The content and essence of operating systems science. Operation system concept . �Computer systems classification .

Lecture 1

Plan :

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1. Key words .
2. Operation system concept .
3. Operation systems classification .

KEYWORDS

What is Operation system ?

• Operation system is : computer hardware, applications and software objects ( logical resources (manager ) software is a supply .
• An operating system is the interface between the user and the computer. interface hunter with a supply software package .
• An operating system is essentially a collection of system software , In some cases, application or instrumental software is used to control the system through a user GUI (graphical user interface).

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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

Calculation system composition

Calculation systems composition

Hardware supply

Calculation system composition is called configuration . Calculation of the technique software and hardware from the supply organization found . These two part separately seeing exit to the goal according to .

Calculation  systems  hardware  supply  to the content , configuration  organization  provider  device  tools  enters .

Software supply composition

Software supply computer system inseparable This is a technical part . of tools logical continued . Specific the computer application the circle is for him created software supply with The computer is himself/herself any one program about for information has This is not of knowledge all on computers working in programs collected . Modern computers software supply millions programs own inside takes :

- from games from scientific to to programs .

Punch card , punch tape , programmer note

IBM perforators

Tape measure information guardians �9-lane, Audio, DSS, QIS, DLT

IBM 3592 technology

Computer descendants

• First generation (1940s-1950s) :

Vacuum tube technology. Large size and high power consumption. Assembly language programming.

• Second generation (1950s-1960s) :

Transistor technology. Smaller, faster, and more reliable computers. Introduction of high-level programming languages (e.g., Fortran, COBOL).

• Third generation (1960s-1970s) :

Integrated circuits (ICs) were introduced. Smaller, faster, and more powerful computers. Introduction of operating systems and time sharing.

• Fourth generation (1970s-1980s) :

Microprocessor technology. Personal computers (PCs) became more accessible. Graphical user interfaces (GUI) and networking appeared.

• Fifth generation (1980s to present) :

Advances in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology. Parallel processing and supercomputers. Artificial intelligence (AI) and expert systems.

Third generation (1960s-1970s) :

• " Integrated circuits (ICs) were introduced " represents a significant milestone in the field of electronics.
• Integrated circuits are miniaturized electronic circuits that combine multiple components, such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors, onto a single semiconductor chip.
• The integration of various components onto a single chip has represented a revolutionary development in electronic design and manufacturing .
• Before the advent of integrated circuits, electronic circuits were built using individual discrete components, such as transistors and resistors,
• This approach had limitations in terms of size, weight, power consumption, and reliability.

Important advantages

Miniaturization: The overall size of electronic devices has been significantly reduced by integrating multiple components onto a small chip.

Increased reliability : Eliminating discrete wired connections is unreliable reduced the risk of connections and increased overall reliability.

Improved performance : Integrated circuits allowed for faster signal processing and higher computing power due to the proximity of components on the chip.

Economic efficiency : mass production of integrated circuits on silicon wafers has enabled cost-effective production compared to assembling individual components.

Power efficiency : Integrated circuits often consume less power than equivalent circuits built with discrete components.

Operation of the system development stage (1)

• 1946​ ​– ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)- �any one software of supply complete lack of devices replacement through programming .
• 50s -algorithmic of gold and systematic software supplies appearance be . Programs to perform process complexity :
• Necessary load the translator ( interpreter ) ;
• The transmitter to work unloading and program car in codes acceptance to do ;
• The program library part programs with to tie ;
• The program to perform for to work to drop ;
• Work the results to print release or other to the device loading​

From exposures use efficiency increase for the purpose operators current is done , then management programs-monitors - operational system prototypes working is released .

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Operation of the system development stage (2)

In 1952 first operational General Motors research for the IBM -701 system in the laboratory is created .

For the IBM-704 in 1955 operational system is created .

50 's end : tasks management language and tasks packaged again work

1963 -Burrough B5000 computers for OT MCP ( Main Management) program ): multiprogramming , multiprocessor processing give , virtual memory , program mistakes lower level in the language eliminate to grow possibility , operational of the system himself/herself high level in the language written .

1963 - OS CTSS ( Compatible Time Sharing System ) - IBM 7094 computer for suitable time distribution system - Massachusetts Technology Institute .

1963 - OS MULTICS ( Multiplexed Information and Computing Service ) Massachusetts Institute of Technology .

1974 PDP -7 computer for (UNICS) UNIX ( Uniplexed Information and Computing Service), Ritchie (C) and Thompson's articles publication to be completed .

1981 PC (IBM), DOS (Seattle Computer Products)- MS DOS ( B. Gates ).

1983 Apple, Lisa with Apple, GUI with Lisa ( Doug Engelbart Stanford ).

1985 - Windows, X Windows , and Motif ( for UNIX ).

1991 -Linux (Linus Torvalds

Operation of the system development stage (3)

WINDOWS OS announcement did versions

Operation system

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Operating environment

Operating environment

Operating shell

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this practical programs and system of programs performance governing and users , programmers , programs and computer technique between communication installer programs is a collection .

operational system by created , practical programming interface ( API ) one how much system functions and services ( system ( calls ) set​ as defining practical to programs presented done software environment

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user interface marker , ( textual , graphic) and h . k )​ done increase determining , practical programs and the computer management opportunities determinant operational of the environment one part .

Operation of the system main organization providers :

• Core
• Input-output tzizmi
• Team processor
• File system

Core issues and resources control , synchronization and mutual connection according to basis functions provides .

Team processor teams acceptance to do and to them processing give , user demand according to suitable services to call provides .

Input-output system external devices with information input/output the issue provides .

File system file and catalogs with work for wide service opportunities​​​ gives .

Operation system functions scheme :

Applications

Data

Operation of the system purpose , content and functions

Purpose

1. Technical and software management , process suitable services presented to :

1.1 Software supply working exit tools

1.2 Program execution automation

1.3 Input-output to their devices entrance for only interface

1.4 To files to enter management

1.5 General Exposure​ and his/her to resources to enter management

1.6 Errors determination and them again work

1.7 From resources use into account to take

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Operation of the system purpose , content and functions

2. Computer from resources effective use organization to grow

2.1 From resources use planning

2.2 Resources was demand to perform

2.3 Processes observation and from resources use control to do

2.4 Conflicts solution to do

3. Calculation system hardware and software supply work efficiency increase

3.1 Reserve copy , data archiving , checking , cleaning , disk devices combine and others providing assistant of programs abundance ( utilities )

3. Computer work ability diagnostics to do and restoration for tools

• Operation system in the configuration mistakes determination for diagnostics programs ;
• Last worker configuration restoration tool ;
• Damaged and lost system files restoration tools and others

4. Development opportunity

4.1 Update and new kind of hardware of supply appearance to be

4.2 New services

4.3 Errors correction ( software) mistakes determination )

4.4 Operation of the system new versions and publications

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Operation of the system structural parts and functions :

1. Procedures management
2. Memory management
3. Files management
4. External devices management
5. Data protection
6. Administration ( Administerirovanie )
7. Practical programming interface
8. User interface

Operation systems classification

• One user-friendly and many user-friendly
• One responsible and many responsible ( operational system under the management one of the vat in itself executable assignments number )
• One processor and many processor ( used) programs number )
• 8-, 16-, 32- or 64- bit ( depending on the processor) (discharge )
• Command ( test ) and to the object directed ( graphic ) – user interface type according to
• Network and local ( general) hardware and software from resources use )

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Register concept definition

• In computer architecture, a register is a small, fast storage location within a CPU (Central Processing Unit) that is used to quickly store and retrieve data . Registers are part of the control unit of a processor, and they play a crucial role in executing machine instructions.
• Data storage .
• Temporary storage .
• Execution of instructions .
• Addressing .
• Processor control .
• Speed and efficiency .

Operation systems classification

To the task according to :

• Personal computer for ;
• Big EXMs for ;
• microcomputers for ;
• mainframes for ;
• Smart cards three .

To the structure according to :

• Monolith ;
• Many hardworking ;
• client -server;
• micronucleus

Monolith systems

Each other call possible was from procedures consists of and then structure there is not . Example The first version of UNIX as .

Monolith operational the system simple structuring :

• From the app system to the interface
• OS module
• Hardware to part

Many level systems

• On the level memory management ;
• 1st layer :
• Operator- process connection ;
• Layer 2:
• Input/output management ;
• Layer 3:
• User programs ;
• Layer 4:
• Operator;
• Layer 5:
• interruption or When the timer rejects , processes from one to another transfer for processor time to distribute circle

Client -server operation system structure :

• application ;
• micronucleus ;
• processes server;
• server memory ;
• file server;
• print server;
• network server;
• hardware .

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Questions:

• Operation systems development reasons what was ?

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• Windows OS 's how many version announcement done ?
• Windows OS version 1.0 when announcement done ?
• Microsoft​ founder who ?
• Apple​ founder who ?