Achieving Safety Culture

Injury and Illness Prevention

• What do we need to know to avoid injury and illness in our workplace?

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What is Safety Culture

A safety culture is a behavioral climate within a company that promotes, rewards, and controls safety in such a way as to make safety a part of business instead of a condition of business.

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Achieving Safety Culture

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• Improve Quality
• Improve absenteeism
• Maintain a healthier work force
• Reduce injury and illness rates
• Acceptance of high-turnover jobs
• Workers feel good about their work
• Reduce workers compensation costs
• Elevate SAFETY to a higher level of awareness

A GOOD PROGRAM WILL HELP:

Program Implementation

• Dedication
• Personal Interest
• Employee Support
• Management Commitment

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ACHIEVING A SAFETY CULTURE REQUIRES:

NOTE:

Understanding and support from the work force

Is essential, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL FAIL!

Responsibilities

• Management should:

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1. Support the program

2. Get involved In safety. Learn!

3. Ensure your support is visible

4. Implement ways to measure effectiveness

5. Attend the same training as your workers

6. Interact with your workers, learn their problems

7. Insist on periodic follow-up & program review

8. Follow-up on the actions you took

Responsibilities

• Supervisor should:

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1. Get to know your workers

2. Learn what motivates your workers

3. Never ridicule any injury or near-miss

4. Be positive, motivate, and reward

5. Find ways to measure safe behavior

6. Attend the same training as your workers

7. Be Proactive - get involved in safety

8. Be Professional - you could save a life today

9. Follow-up on the actions you took

Responsibilities

• Employees should:

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1. Get Involved In The Safety Program

2. Contribute to Make Corrective Actions

3. Understand How Your Behavior Affects Job Safety

4. Report All Accidents and Near-Misses Immediately

5. Be Proactive and Professional

6. Report All Safety Problems or Deficiencies

7. Follow-up With Any Additional Information

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Safety Incentives and Recognition

• Know the differences between incentive and recognition
• Provide appropriate safety incentives at all levels
• Promote appropriate safety recognition at all levels
• Understand Theories of accident causation
• Evaluate the different approaches to worker safety
• Encourage performance & achievement
• Discourage Injury-based safety systems

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What is Incentives?

• Incentives are usually physical in nature
• - Money - Gifts - Time off
• Incentive programs are only partially effective
• Incentive programs can create good competition
• Employees notice what others have gained
• Incentives only temporarily change behavior
• When incentives are removed behavior reverts
• In Short, Incentives are most effective when combined with other aspects of the program

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GENERALLY TANGIBLE TO OTHERS

What is Recognition?

• Recognition is motivational in nature
• Recognition can change behavior
• Recognition is more lasting than incentives
• Recognition must be done before coworkers
• Can be combined with tangible incentives
• Some examples include:
• - Public praise
• - Certificates of accomplishment
• - Personal recognition from management
• - Other similar initiatives as appropriate

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GENERALLY INTANGIBLE TO OTHERS

Factors Affecting Recognition

• People respond to different types of recognition
• Learn the person, learn what they respond to
• Multiple types of incentive/recognition work best
• Good example:

- Praise the individual before his/her peers (intangible)

- Praise the individual in private (intangible)

- Give a displayable plaque (tangible)

- Give a displayable certificate (tangible)

- Give a bonus or monetary award (tangible)

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Assumptions About Incentives

• Incentives sometimes are construed to mean:

- Workers are careless

- Workers are accident prone

- Workers have bad attitudes

- Accidents can be stopped by giving trinkets (small things)

- Accidents are caused exclusively by people

- Machines don’t cause accidents, people do

• Teach employees to understand that:

- Incentives play only a partial role in injury reduction

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What Do Statistics Tell Us?

• Based on Injury statistics only
• Based on Recordable injuries
• Doesn’t include Close calls
• Frequency not a good indicator of Risk
• Provides little information about risk management
• Statistics provide little more than Indicators
• Statistics provide a starting point

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STATISTICS

Behavior Principle

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Behavior Is What a Person Does or Says. What Causes a Person to Take This Particular Behavior or Course of Action Depends On Other Influencing Factors. Attitude and Situational Conditions Cause The Particular Behavior.

WHAT IS BEHAVIOR?

Behavior Principle

• Motivation
• Intelligence
• Emotions
• Experience
• Attitude
• Situational Conditions

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What Influences Behavior?

What Else Can You Think Of?

• Desire
• Need
• Abilities
• Skills
• Ambition

Behavior Principle

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• Determine What Motivates Behavior

-- Lack of Training?

-- Working Conditions?

-- Personal Problems?

• Work-Related Problem? - Try and Fix It
• Personal Problem? - Work Within Company Resources
• Find Positive Ways To Discourage Unacceptable Behavior

When The Reason For Behavior is Not Known.

Behavior Enforcement

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Behavior reinforcement is an increase in the strength of a response following the implementation of safe behavior program. In other words, If you promote a behavior and make someone feel good about performing that behavior, or give them a reason to perform that behavior, Its occurrence in the future will likely increase.

WHAT IS BEHAVIOR REINFORCEMENT?

Behavior Enforcement

REINFORCEMENT

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Acceptable Behavior must be constantly reinforced. Never miss an opportunity to Give a Pat on the back for acceptable behavior. People usually respond to positive reinforcement.

Behavior Enforcement

REINFORCEMENT

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Unacceptable behavior must never reinforced. Always promote the acceptable behavior required for a given situation.

Behavior Enforcement

Reinforcement Considerations:

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1. Reinforce frequently, and in public

2. Reinforce ONLY for acceptable behavior

3. Reinforce immediately, never wait

4. Reinforce during the safe behavior if possible

5. Be specific about the reinforced behavior

6. Give non-verbal positive cues (nods, smiles etc.)

7. Be totally positive.

8. Be sincere. People see a lot, but don’t say a lot

9. Emphasize the positive

Behavior Enforcement

• Works for a determinant period only.
• Once an accident occurs, no incentive remains.
• Usefulness usually degrades over a period of time.
• Doesn’t permanently alter unacceptable behavior.
• Diminishes supervisory control.

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Rewarding For No Accidents.

Motivational Technique

• Is the individual due a raise?
• Is a salary review needed for the job?
• Is the amount of piecework? Pay appropriate?
• Is there a Bonus Program?
• Are there monetary rewards for safe behavior?
• Are there other incentive rewards for safe behaviors?
• Is there a safety suggestion program?
• HOW MUCH OF A MOTIVATOR IS MONEY?

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Money and Behavior.

What Else Can You Think Of?

Motivational Technique

• This approach holds that individuals can be motivated by properly designing their work environment and praising their performance.
• Holds that: Punishment for poor performance produces negative results.
• Goal setting with employee participation is essential.
• Periodic re-evaluation is essential.
• Requires frequent work environment adjustments.
• Requires detailed planning and training of workforce.

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Positive Reinforcement and Behavior.

Motivational Technique

• People are motivated by being consulted on actions that effect them.
• People know their jobs. What safety program changes can they bring to the work environment?
• People in many cases know the safety problems and safety solutions. Just ask.
• Participation in the safety program satisfies affiliation and acceptance needs.
• Workers must know that final decisions are reserved to management. But tell them Why!

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Employee Participation and Behavior.

Attitude

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When a persons attitude Changes, His or Her behavior will typically follow. Assuming He or She has adequate knowledge of the safe working conditions in the work environment. When you eliminate every other reason for unacceptable behavior, what is left will be attitudinal.

MOTIVATION CHANGES ATTITUDE

AND

ATTITUDE DRIVES BEHAVIOR

Attitude

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If a person understands that his or her safety at work is controllable in a measurable way, acceptance of the safety culture as an essential part of the work environment will be increased. Safe attitudes and behaviors will naturally follow.

AND!

SAFETY AS PART OF THE WORK ENVIRONMENT

Attitude

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Once safe attitudes are a normal element in the work environment, behavior will be influenced. then, peers and co-workers expect each other to practice safety as a Part of Work and Not a Requirement of Work.

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When this moment occurs The Safety Culture is Born.

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At this point co-workers will Expect each other’s protection and accident rates will decrease.

SAFETY AND PEER SUPPORT

Attitude

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Management is responsible to promote a safety culture. Everyone is responsible for sustaining a safety culture. Attitude is the key in sustaining a safe work environment.

SUSTAINING SAFE BEHAVIOR

The Human Factor

• Focus on the individual - but, try to please everyone.
• Good behavior can be enhanced by accommodating the majority. Please as many people as is practical.
• Bad behavior should be studied to determine causation.

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HOW DO YOU MOTIVATE THE CORE INDIVIDUAL

Rules, Policies, Schedules, Jobs Etc., Must Accommodate The Majority.

The Human Factor

• Always treat people with respect.
• Always treat people equally.
• Assume people will talk. It will keep you straight.
• Never ridicule good behavior in joke.
• Remember, it takes two to argue. Draw a line.
• Walk away from conflict, and address it later.
• Argue constructively if you Must argue.
• If safety is critical to the issue, stand your ground.

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PERSONAL DIGNITY IS CRITICAL TO GOOD BEHAVIOR

People must be treated with respect no matter what is their position In the Company.

The Human Factor

• Reinforce good behavior. Discourage bad behavior.
• Learn what motivates your employees
• Learn your employees strengths and weaknesses.
• Learn strengths, reward them and use them.
• Learn weaknesses and help to improve them.
• Understand that home life can overflow into work.
• Be prepared to deal with unpredictable situations.
• Understand group behavior versus personal behavior.

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CONSIDER THE WHOLE PERSON

People are the sum total of their experience, combined with their genetic make-up.

Accident Causation

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WHAT CAUSES ACCIDENTS?

Accident Causation

• Was he or she properly trained?
• Did the employee know not to use it?
• Was he or she reminded not to use it?
• Why did the supervisor allow its use?
• Did the supervisor examine the job first?
• Why was the defective ladder not found?
• Are procedures in place for defective equipment?

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Contributing Factors

USE OF A BROKEN LADDER RESULTS IN AN ACCIDENT

Accident Causation

• Improper attitude.
• Lack of knowledge or skill.
• Physical or mental impairment.

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Behavioristic Causes

Accident Causation

• Horseplay.
• Defeating safety devices.
• Failure to secure or warn.
• Operating without authority.
• Working on moving equipment.
• Taking an unsafe position or posture.
• Operating or working at an unsafe speed.
• Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining.
• Failure to use personal protective equipment.

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Behavioristic Causes

Accident Causation

• Improper PPE
• Improper tools
• Improper guarding
• Poor housekeeping
• Improper ventilation
• Defective equipment
• Improper illumination
• Unsafe dress or apparel
• Hazardous arrangement

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Unsafe Conditions

Accident Causation

• Fatigue.
• Defective hearing.
• Defective eyesight.
• Muscular weakness.
• Lack of required skill.
• Lack of required knowledge.
• Intoxication (alcohol, drugs).

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Unsafe Personal Factors

Accident Causation

Slip, Trip or Fall on same level

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Types of Accidents

Accident Causation

Fall to Different Level

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Types of Accidents

Accident Causation

Contact with - heat or cold

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Types of Accidents

Contact with - electric current

Accident Causation

Caught in, on, or between

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Types of Accidents

Inhalation, absorption,

ingestion, poisoning

Summary

WHAT’S LEFT? ATTITUDE!

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When you:

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• Eliminate Unsafe Environmental Conditions.
• Upgrade Engineering Controls.
• Optimize Administrative Controls.
• Provide Adequate Personal Protective Equipment.

ATTITUDE DRIVES BEHAVIOR

Summary

WHAT’S LEFT? A CORPORATE

SAFETY CULTURE!

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When Behavior:

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• Causes Management to Fully Support the Program.
• Causes Employees to Promote Safety.
• Contributes To a Safe Work Environment.
• Causes a Measurable Reduction In Accidents.