The History of Computers

Computer Application

2^nd Semester (Summer 2022)

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

Ch-1. Computer Organisation

The History of C om puters

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

What is a computer?

Monitor

Floppy Disk Drive

System Unit

Keyboard

CD-ROM /

DVD-ROM Drive

A computer is an electronic machine that accepts information (Data), processes it according to specific instructions, and provides the results as new information.

Mouse

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

I- Ancient Counting Machines

1- The Abacus (base 5) (in ancient Babylon, China, Europe)

VII VIII IX X

2- The Roman Numerals

I II III IV V VI

3- The Arabic Numerals (base 10)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7

8

9 10

Ancient Time

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

II- Mechanical Counting Machines

4- The Pascaline is a mechanical calculating device invented by the French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1642. (+)

1642

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

II- Mechanical Counting Machines

1673

5- The Leibniz Wheel was invented by the famous mathematician Leibniz in 1673.

( + , - , * , / )

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

II- Mechanical Counting Machines

6- Punched Cards were used by the French weaver Joseph Jacquard in 1810. The cards carried weaving instructions for the looms, later this idea offered a great use for storing info.

1810

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

II- Mechanical Counting Machines

that would be used by ship’s navigators.

1852

7- Babbage’s Difference 1832 Engines were

calculating machines made by Charles Babbage to produce tables of numbers

This device had mechanical problems similar to those that plagued Pascal and Leibniz.

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

The Invention of the Vacuum Tube

8- Initially discovered by Thomas Edison, the vacuum tube formed the building block for the entire electronics industry.

*Vacuum tubes were later used as electron valves in the 20th century to build the first electronic computers.

1883

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

III- Electrical Counting Machines

9- The US census of the

1880 took 9 years to compile and led to

inaccurate figures. To solve the problem, Herman Hollerith invented a calculating machine that used electricity along with punched cards instead of mechanical gears.

1888

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

III- Electrical Counting Machines

• Hollerith’s machine was immensely successful. The general count of the population, then 63

million, took only 6 weeks to calculate!

• Based on the success of his invention, Herman Hollerith and some friends formed a company that sold his invention all over the world. The company eventually became known as:

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International Business Machines IBM

1888

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

II- Mechanical Counting Machines

10- A partial working model of Babbage’s Analytical Engine was

completed in 1910 by his son… used

punched cards to store numbers. The design was no more successful than its predecessors.

1910

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

III- Electrical Counting Machines

11- MARK I was built by a team from IBM and Harvard University. Mark I used mechanical telephone switches to store information. It accepted data on punched cards, processed it and then output the new data.

1943

51 feet long and weighed over 5 tons

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

IV- Electronic Counting Machines

12- The ENIAC was the first US-built all- electronic computer built to perform ballistics calculations. (Away from IBM)

1946

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

IV- Electronic Counting Machines

• It was 1000X faster than Mark I, but it drew a lot of power that dimmed the lights of Philadelphia when it was switched on due to the use of Vacuum Tubes.
• Mark I: 5 Additions / sec.
• ENIAC: 5,000 Additions / sec.
• ENIAC was made of 18,000 vacuum tubes.

1946

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

IV- Electronic Counting Machines

ENIAC’s Problems:

1. short life of vacuum tubes
2. It runs a single program, which means rewiring by a group of technicians is needed to change the program!!!

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Solution: the same group of researchers worked on another version of ENIAC that can store programs on punched cards that are much easier to manage and they came up with: ⮚

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

IV- Electronic Counting Machines

• 13- UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator) forty of these computers were sold to
• businesses. General Electric was the first company to acquire a UNIVAC.

EDVAC (electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

(was never completed!)

* The first UNIVACs were used in the US Army, Air Force, Navy, and Atomic Energy Commission.

1951

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

The Effect of World War II

1938

Back in time to the days of

war…

* During WWII, the German Navy developed a cipher machine named Enigma.

The Enigma machine could automatically encode a message in such a way that only another Enigma machine could read decode it.

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

The Effect of World War II

1938

• In 1938 the Polish Secret Service managed to steal an Enigma machine that was smuggled to England.
• Secretly the British developed a computer named Colossus that could decipher as many as 2,000 messages per day. That computer used Vacuum tubes and was the world’s first entirely digital computer. Surprisingly, though Colossus presented a similar technology to that of ENIAC, it had only 2,400 compared to 18,000 in ENIAC!!!

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

Two Inventions that changed the way computers are built!!

1946

1- The Transistor

The most significant single invention of the modern era. It was invented by

3 scsientists at At&T’s Bell Labs.

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One of the first overseas companies was a Japanese company called Tokyo Telecommunications Laboratory. The company had troubles paying the license fee ($25,000) that company became in 1956 what’s called now Sony! it

replaced the Vacuum tube.

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• Transistors are smaller (sometimes microscopic)
• Fast and don’t need to warm up

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

Transistors on a circuit board

Transistors

Capacitor

Resistors

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

Two Inventions that changed the way computers are built!!

1961

The IC revolutionized the entire electronic technology. Ex: The Pentium Processor contains 3.1 Million Transistors in 1.5 inch square!

2- The (IC) Integrated Circuit

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

How the processor (CPU) is placed on the Motherboard

Intel 486 CPU

RAM

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.

1975 - 1981

The Altair

The Apple I

The Floppy Disk

The Hard Disk

MS-DOS

Prepared by : Bibhudendra Sarangi, Sr. Lect.