• Report Writing

Back to Daftar Isi

Mawar : Alright, everyone! Let’s discuss our project report.

Bagus : O.K. But first, let’s decide the topic. How about farming?

Anggi : Ah, that’s a good idea. Now, let’s discuss the title.

Mawar : How about a study on the efficiency of hydroponic farming?

Bagus : That’s good. Let’s go with that.

Anggi : I agree. Now, let’s divide our tasks who will write the content page acknowledgement, abstract, and introduction.

Bagus : Leave that to me.

Anggi : Alright. Next, Mawar, what about making the background and the methodology?

Mawar : Okay. But, is it okay that I only work so little?

Anggi : I think the methodology will be long since we have to explain it in detail.

Mawar : Okay then. So, Anggi will make the rest.

Anggi : That’s right. I’ll make the analysis, conclusion, recommendations, executive summary, bibliography, glossary, and the appendix.

Bagus : Okay. Let’s decide the deadline for our work.

Mawar : Since we have to submit it on September 23, I think we have to finish it on 18. We need to check our work before submitting it.

Anggi : Mawar is right.

​

Practice the following dialog.

Pay attention to the words in bold.

1. What is the dialog about?
2. What do you know about a report?
3. How are the bold words related to writing reports?
4. What do you think the purpose of making a report is?
5. How many kinds of reports do you know? Explain.

​

Answer the following questions based on the dialog.

Report Writing

• A report is a specific form of writing that is organized around concisely identifying and examining issues, events, or findings.

​

• A report can be academic, technical, or even business related. Reports are written to deliver facts about a project, process, or situation.

Here are the parts of a report.

Back to Chapter I

Do the activities in your PR Bahasa Inggris on pages 5 – 6.

Read the following parts of a report.

What part of a report do you think it is? Explain your answer.

methodology

introduction

finding

conclusion

Do the activities in your PR Bahasa Inggris on pages 7– 9.

Create an outline for simple research based on the following dialog.

Mawar : I heard that your class was participating in research.

Figo : Yes. A researcher asked us to be her research subjects.

Mawar : What kind of research did she do?

Figo : She asked us to play interactive games before the beginning of the class.

Mawar : What was it for?

Figo : She wanted to know if it will improve our study capability.

Mawar : How did she know if you had improved or not?

Figo : She gave us a test twice; at the beginning and the end of the research.

Mawar : What kind of test did you perform?

Figo : We did an exam-like test contain all of the national exam subjects.

Mawar : How was the result after a month?

Figo : Most of us had better score compared to the first test.

Mawar : That is great! My class should definitely try that.

Figo : You should. It was really fun too.

Back to Chapter I

Do the activities in your PR Bahasa Inggris on page 10.

Presenting A Report

Back to Daftar Isi

Mawar : I see that you have finished your project report.

Bagus : I have, but I still have no idea how to present it.

Mawar : When is your turn to present it?

Bagus : Next week. I will present it after you.

Mawar : Then, you still have enough time to practice. I also need time to prepare myself for the presentation. What about practicing together?

Bagus : That’s a good idea. We can correct each other’s mistakes that way.

Mawar : Alright. Let’s start with opening our presentation.

Bagus : How about like this? Today, I’ll present my report on the impacts of long holidays to the emission level in a city.

Mawar : That’s good, but you should greet the audience first. You can also ask how the audience is doing to build better communication.

Continue to the next slide

Presenting a Report

Read the following dialog.

Answer the questions that follow based on the dialog.

Bagus : You’re right. What should I say after that? Can I jump straightly to the objective of my research?

Mawar : It depends on the time given to us. If we have a long time, we can start by giving the audience a general idea why we choose the topic.

Bagus : Can I say it like this? Have you ever paid attention to the traffics during long holidays? If yes, you might realize that during that time, there is more emission in the city than the usual days.

Mawar : Yes, that’s good. You can state your aim after that.

Bagus : Thank you. However, personally, the real problem is how to keep calm during the presentation.

Mawar : That’s why, we need to practice. The more we practice, the more we feel confident in presenting our reports.

Bagus : I see.

​

Answer the following questions based on the previous dialog.

1. What are Mawar and Bagus doing?
2. What should you say at the beginning of a presentation?
3. What does Mawar suggest Bagus to do before stating the objective?
4. Why is greeting audience important?
5. How should we fight nervous?

Do the activities in your PR Bahasa Inggris on pages 19 – 21.

Tips in presenting oral reports

• Structure your talk
• Create a strong opener
• Be clear about the time allotted for your presentation.
• At the end of your presentation, summarize clearly and emphatically the key conclusions and recommendations of your report.
• Be prepared for questions. Will you be addressing questions as they come up or will questions be held for a Q&A period at the end?
• Have back-up materials in reserve in case you are questioned or challenged about parts of the report you did not include in your presentation.
• Have handouts ready to pass around after your presentation. You may decide to hand out the entire report or just portions of it, as appropriate.
• Rehearse in the room and with the equipment you will be using.

Here are expressions used in presenting a report.

Introducing the subject

• I’d like to start by ....
• First of all, I’ll ....

Finishing one subject

• Well, I’ve told you about ....
• That’s all I have to say about ....

Starting another subject

• Next ....
• Now I’d like to discuss ....

Dealing with questions

• We’ll be examining this point in more detail later on ....
• I’d like to deal with this question later, if I may ....

Summarizing and concluding

• In conclusion, ....
• Finally, let me remind you of some of the issues we’ve covered ....

​

Analyzing a point and giving recommendations

• Let’s consider this in more detail ….
• What does this mean for ABC?

Giving an example

• For example, ....
• As an illustration, ....

Do the activities in your PR Bahasa Inggris on pages 23 – 24.

Look at the chart below.

Pay attention to the reports that follow.

What are the differences and similarities between the two reports? Explain.

Methodology

To understand the information about the book sales between January and May 2019, sales data between January and May 2019 were collected. The sales data were, then, analyzed to find out why the sales in April and May were low.

Finding

Based on the data, the sales between January and March 2019 were high, but April and May were low. The low sales in April and May were caused by the low sales in books for children and teenagers. Furthermore, in April and May, there were the national exams. This was also predicted as the cause of the low sales.

Conclusion

The low sales are from books for children and teenagers between April and May, when the national exams were held.

Report 1

Title

Book Sales in 2019

Aim

This report is written to provide information about the book sales between January and May 2019, and to find out why the sales in April and May 2019 were low.

Report 2

Good morning, everyone. Thanks for your attendances on our monthly meeting. Today, we are going to discuss a lot of topics, including the review of our monthly sales. Before that, I’d like to thank everyone for their hard work in dealing with the low sales. As you know, our book sales haven’t been good for the past two months. Furthermore, we need to find ways to increase sales.

I have prepared several data about our sales so far. I hope this will give us insight of what happened during the past two months. Now, everyone, please open the report on page six. Pay attention the chart.

I will explain the chart for you. As you can see, our sales are high during the period of January and March. However, there are quite significant drops on the last two month sales. I predict that this drop of sales is because the national exams were held during those months.

My prediction is supported by sales data on books for children and teenagers. According to the report, sales of two of books types have decreased significantly in April and May.

However, the opposite situation will most likely happen. We will have significant sales for children and teenager books as an effect of the new academic year. This is the right time for us to begin our promotion, especially on the two types of books.

I think that’s enough for our discussions on our sales. Now, let’s discuss our new marketing strategy to increase our sales.

​

Do the activities in your PR Bahasa Inggris pages 26 – 27.

Back to Chapter II

• Offering Services/Help

• “May I help you?”, “What can I do for you?”, “What if …?”

Back to Daftar Isi

Offering Services/Help

Read and practice the following dialog.

Shop assistant : Can I help you find something?

Mawar : Yes. I want to look for a book about making conversations in Japanese.

Shop assistant : What is the exact title?

Mawar : I don’t know for sure. Can you show me where I can find such a book?

Shop assistant : It’s on the shelves on the corner in the foreign language section.

Mawar : O.K., thanks. Is there any discount for every purchase?

Shop assistant : Yes. This month we offer ten percent discounts for all items.

Mawar : Great. Then, may I see the catalog?

Shop assistant : Sure. You can use this computer to check our books.

Mawar : Yes. Thank you.

Shop assistant : Is there anything else I can help, Miss?

Mawar : No, thanks.

Shop assistant : Alright. Happy shopping, Miss.

Answer the following questions based on the previous dialog.

1. What is the dialog about?

2. Where does the dialog take place?

3. Who are the speakers?

4. Pay attention to the sentences in bold. What do they express?

5. What modals are used in the sentences in bold?

The following are expressions of offering services/help and the responses.

“May I help you?”, “What can I do for you?”, “What if …?”

Function:

To make an offer

Examples:

1. May I help you lift the tables, please?

2. You look very sad. What can I do for you?

3. What if we arrange the books in your room, Sir?

Use:

“May …?” and “What can …?” use modals.

“May …?”, “What can …?”, and “What if …?” are followed by sentences with verbs base.

Complete the following dialogs with suitable expressions of offering and responses.

Then, practice the dialogs with a friend.

1. Andra : I am going to the computer fair this afternoon.

Karen : Are you going with your friends?

Andra : No.

Karen : ______________________ I went there two days ago, but

I forgot to buy a USB stick.

Andra : ______________________

Karen : Don’t mention it.

2. Aska : Wow, that’s a big suitcase! It must be heavy. ______________________

Gani : ________

3. Lisa : What’s wrong with you, Dian? You look upset!

Dian : I’d like to go to a pharmacy, but my motorcycle’s tire is flat.

Lisa : ________________ I am going to a pharmacy too.

Dian : ________________________

4. Barry : Have you finished your English paper?

Nela : No, I haven’t. My computer is broken, so I haven’t typed it yet.

Barry : Sorry to hear that. _______________________________

Nela : ________________

Sure, I’d love to. Thanks.

What if I accompany you?

Thanks.

I’ll give you a ride.

Let me help you move it.

What a coincidence! Thanks.

If you don’t mind, you may use mine.

May I? Thank you.

Create dialogs based on the following situations.

Then, practice the dialogs with your friend.

Do the exercises in your PR Bahasa Inggris on pages 43–47.

1. When you are having a trip and staying in a hotel, you want to go to the nearest shopping center. You don’t know where it is, so you ask the hotel receptionist. It’s not very far, but you can go by bus or taxi. You are reluctant to go for a walk in such a midday. The receptionist offers to call a taxi for you.

2. When you are hanging out in a mall, you meet a little boy crying. He lost his mother. You offer to help him find his mother.

3. Your mother is making a cake. She has almost finished, except for the toppings. You offer to help her.

4. Your friend’s brother is suffering from dengue fever and he needs blood transfusion. Your friend asks you about your blood type, but you have a different blood type. You offer help to find

a person with a similar blood type.

Back to Chapter III

Special Texts

in the Form of Job Application Letters

Back to Daftar Isi

Source: Publisher’s document

Job Application Letter

Read the following form.

Read the following text.

Answer the following questions based on the previous text.

1. Who was the application letter addressed to?

2. Who wrote the letter?

3. Why did the applicant write the letter?

4. What position did the applicant apply for?

5. How did the applicant get the information about the job vacancy?

6. What is the applicant’s educational background?

7. How did the applicant gain his practical automotive skills?

8. What is the applicant’s competence?

9. Why does the position suit the applicant?

10. What is the applicant ready for?

​

Personal Manager

vacancy

requirements

graduated

skills

under pressure

proficient

hardworking

chance

sincerely

Complete the following letter with suitable words.

a. vacancy

b. under pressure

c. chance

d. Personnel Manager

e. sincerely

f. requirements

g. graduated

h. hardworking

i. proficient

j. transcript

k. skills

l. vacant

Passive Voice

Example:

I can be reached by phone or e-mail any time.

The active sentence:

You can reach me by phone or e-mail any time.

A sentence is passive when the subject is the receiver of the action.

Subject + be + past participle + object/complement

When changing active sentences into passive ones, note the following:

1. The subject of an active sentence becomes the object of its passive form, usually preceded by the preposition “by”.
2. The object of an active sentence becomes the subject of its passive form.
3. The verb is changed into be + past participle (Verb 3). The forms of “be” depend on the tenses and subjects of the sentence, whether they are singular or plural.
4. You don’t have to mention the “by” agent when it’s not important.

Read the following information.

Change the following sentences into active/passive.

Study the changes below.

Do the activities in your PR Bahasa Inggris on page 58.

Resumes/CV

What is the difference?

Do the activities in your PR Bahasa Inggris on pages 61─64.

Back to Chapter IV

• How to Deal with Job Interview
• Common Questions in Job Interview

Back to Daftar Isi

Job Interview

Read the following dialog.

Mr. Deni: Good morning, Rani. I am Deni, the recruitment staff in this company.

Rani: Good morning, Mr. Deni.

Mr. Deni: How are you?

Rani: I am fine. Thank you.

Mr. Deni: Ok, then let’s start the interview. Are you ready?

Rani: Yes, I am.

Mr. Deni: Could you tell me a little bit about yourself?

Rani: I am a fresh-graduate of secretary department from SMKN Generasi Baru.

Mr. Deni: What are you looking for in a job?

Rani: The job must have a correlation with my previous study so that I can put it into practice. I also hope that the job will develop my skills and professionality.

Mr. Deni: Would you tell me about your goals in the next 5 years?

Rani: My goal, for now, is to find a position in this company where I can develop myself to take a new challenge. To get that achievement, I need to do my best when I have the opportunity to join this company.

Mr. Deni: Well, would you please describe your strength? Why should I hire you in this company?

Rani: I am a persistent and eager to learn person. I love to get along with people as a team.

Mr. Deni: Would you mind to work long hours? Can you handle the pressure?

Rani: I don’t mind to work long hours. I’m getting used to a tight deadline. When I was studying, I took an extra course while I’m handling the projects from my teachers. Fortunately, I handled them well.

Mr. Deni: Ok, would you like to ask me some questions?

Rani: No, I don’t have. I think I have a good understanding of this company. I hope to have the opportunity to work for this company.

Mr. Deni: Nice to meet you, Rani. Thank you for coming to this interview.

Rani: Nice to meet you too, sir.

Answer the following questions based on the dialogs.

1. Does Rani have work experiences?
2. Rani said, “I’m getting used to a tight deadline.”

What does Rani mean?

3. What does Rani want for a job?
4. Rani said, “I think I have a good understanding of this company.”

From Rani’s respond, what should you do before attending a job interview?

5. Rani said, “I love to get along with people as a team.”

What can you infer from Rani’s character?

​

How to Deal with a Job Interview�Preparation for a Job Interview

1. Research for the Job

Do some research on the job description that you applied. Make a list of the skills, knowledge, and personal and professional qualities that are required by the employer.

2. Matching your skills to the job requirements

Match the requirement of the job with the skills that you probably mastered. If there are some requirements that still not fit to your skill, you need to give the logical reason.

3. Discover the company

It will help you to prepare for the interview questions related to the company. Discovering the company will let you know more about the history, future goals, and also the culture of the company. You can get information about the company by visiting the company website.

4. Preparing your interview clothes

Don’t wait until the last minute to prepare your interview clothes. You may start preparing your clothes in the night, so you won’t be in a hurry to preparing the clothes.

5. Get the direction

To avoid tardiness, you need to know where is the location of your interview. By knowing the location, you can calculate the time you start going to avoid running late to the interview.

Adopted from: https://www.thebalancecareers.com/how-to-prepare-for-a-job-interview-2061361 (April 5, 2019)

1. Make a great first impression

Never forget the little things such as shine your shoes, check your clothes for holes, stains, pet hair, and loose thread. Show confident body language and smile during the job interview.

2. Practice good manner and body language

Be confident in every occasion in the job interview. Make a firm handshake if shaking hands with the interviewer. Make eye contact and smile to make sure that you are a confident person.

3. Answer the questions concisely and focused

The job interview time is limited, so be mindful of rambling. Practicing your answer before the interview will help you to stay focus.

4. Do not speak negative things about your previous job

If you ever discouraged from your previous job, focus on talking about what you have achieved from the job and what you want to do next.

Adopted from: https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/interviewing/job-interview-tips-how-to-make-a-great-impression (April 6, 2019)

Tips for During The Job Interview

Tips for After the Job Interview

1. Ask for the next steps

After the interview, ask your interviewer about what to do next. This will be a follow-up email with the result of your interview, additional requirement, or the next interview.

​

2. Send a thank you letter after the interview to the interviewer

This is an optional step for you to do, but it will affect the personal connection between you and your interviewer. Ask for the business card from each of the interviewers so you can follow up individually with separated thank you email.

​

Adopted from: https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/interviewing/job-interview-tips-how-to-make-a-great-impression

(April 6, 2019)

Common Questions in Job Interview

1. Can you tell me a little about yourself?

The key is don’t give complete employment (or personal) history to the interviewer. Give an answer that shows you are the right person for this position. Never give information about yourself when the interviewer is not asking for it.

2. How did you know about the job vacancy?

This is the question where you can show your passion and connection to the company. For example, if you found out the information from your friend in that company, you need to state the name, then share why you were so excited to apply in that position.

3. Why should we hire you?

You need to answer this question with these statements: you cannot only do the work, but you can deliver great result; you will really fit in the culture and the team in this company, and you are the best candidate ever.

4. Where do you see yourself in five years?

An interviewer wants to know if you have set a realistic expectation for your career if you have ambition and if the position that you apply to align with your goal and growth. It is OK to say that you are not quite sure about your future goals, but experience plays an important role in helping you make that decision.

5. What do you consider to be your weaknesses?

Rather than answering like “I can’t meet a deadline to save my life” or “Nothing, I’m perfect” you better thinking to something that you still struggle to achieve it. For example, maybe you have a problem in speaking in front of audiences, but you still trying to eliminate that feeling by joining a voluntary meeting to improve your confidence in speaking in front of audiences.

Adopted from: https://www.themuse.com/advice/how-to-answer-the-31-most-common-interview-questions (April 5, 2019)

Grammar

Modal verbs are helping/auxiliary verbs that express ideas such as ability, permission, and asking for assistance. Many modal verbs have more than one meaning. They are always followed by the simple verb (V1/Verb base). The following modals are used for expressing polite request.

​

​

To ask questions in a very polite way, say:

Would you/ Could you (please) + simple verb (V1) + ...?

• Could you tell me about your job, please?

• Would you please email that resume to me? I need it immediately.

• Could you explain more about your previous job?

To ask questions in a polite but more casual way, say:

Will you/ Can you (please) + simple verb (V1) + ...?

• Will you please inform your educational background?

• Can you do the overtime?

Modal for expressing polite request

Fill in the blanks with the correct sentences. �Please use polite expressions.

Mr. Rudi: Hello, welcome to our engineering company.

Shafira: I am glad for the chance to be interviewed.

Mr. Rudi: (1) ________________________________________________

Shafira: I was applying for an electrical engineer and I graduated from Teladan Vocational School with compliments.

Mr. Rudi: I see from your resume that you are experienced.

(2) ________________________________________________

Shafira: I have worked as an electrical engineer for four years. But I think it is a good career to join your company.

Mr. Rudi: (3) ________________________________________________

Shafira: It was a dead end job. I think, there was no more room for me to develop. I need a larger company to develop myself.

Mr. Rudi: Yes our company is large and there is plenty of room for advancement.

Shafira: So, ­­­(4) ________________________________________________

Mr. Rudi: Yes, but for the first month you will be on probation with half-pay. After that, you will be a full employee of the company. Any questions?

Shafira: (5) ________________________________________________

Mr. Rudi: It is around 2.2 million Rupiah per month.

Shafira: Sounds good. Could you tell me when I have to start?

Mr. Rudi: Please report to the engineering department on Monday at 9 a.m.

Shafira: Great, thank you, sir.

Mr. Rudi: I look forward to working with you.

• Could you tell me how long have you worked in your previous company?
• Could you please tell me about your educational background?
• Could you tell me about the salary?
• Would you please tell me why did you resign from your previous job?
• would you give me the job?
• Would you like to tell about yourself?

Could you tell me how long have you worked in your previous company?

Could you please tell me about your educational background?

Could you tell me about the salary?

Would you please tell me why did you resign from your previous job?

would you give me the job?

Back to Chapter V

Do the exercises in your

PR Bahasa Inggris on pages 84-85

• Expressions of Obligation

• Must/Have to and �Be Supposed to/�Be Expected to

Back to Daftar Isi

Practice the following dialog.

Ronald : Ryan, have you finished your assignment?

Ryan : Not yet. What about you?

Ronald : I’ve finished, but I must recheck before submitting it to the teacher.

Ryan : We still have time to do it, right?

Ronald : Yes. We still have two days to finish. We have to submit it the day after tomorrow.

Ryan : You’re right. I must finish my work as soon as possible.

Ronald : Do you have difficulties so far?

Ryan : Yup! Will you help me, please?

Ronald : Sure.

Expressions of Obligation

Answer the following questions.

1. What do the words in bold you find in the previous dialog mean in Indonesian?

2. What do the speakers use the words in bold for?

3. Do the words in bold have a similar function? What is the function(s) of the words?

4. What type of verbs follows the words in bold?

5. What another situation can you use the words in bold for your sentences? What would you say for each situation?

Read the following sentences.

1. I must finish my work as soon as possible.

2. We have to submit our paper the day after tomorrow.

3. I’d like to, but I am supposed to stay at home.

The words must and have to are used to express necessities.

The word supposed to is used to express an expectation.

​

Study the following table.

Back to Chapter VI

Must/Have to and Be Supposed to/Be Expected to

Must/Have to

Function:

To express necessities/obligations.

Pattern:

• must + Vbase

• have to/has to + Vbase

Difference:

• Must is used when the speaker thinks it is necessary.

• Have to is used when another person thinks it is necessary.

Examples:

• I must clean my room every day. (I decide to clean my room every day.)

• I have to water the flowers every day. (It is not my decision. My mother told me to water the flowers.)

Function:

To express expectations.

Pattern:

• is/am/are + supposed to + Vbase

• is/am/are + expected to + Vbase

Examples:

• I am supposed to make my bed every morning. (I am required/ expected to make my bed every morning.)

• I am expected to go to school early. (I am expected to go to school early.)

​

​

Do the activities in your PR Bahasa Inggris on pages 99–100.

Back to Chapter VI

Be Supposed to/Be Expected to

Do these activities.

Work in pairs.

Ask and answer the following questions, in turns.

1. What do you have to do every Sunday?

2. What do you have to do today?

3. What must you do this afternoon?

4. What did you have to do yesterday morning?

5. What must you do tomorrow?

Example:

1. You : What do you have to do every Sunday?

Your friend : I have to clean the garden. What about you?

You : I have to help my mother cook.

​

Do other activities in your PR Bahasa Inggris on page 104.

Say your answers of the previous activity using “It is necessary ....”

Example:

1. You : It is necessary for me to clean the garden every Sunday.

Your friend : It is necessary for me to help my mother cook every Sunday.

Read the text and answer the questions.

Questions:

1. What is the purpose of the text?

2. Where can you read the text?

3. What must a person do according to the text?

4. What will happen if a person disregards the notice?

5. “Keep away head and neck ....” What is the similar meaning of ‘keep away’?

Do the activities in your PR Bahasa Inggris on pages 105–107.

Back to Chapter VI

• News Item Texts

• Direct and Indirect Speech

Back to Daftar Isi

Source: https://www.nytimes.com/?action=click&contentCollection= undefined&region=TopBar&module=HomePage- Title&pgtype =collection (April 16, 2019)

News Item Text

One of the world’s rarest turtles, a Yangtze giant softshell, has died in China, leaving just three remaining.

Also known as Rafetus Swinhoei, the female turtle died in the Suzhou zoo in southern China.

Experts had tried to artificially inseminate the creature, which was over 90 years old, for a fifth time shortly before she died.

The species is critically endangered due to hunting, overfishing, and the destruction of its habitat.

One male is left in the Chinese zoo while two other turtles live in the wild in Vietnam. The elusive nature of the turtle means it has been difficult to identify the latter’s gender.

Local staff and international experts had attempted to artificially inseminate the female 24 hours before she died.

They said, “There were no complications from the operation and she had been in fine health after the procedure, but deteriorated the next day.”

The cause of her death is being investigated and the turtle’s ovarian tissue was collected for future research.

Adopted from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47932731 (April 15, 2019)

One of Four Remaining Yangtze Turtles Dies in China

Read the following text.

1. What is the purpose of the text?

2. What is the text about?

3. Who were involved?

4. Where did the event occur?

5. Why did it occur?

6. What is the first paragraph about?

7. What is the purpose of the first paragraph?

8. What is the purpose of the rest paragraphs?

9. Why is there a sentence written between the quotation marks (paragraph 7)? What do you call such a sentences?

10. What tense is mostly used in the text? Why does it use the tense?

Answer the following questions.

Study the following structure of a news item text on the following slide.

PURPOSE

To inform readers or listeners about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.

STRUCTURE

• Headline : the tittle of the news

• Summary of events : the elaboration of what happened, to whom and in what circumstance

• Quotes : the exact words that people have said or written in the news

Read the following information.

News Item Text

The following is the information from the previous text, dealing with the structure of a news item text.

Study the identification of its text structure in your PR Bahasa Inggris on page 121.

Back to Chapter VII

Direct and Indirect Speech

Read the following sentences.

Study the changes of the sentences, from direct into indirect speech.

What can you conclude?

1. Change the subject in the reported clause based on the speaker, such as 'Cindy' into 'she'.

2. If the reporting verb is in present tense (say, tell, state, remark, explain), we don't change the tense in the indirect/reported speech.

3. If the reporting verb is in past tense, we usually change the tense in the indirect/reported speech.

4. Change the adverbs of time and places (yesterday, the day before).

For further information about how to change direct into indirect speech, open your PR Bahasa Inggris on pages 121–122.

Change the following direct sentences into indirect ones.

1. Amel said, “I know his name and address.”

2. She told me, “Please wait here until I return.”

3. The stuntman told the audience, “Don’t try this at home.”

4. Ernez asked me, “Do you understand the rules of the game?”

5. Mr. Gandung said, “I’ve been working here since I was 25.”

6. The teacher said, “The students are listening to me carefully.”

7. Dini and Arya asked us, “Are you going anywhere at the weekend?”

8. The students said, “We haven’t been to the art gallery for a long time.”

9. My manager asked, “Will you be able to present the monthly report tomorrow?”

10. An eye witness told the inquiry, “At the time of the accident, the train was traveling at about 20 kph.”

Read the following texts.

Biodiesel Fuel: Alternative for a Green Tomorrow

Biodiesel in simple words is an advanced form of Biofuel. It refers to an animal or vegetable fat based renewable fuel, made up of a long chain of chemical compounds like propyl, ethyl, methyl, etc. Created by chemically treating vegetable oil or animal fat with alcohol generating compounds, biodiesel is believed to be the revolution that is helping several countries overcome their dependency on diesel. It can be operated in any diesel engine with little or no modification to the engine or the fuel system.

Biodiesel is a solution for our green concerns. The emissions are lower as compared to those from diesel (petroleum). A detailed explanation would state that biodiesel, reduces unburned hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and other gases as compared to petroleum diesel. In the United States of America, it is produced on a large scale in a bid to reduce dependency on other countries for oil needs. This had led to several green jobs being created and has also contributed to the economy.

It produces less carbon output and few pollutants than traditional petroleum products. When compared to petroleum diesel, biodiesel produces less soot (particulate matter), carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide. Pollution from oil causes more air pollution and many people fall sick every day. With the use of biodiesel, people have got huge health benefits as they need to spend less money on healthcare products.

So, what can you conclude about biodiesel? I think it is really alternative fuel for our green concerns in the future.

Adopted from: https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/what-is-biodiesel.php (April 18, 2019)

Text 1

Text 2

Agriculture Ministry Launches Trial for B100 Biodiesel Fuel

The Agriculture Ministry started on Monday the trial period for the use of 100-percent biodiesel (B100) of fuel that uses fatty acid methyl ester from crude palm oil (CPO) in a move that expands its reach within the domestic palm oil market and reduces the dependency on imported fossil fuels.

Agriculture Minister Amran Sulaiman said during the event that the trial would involve 50 of the ministry’s official cars and tractors.

He said B100 fuel allowed vehicles to travel 13.1 kilometers per liter, which was more efficient than using Solar-branded fossil fuels that limited travel to 9.6 kilometers per liter.

In early testing, cars that used B100 fuel could travel 6,000 kilometers in total, he added.

The ministry also began discussing the possible mass production of B100 fuel with state-owned enterprises and private companies. Amran estimated the commercial price of B100 to be around Rp 8,000 (57 US cents) per liter.

“Users should not only think about cutting costs, but they have also to think about protecting the environment. B100 produces less pollution than diesel [fossil] fuels,” he said on the sidelines of the launch.

Amran expressed hope that the widespread use of B100 could be implemented to cut imports of fossil fuels and boost the domestic use of CPO amid the European Union’s campaign against the commodity.

Adopted from: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/04/15/agriculture-ministry-launches-trial-for-b100-biodiesel-fuel.html (April 15, 2019)

Compare the two previous texts.�Identify the social functions, text structures, and language features of each text.

Complete the following table based on the news item text on the previous slide.

To check your understanding about news item texts, do the activities in your PR Bahasa Inggris on pages 126–129.

Back to Chapter VII

If Conditionals Followed by Instructions or Suggestions

Back to Daftar Isi

Work in groups of three.

What words come into your mind when you hear ‘vacation’?

Share your work with the class.

Do the activities in your PR Bahasa Inggris on pages 137–139.

mountain

relax

park

beach

waterfall

scenery

happy

museum

Yudi : Hi, Anneke. I’m going to backpack to Singapore for three days next holiday. Do you have any suggestions? You have ever visited Singapore, haven’t you?

Anneke : Well, the most important thing is that if you visit Singapore, don’t litter. Otherwise, you will be fined. Second, if you’d like to visit its tourist attractions, please prepare your stamina.

Yudi : Why?

Anneke : To reach those places, you have to walk for long distances from the train or bus stations.

Yudi : I see. Anything else?

Anneke : Yes. If you are going to explore the country by public transportation, buy a Singapore tourist pass. You can buy it at Changi Airport. If you want to buy tickets, board on buses and MRT, or even buy food, please stand in line. Queuing has become Singaporeans’ habits.

Yudi : What about taking the MRT?

Anneke : If you want to board the MRT, you have to queue on the edge of the entrance gate. If the train is crowded, you’d better stand up although two seats on every row are vacant. These reserved seats are for elder or disable people.

Yudi : Thank you for reminding me of this. It’s very important.

Practice the following dialog.

Pay attention to the sentences in bold.

If Conditionals Followed by Imperatives or Suggestions

1. If you visit Singapore, don’t litter.

2. If you’d like to visit its tourist attractions, please prepare your stamina.

3. If you are going to explore the country by public transportation, buy a Singapore tourist pass.

Those sentences are used to order or give suggestions in conditional sentences.

Do the activities in your PR Bahasa Inggris on pages 142–162.

Back Chapter to VIII

Pay attention to the following sentences.

Conditional sentences have different purposes. Read the examples.

THANK YOU

Good Luck