1 of 60

�PHOTOGRAPHY FUNDAMENTALS�

Presented by

Noah Hawthorne

ALEXANDRA COPLEY

2 of 60

“The important thing is not the camera but the eye.” – Alfred Eisenstaed�

3 of 60

DIGITAL SLR CAMERA

DIGITAL POINT & SHOOT CAMERA

4 of 60

WHAT IS AN SLR?

SLR - Single Lens Reflex - The camera has a viewfinder that sees through the lens by way of a 45°-angled mirror that flips up when the shutter fires and allows the light to strike the image sensor (or film).

5 of 60

CAMERA MENU FUNCTIONS

7 of 60

SCENE MODES

CREATIVE MODES

9 of 60

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRAM MODE

Aperture and shutter speed are set by the camera, but can be shifted using the control dial, with the exposure staying the same
Unlocks some other settings in your camera that gives you more control over the final image : ISO setting, white balance, exposure compensation
Great for quickly getting a photograph without having to think too hard about settings

10 of 60

TV-SHUTTER PRIORITY

11 of 60

CHARACTERISTICS OF TV MODE

TV means time value
Shutter priority: set the shutter speed and calculates the matching aperture
To photograph moving subjects (sporting action). A faster shutter speed will freeze the motion
To capture movement as a blur of a waterfall, choose a slower shutter speed

12 of 60

AV-APERTURE PRIORITY

13 of 60

CHARACTERISTICS OF AV MODE

AV means aperture value
Manually control the aperture while the camera sets the matching shutter speed
Particularly useful to control a stationary object where you don’t need to control the shutter speed
Choosing a larger aperture (f/stop) means the lens will get smaller and it will let less light in so a larger depth of field (more of the area in focus), but your camera will choose a faster shutter speed and vice versa

15 of 60

CHARACTERISTICS OF MANUAL MODE

Full control over camera settings such: shutter speed, aperture, ISO, white balance and exposure compensation
Gives you the flexibility to set your shots the way you want them to be
Can result in creative and non-traditional exposures

16 of 60

PORTRAIT MODE

17 of 60

CHARACTERISTICS OF PORTRAIT MODE

An automatic mode with emphasis on settings for a perfect portrait shot.
The ability of the camera to detect if there are faces in the image and to ensure they are all in focus
Sets a wide aperture of the lens so that the background behind your subject is softly focused (shallow depth of field)

18 of 60

LANDSCAPE MODE

19 of 60

CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDSCAPE MODE

Narrows the aperture, so both the subject and background stay sharp (deep depth of field)
Foreground, middle ground, and background are all in focus
Exposure compensation for entire frame

20 of 60

MACRO/CLOSE-UP MODE

21 of 60

CHARACTERISTICS OF MACRO MODE�

An automatic mode with emphasis on settings for close-up photography
Commonly used to photographing flowers, insects and other small items
Somecameras may be able to focus when the lens is less than an inch away from the subject
Creates a very shallow depth of field

22 of 60

SPORTS MODE

23 of 60

CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTION/SPORTS MODE

Represented by an icon of a sprinter, this is perfect for taking pictures of moving objects
Also good for shooting children or pets in action
Can give you higher shutter speeds to stop action, along with a smaller aperture so that more of the action will be in focus

24 of 60

NIGHT PORTRAIT MODE

25 of 60

CHARACTERISTICS OF NIGHT PORTRAIT MODE

Usually symbolized by a figure against a dark sky with a star
Fires the flash to illuminate a nearby subject and then holds the shutter open long enough for the background to be exposed

27 of 60

LOOK IN THE TOOLS SET FOR FLASH INFORMATION

28 of 60

CHARACTERISTICS OF FLASH MODE�

Auto- Flash Off
Flash On (mandatory flash, useful for filling in shadows when shooting in daylight)
Auto + Red-eye reduction-
Flash On + Red-eye reduction
Soft Flash (Diffused flash)
Slow-sync flash (Second-curtain flash)

29 of 60

USE THE FLASH TO STOP MOTION

31 of 60

OR TO ILLUMINATE DARK AREAS

33 of 60

SLOW SYNC FLASH

*note if your camera does not have the slow sync flash option use the night portrait setting

34 of 60

DIFFERENT WAYS TO MAKE A GOOD PHOTOGRAPH

Control exposure
Aperture
Shutter speed
ISO

35 of 60

EXPOSURE TRIANGLE

36 of 60

UNDERSTANDING EXPOSURE

THE WINDOW EXAMPLE
Imagine your camera is like a window with shutters that open and close.
Aperture is the size of the window. If it’s bigger more light gets through and the room is brighter.
Shutter Speed is the amount of time that the shutters of the window are open. The longer you leave them open the more that comes in.
Now imagine that you’re inside the room and are wearing sunglasses. Your eyes become desensitized to the light that comes in (it’s like a low ISO)
.There are a number of ways of increasing the amount of light in the room (You could increase the time that the shutters are open (decrease shutter speed), you could increase the size of the window (increase aperture) or you could take off your sunglasses (make the ISO larger)

37 of 60

APERTURE

The aperture of a lens is the diameter of the lens opening
The larger the diameter of the aperture, the more light reaches the film / image sensor
Aperture is expressed as F-stop, e.g. F2.8 or f/2.8
The smaller the F-stop number (or f/value), the larger the lens opening (aperture) (inverse relationship)
Controls depth of field

43 of 60

Please refrain from taking such a boring image

44 of 60

IS THIS SHALLOW D.O.F?

46 of 60

SHALLOW OR DEEP D.O.F.?

47 of 60

Depth of Field EXERCISE

Pick a partner
Stand away from your partner
Take a photograph of their face only with your lens unzoomed
Zoom in and shoot but only fill the frame with their entire face again
See the difference in depth of field

48 of 60

SHUTTER SPEED

49 of 60

SHUTTER SPEED

Shutter speed is the amount of time that the shutter is open
Shutter speed is measured in seconds – or in most cases fractions of seconds
It is not in isolation from the other two elements of the Exposure Triangle (aperture and ISO)
Long shutter causes blur and fast shutter freezes motion

50 of 60

Shutter speed is used to stop action 1/1000 sec

51 of 60

Or shutter speed can blur motion�1/15 sec

52 of 60

FAST OR SLOW SHUTTER SPEED?

53 of 60

FAST OR SLOW?

54 of 60

SHUTTER SPEED EXERCISE

Everyone pick a partner
Step outside the classroom
Capture an image of action (jumping, spinning, etc.)
Stop the action with a fast shutter speed
Blur the action with a slow shutter speed

55 of 60

ISO SETTINGS

ISO speed ﾐ A rating of a film's sensitivity to light. Though digital cameras don't use film, they have adopted the same rating system for describing the sensitivity of the camera's imaging sensor. Digital cameras often include a control for adjusting the ISO speed; some will adjust it automatically depending on the lighting conditions, adjusting it upwards as the available light dims. Generally, as ISO speed climbs, image quality drops.

56 of 60