TOPIC : �THE CRUSADES : ORIGIN AND NATURE��� PROF. SOUVIK CHATTERJEE�DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY�BELDA COLLEGE���
THE CRUSADES : A BRIEF INTRODUCTION��THE CRUSADES WERE A SERIES OF RELIGIOUS WARS IN EUROPE AND WESTERN ASIA INITIATED,SUPPORTED AND SOMETIMES DIRECTED BY THE CATHOLIC CHURCH BETWEEN THE 11TH AND THE 17TH CENTURIES. THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CRUSADES FOUGHT DURING THE SAID PERIOD BEEN NINE. CRUSADES RIGHTLY CALLED BY HISTORIANS AS “ WATERSHED OF EUROPEAN HISTORY.”
THE FIRST CRUSADE ( 1096-1099)
THE FIRST CRUSADE��PERIOD : 1096-1099��LOCATION : MOSTLY LEVANT AND ANATOLIA ��MOTIVE : AN ATTEMPT TO RECAPTURE THE HOLY LAND JERUSALEM FROM MUSLIM CONTROL. THE FIRST CRUSADE WAS CALLED FOR BY POPE URBAN II AT THE COUNCIL OF CLERMONT �IN 1095.�RESULT : VICTORY OF THE CRUSADERS�
THE SECOND CRUSADE �( 1147 -1150)
THE SECOND CRUSADE��PERIOD : 1147 -1150��LOCATION : IBERIA,NEAR EAST (ANATOLIA,LEVANT) AND EGYPT��MOTIVE : THE SECOND CRUSADE WAS A MILITARY CAMPAIGN ORGANISED BY THE POPE AND EUROPEAN NOBLES TO RECAPTURE THE CITY OF EDESSA IN MESOPOTAMIA WHICH HAD FALLEN IN 1144 CE TO THE MUSLIM SELJUK TURKS.�RESULT : THE SECOND CRUSADE RESULTED IN DECISIVE MUSLIM VICTORY. CRUSADERS FAILED TO RESTORE THE COUNTY OF EDESSA.�
THE THIRD CRUSADE�(1189-1192)
THE THIRD CRUSADE��PERIOD : 1189 - 1192��LOCATION : NEAR EAST,LEVANT,ISREAL AN ANATOLIA��MOTIVE : JERUSALEM WAS TO BE REGTAKEN BY THE CRUSADERS AFTER ITS FALL TO THE MUSLIM LEADER SALADIN IN 1187 CE. KING RECHARD OF ENGLAND ,FREDERIK I BARBAROSASA OF GERMANY AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR LED THE CRUSADERS.�RESULT : IT PAVED THE THE DEFEAT OF CRUSADERS RESULTING IN SIGNING UP A TREATY GRANTING MUSLIM CONTROL OVER JERUSALEM BUT ALLOWING UNARMED CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS AND MERCHANTS TO VISIT THE CITY.
THE FOURTH CRUSADE�(1202 -1204)
THE FOURTH CRUSADE �
��PERIOD : 1202-1204��location : BALKANS,ALATOLIA�MOTIVE: IT WAS A LATIN CHRISTIAN ARMED EXPEDITION CALLED BY POPE INNOCENT III .THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE EXPEDITION WAS TO RECAPTURED THE MUSLIM CONTROLLED CITY OF JERUSALEM BY CONQUERING POWERFULL EGYPTIAN AYYUBID SULTANATE,THE STRONGEST MUSLIM STATE OF THE TIME.�RESULT : VICTORY OF THE CRUSADERS. ZARA AND CONTANTINOPLE SACKED.AFTER THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY, THE LATIN EMPIRE WAS ESTABLISHED AND BALDWIN OF FLANDERS WAS CROWNED EMPEROR BALDWIN I OF CONSTANTINOPLE
THE FIFTH CRUSADE�(1217 - 1221)
THE FIFTH CRUSADE��PERIOD : 1217 - 1221�LOCATION : LEVANT AND EGYPT��MOTIVE : THE CRUSADERS WANTED TO REACQUIRE JERUSALEM AND THE REST OF THE HOLY LAND BY FIRST CONQUERING THE POWERFUL AYYUBID STATE IN EGYPT. POPE INNOCENT III AND HE SUCCESSOR POPE HONORIOUS III ORGANISED CRUSADING ARMIES LATE BY KING ANDREW II OF HUNGARY AND LEOPOLD VI,DUKE OF ASRIA.�RESULT : MUSLIM VICTORY EIGHT YEAR PEACE TREATY WAS SINGNED BETWEEN SULTAN AL-KAMIL OF AYYUBID STATE AND THE CRUSADERS.
THE SIXTH CRUSADE�(1228 - 1229)
THE SIXTH CRUSADE��PERIOD : 1228 - 1229�LOCATION : CYPRUS,NEAR EAST��MOTIVE : THIS CRUSADE COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE CRUSADE OF FEDRICK II WAS A MILITARY EXPEDITION TO RECAPTURE THE CITY OF JERUSALEM .�RESULT : JERUSALEM NAZARETH, SIDON, JAFFA AND BETHLEHEM RELINQUISHED TO CRUSADERS WHO ACHIEVED A DIPLOMATIC VICTORY. JERUSALEM GIVEN BACK TO THE CRUSADERS.
THE SEVENTH CRUSADE�(1248 - 1254)
THE SEVENTH CRUSADE��PERIOD : 1248 - 1254�LOCATION : MANSOURA,EGYPT�MOTIVE : THIS CRUSADE WAS LED BY KING LOUIS IX OF FRANCE. THE CRUSADERS WANTED TO INVADE EGYPT AND CONQUER IT.�RESULT : LOUIS’ TROOPS WERE DEFEATED BY THE EGYPTIAN ARMY LED BY FAKHR-AL-DIN IBN SHAYLKH-AL-SHUYUKH.IT RESULTED IN DECISIVE MUSLIM VICTORY. MEJOR CRUSADER INVASION OF EGYPT ENDS IN FAILURE .
THE EIGHTH CRUSADE�(1270)�
THE EIGHTH CRUSADE��PERIOD : 1270�LOCATION : TUNISIA�MOTIVE : THE EIGHTH CRUSADE WAS A CRUSADE LAUNCHED BY KING LOUIS IX OF FRANCE AGAINST THE CITY OF TUNIS IN 1270. THE CRUSADERS INTENDED TO SIEGE THE CITY OF TUNIS,SO THAT THE CHRISTIANS COULD CONDUCT FREE TRADE WITH TUNIS.�RESULT : IN CONCLUSIVE. KING LOUIS IX DIED DURING THIS CRUSADE. TRADE WITH TUNIS OPENED UP.
THE NINETH CRUSADE�(1271 - 1272)
THE EIGHTH CRUSADE��PERIOD : 1271- 1272�LOCATION : NEAR EAST�MOTIVE : LORD EDWARDS CRUSADE ALSO CALLED THE NINETH CRUSADE,WAS A MILITARY EXPEDITION TO THE HOLY LAND. LOUIS IX’ FAILURE TO CAPTURE TUNIS IN THE EIGHTH CRUSADE LATE PRINCE EDWARD OF ENGLAND TO SAIL TO ACRE IN WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE NINETH CRUSADE. �RESULT : THE NINETH CRUSADE SAW SEVERAL IMPRESSIVE VICTORIES FOR EDWARD OVER BAIBERS. IT WAS A EXTESION OF THE EIGHTH CRUSADE AND WAS THE LAST OF THE CRUSADES TO REACH THE HOLY LAND BEFORE THE FALL OF ACRE IN 1291 BROUGHT AND END TO THE PERMANENT CRUSADER PRESENCE THEIR.
HOW DID THE CRUSADES END ?��IN 1291 ONE OF THE ONLY REMAINING CRUSADER CITIES, ACRE,, FELL TO THE MUSLIM MAMLUKS. MANY HISTORIANS BELIEVE THIS DEFEAT MARKED THE END OF THE CRUSADER STATES AND THE CRUSADES THEMSELVES.
BIBLIOGRAPHY�(1) STEVEN RUNCIMAN : A HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES! THE FIRST CRUSADE AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM (PENGUIN MODERN CLASSICS)��(2) THORAS ASBRIDGE: THE CRUSADES: THE WAR FOR THE HOLYFAND PUBLISHER:SIMON &SCHUSTER U K.PUBLICATION DATE: 19TH JANUARY 2012.��(3) KAREN ARMSTRONG:HOLY WAR: THE CRUSADES &THEIR IMPACT ON TODAY’S WORLD.��(4)GEOFFREY HINDLEY: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES.
BIBLIOGRAPHY�(5) CHRISTOPHER TYERMAN : GOD’S WAR: A NEW HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES.��(6) THOMAS ASBRIDGE:THE CRUSADES: THE AUTHORITATIVE HISTORY OF THE WAR FOR THE HOLY LAND.�(7) RODNEY STARK: GOD’S BATTALIONS: THE CASE FOR THE CRUSADES.��
THANK YOU