday life for the many people.
@space10_journal
www.space10.com