World History

A Concise Review

Periodization in World History

• There is a lot to know from history...A LOT! How can we manage all of that information, and make it more meaningful?
• Periodization - Six major periods of history

Six Major Periods

• Technological and Environmental Transformations - “Foundations” - Circa 8000 BCE - 600 BCE
• Organization and Reorganization - “Classical Period” - 600 BCE - 600 CE
• Regional and Trans-regional Interactions - “Post-Classical” - 600-1450
• Global Interactions - “Early-Modern” - 1450-1750
• Industrialization and Global Integration - 1750-1900
• Accelerating Global Change and Realignments - 1900-Present

Major Themes

Change - Political Leaders

Change - Challenges to Tradition/Authority

Change - Revolution

Change - Collapse of Government

Change - Individual (Impact of)

Change - Global Issues

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Imperialism

Cultural and Intellectual Achievements

Movement of People & Goods

Belief Systems - Movement

Human & Physical Geography

Geography - Influence on Political, Economic, Social Development

Human Rights - Justice

Conflict - Armed Conflict

Science & Technology

Nationalism

Change : Human-Environment Interaction

Examples of Humans adapting the environment:

• Terrace Farming -

Change : Human-Environment Interaction

Examples of Humans adapting the environment:

• River Valley Civilizations

Change : Human-Environment Interaction

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Examples of Humans adapting the environment:

• Greek City-States

The Neolithic Revolution: +/- 8000 BCE

Why is this considered the most important turning point in history?

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Effects of the Neolithic Revolution

• Population Growth
• More possessions
• Private property
• Social inequality
• Gender inequality with the rise of civilizations (patriarchy)
• Pottery, metallurgy, and textiles develop
• Other technologies such as the calendar

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River Valley Civilizations

The Eight Features of Civilization

• Dense population centers (urbanization)
• Organized governments
• Complex religions
• Job specialization
• Social hierarchy
• Arts and architecture to glorify the elites
• Public works
• Writing

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Specific Historical details from Early Civilizations

Technological Advancements:

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Specific Historical details from Early Civilizations

Technological Advancements:

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Specific Historical details from Early Civilizations

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Writing Systems:

Cuneiform

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Hieroglyphics

Specific Historical details from Early Civilizations

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Writing Systems:

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Calligraphy

IT’S THE LAW!!!

Code of Hammurabi - 1754 BCE, 282 laws

Law of the 12 Tables - 450 BCE, Consolidation of law

Justinian’s Code - 529-534 CE, Collection of Law

Magna Carta - 1215 CE - Limited the power of the monarch

Napoleonic Code - 1804 CE� Civil Code� Model for � 20 other � countries

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The Classical Period - 1000 BCE to 500 CE

How did this period provide the foundation for future historical developments?

• The development of empires and bureaucratic institutions
• The Importance of Key Individuals
• Increased Contact and Diffusion of Ideas

Maurya Empire

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• Unity under Chandragupta
• Focus on the power of the individual: Asoka
• Expands territory
• After death toll of Kalinga converts to Buddhism
• Promoted health care of his subjects, improvements in agriculture, roads
• Tries to spread dharma with Pillars
• Religious tolerance - ***Spread of Buddhism***

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• Achievements in Mathematics & Medicine
• Arabic numerals
• Concept of zero
• Decimal systems
• Herbs to treat illness
• Setting broken bones
• Simple plastic surgery
• Smallpox vaccine

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Gupta Empire

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• Looser rule than previous empire (Maurya)
• Much power in the hands of individual villages and city governments
• Peace & Prosperity
• Farming flourished
• Wheat, rice, sugarcane
• Trade (Indian Ocean and Silk Road)
• Cotton cloth, pottery, pepper

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The Qin Empire

• Legalist
• Crackdown on dissenters
• Built Great Wall
• Standardized weights, measures, coins
• 36 military districts

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Shi Huangdi

Han Dynasty

Peace

• Emperor Wudi; civil service exams, skilled bureaucrats

Prosperity

• Economic growth when gov’t improved roads, canals, gov’t control of granaries, gov’t monopoly on salt, iron, liquor
• Opening of Silk Road to West (Rome)

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Accomplishments of the Han Dynasty

Technology (lack of slave labor)

• Durable paper out of wood pulp
• Shipbuilding
• The rudder
• Bronze and iron stirrups
• Fishing reels
• Wheelbarrow
• Medicine
• Herbal remedies, acupuncture

The arts

• Poetry, jade and ivory carvings

Athenian (Greek)“Empire”: The Age of Pericles

Peace

• Athenian democracy, end of Persian Wars

Prosperity

• Wealth from Delian League; export trade

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Greek Accomplishments

• Philosophy - Socrates, Plato and Aristotle
• Art & Architecture - Parthenon, Sculpture (Human form)
• Political Systems - Democracy, Military

Alexander the Great???

***Spread of Hellenistic Culture***

The Roman Empire...All roads lead to Rome

Peace

• Republican traditions
• Pax Romana(first 200 years of Empire)
• Stable government
• Good emperors; laws

Prosperity

• Trade, infrastructure

Rome wasn’t built in a day...

Roman Empire

Architecture

• Used Greek columns; emphasized grandeur
• Improved on arch and dome

Engineering

• Roads, bridges, aqueducts

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Roman Law

• Civil law/law of nations

Unity and stability

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The Phoenicians

• Trading posts throughout the Mediterranean
• Created an alphabet
• Carriers of civilization

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The Axial Age of Religion

500 BCE

How did belief systems influence the political, economic, social, and cultural life of the past?

The 3 Pillars of Indian Life

Village, family, and the caste system

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Buddhism - Siddhartha Gautama

• Desire causes suffering
• Anyone can reach nirvana
• A clear path

4 Noble Truths and 8 Fold Path

• A universal religion

Monastic orders

Trade routes

• Hope in times of political turmoil

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Judaism

• Monotheism
• Diaspora
• Influence on Christianity and Islam
• Anti-Semitism:�- dates back to Middle Ages�- erupts in 19th-20th century Europe

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Christianity

• Builds on Hebrew traditions
• Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of God, sent to redeem the world of sin
• Developed in Judea (now Israel)
• Holy Bible, consisting of both the Old Testament and the New Testament

• Great Schism leads to separation of Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church
• Church subservient to the state in Eastern Orthodox tradition
• Importance of the Catholic Church as a source of stability during the Middle Ages
• Protestant movement breaks from Catholic Church in 1517

Islam

• Muhammad
• 5 Pillars
• The Koran
• Sharia Law
• Spread via missionaries (sufis) and merchants
• Problems of Succession (choice of caliph)
• Sunni –Shiite Split

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• Role of women
• Respect for merchant class; busy market place cities grow such as Baghdad, Damascus, Jerusalem, Cairo, and Toledo
• Afro-Eurasian trade routes
• Silk Road
• Indian Ocean

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Confucianism

• Political and social order and stability
• Power of the scholar-gentry; distrust of the merchants
• Inferiors and superiors
• 5 relationships
• Power of the emperor
• Power of men
• Focus on education; men of virtue
• Focus on family
• Filial piety

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Legalism

• Must be regulated by harsh laws and generous rewards

1.Human nature is naturally selfish.

2.Intellectualism and literacy is discouraged.

3.Law is the supreme authority and replaces morality.

4.The ruler must rule with a strong hand

5.War is the means of strengthening a ruler’s power.

• Unification of China

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Daoism (Taoism)

• Seeks harmony with nature
• Often compared to Animism or Shinto
• Lao Tzu (Tze)
• The best government is the one that governs least

Religion Today

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The Crisis of Late Antiquity - 200 CE-500 CE

• Internal weakness
• Overextension
• Corruption
• Poor leadership
• Excessive taxes
• Military breakdown
• Peasant rebellion/slave revolts
• External Weakness
• Invasions (Huns)

Fall of the Han, Rome, and Gupta

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The Post-Classical Age

600-1450

The Mediterranean World

*** Trade and cultural diffusion***

Golden Age of Islam

• Baghdad—House of Wisdom
• Poetry
• The Thousand and One Nights
• Urban universities (madrasas) preserved and translated ancient Greek and Indian texts
• Art—calligraphy, geometric motifs
• Math
• Optical science, pharmacology, anatomy

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Trade Networks - Silk Road revival & Indian Ocean Basin

What happened to the fallen Roman Empire?

In the West…

• A decentralized political and rigid social system
• Kings granted land “in fief” to landowners who became hereditary nobility
• In exchange, the nobility promised to support a king and provide military troops, as necessary

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Feudalism continued

• Since primogeniture laws were enacted (1st born gets the land), many nobility found themselves without land.
• These nobles trained and became professional mounted soldiers, knights.
• In exchange for their service to a lord, they would became their vassals and receive grants of land.
• Knights were governed by a Code of Chivalry

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Feudalism Continued

• Most land was worked by peasants.
• Many became serfs
• Serfdom is a system in which a person’s labor is owned.
• This was typically a hereditary status
• Serfs received the use of their lord’s land, and protection from the chaos outside their lord’s manor.

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Feudalism:

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A rigid social structure

Manorialism - The Manor Economy

• An economic system based on self-sufficient agricultural estates
• Remember, towns were destroyed, trade declined, and money was gone.
• Most people never left the manor, as everything they needed was right there, and danger lurked everywhere.

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The Medieval Catholic Church

• The Church tremendous spiritual and secular power.
• Popes were typically involved in political happenings of their day.
• The church fulfilled many of the functions we associate with government: schools, hospitals, refuge for the poor
• The Church could excommunicate an individual, or an entire kingdom with an interdict.
• Monastic orders were centers of learning.

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Byzantine Empire

• Centered around the city of Constantinople
• Location allowed it to be center of trade
• Most famous emperor was Justinian
• Most famous for his codification of laws
• Built the Hagia Sophia
• Set pattern for autocratic rule
• Close ties between church and state
• Weakens due to Arab and Turkish invasions

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Trans-Saharan Trading Kingdoms

• The introduction of the camel and camel saddle made it possible for caravans to cross the Sahara Desert.
• Ghana, Mali, and Songhai
• Wealth and power based on taxing the gold-for salt trade
• Arab and Berber traders increasingly introduced Islam and Muslim traditions of government, coinage, scholarship, and architectural styles to West Africa
• Timbuktu becomes a thriving city

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Mansa Musa from Mali went to Mecca because he was Muslim

• Famous Mali King
• Takes hajj to Mecca
• Brings so much gold that he devalues the currency of Egypt
• Stories of West African wealth peak European interest

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The Post-Classical Age

600-1450

The Indian Ocean Basin

Swahili City-States

• States on the East Coast of Africa

Kilwa, Sofala, Mogadishu

• Became wealthy centers of trades
• Brought goods from the interior of Africa to the Coast to carry across the Indian Ocean
• Significant slave trade
• Diaspora communities of Persians, Arabs, Jews, etc.
• Language is a mix of Bantu language with Arabic words
• Introduction of Islam

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Voyages of Zheng He

Chinese Junk vs. European Caravel

Tang and Song Dynasties

Japan

• Archipelago united by the Yamato Clan
• Impact of Shinto
• Selective borrowing through the cultural bridge of Korea
• Rise of Feudal System

High Middle Ages

Economic Changes:

• Population Growth
• High demand for goods
• Trade fairs and Cities
• Commercial Revolution

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Cultural Changes:

• Medieval Universities
• Inspired by new ideas from the Muslim world and the reintroduction of ancient Classical ideas.

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Social Changes:

• A growing middle class
• Guilds dominate city life
• A reintroduction of a money economy
• A decline in serfdom
• Growing power of monarchs at the expense of the nobility

Political Changes:

• England
• Magna Carta and Parliament
• Limited Monarchy
• France
• Absolute Monarchy

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The Crusades

• Pope Urban II-Council of Clermont 1095
• Hoped to heal rift in the Christian World
• Crusade Against Muslims
• One of the most successful failures in history
• European gain a taste for luxury Eastern Goods

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The Mongols

• Unity under Genghis Khan
• Ruthless conquerors
• Excellent equestrian skills
• Psychological warfare
• Kublai Khan and Yuan growth China
• Promotes economic
• Brings in foreigners to help control China
• Golden Horde of Russia
• Create a tribute empire
• Cut off Russia from events of Western Europe

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Pax Mongolica -

• Tolerant rulers
• Opened up trade on the Silk Road
• Bubonic Plague traveled this route

The Travels of Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo

The Americas: A World apart in the Classical and Post-Classical World

The Maya, Aztec and Inca

The Maya

• Built on Olmec traditions
• Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador
• Built 80 large ceremonial centers
• Pyramids, palaces, and temples
• Utilized terrace farming
• Grew maize, cotton, cacao
• Developed hieroglyphic script
• Religion was central to their life. Rituals included human sacrifice

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The Aztec

• Nomadic people who build massive tribute empire
• Main city of Tenochtitlan
• Innovative agriculture included irrigation systems and chinampas
• Massive military power with strong warrior traditions
• Powerful priestly class
• Practiced human sacrifice on a large-scale
• Destroyed by the Spanish conquistador, Cortes

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The Inca

• Built large empire with powerful military
• Assimilated people to their customs and language
• Never developed writing, but did have a system of record-keeping known as quipu
• Built roads and bridges to integrate the empire
• Fell to the Spanish conquistador, Pizarro

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Specific Details to this point

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A Global Age

1450-1750

The Rise of the West?

What is globalization?

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The Renaissance

• Began in Italy in 1350s and spread to Northern Europe
• Patronage system
• Medici Family
• The ideal Renaissance Man
• Leonardo da Vinci
• Centered around humanist philosophy
• Machiavelli’s, The Prince
• Influences the arts
• Gutenberg’s printing press

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The Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther
• 95 Theses
• Upset over the sale of indulgences
• Bible as the source of authority
• Priesthood of all believers
• Supported by many secular rulers
• John Calvin
• Predestination
• Theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland

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Effects of the Reformation

• End of Catholic dominance in Western Europe
• An emphasis on literacy
• Rise of secular rulers

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The Scientific Revolution

• Encouraged a Spirit of Inquiry
• Extension of the Renaissance
• Copernican Revolution
• Galileo on trial
• Scientific Method
• Lays the foundation for the Enlightenment

Age of Absolutism

• The ascendency of monarchs
• Divine right of kings
• Mandate of Heaven in China
• Louis XIV of France
• The Sun King
• Versailles
• Peter the Great of Russia
• Westernization on his terms
• English kings continue to be limited
• Magna Carta and Parliament
• English Civil War ends with the Glorious Revolution of 1688
• English Bill of Rights and Limited Monarchy

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Mercantilism

• Economy theory popular in the 1500s and 1600s
• Tied to age of absolutism and the rising power of the monarchy
• Wealth measured in bullion (Gold or Silver)

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Motives for European Exploration

• Spread Christianity
• Follows the Protestant Reformation
• Crusading Spirit
• Spain finances voyages of Columbus after the capture of Granada, last Muslim stronghold in Spain
• Economic
• Mercantilist policy, personal wealth
• Renaissance spirit of curiosity and adventure
• Increasing strength of the state
• Personal accomplishment

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New Technology that made this possible

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• Caravel
• Cartography
• Compass
• Gunpowder
• Astrolabe

The Pioneering Portuguese

• Iberian Urgency
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Bartholemeu Dias
• Vasco daGama

Hola Spain!

• Spanish crown sends out Columbus
• Land-based empire in the Americas
• Avoid dispute with Portugal
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Encomienda System
• Bartolome de las Casas
• African slaves
• Silver trade
• New class structure

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“The Encounter”

Bartolome de las Casas

Latin American Race-Based Class Structure

The Columbian Exchange

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Age of Inquiry → Overlapping Events

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Dark Ages

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-Plague

-Crusades

-Feudalism

-Wars

-Serfs

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1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

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Reformation�1517→ 1648

Enlightenment� 1680 → 1815

Scientific Revolution� 1543 → ~1800

Maritime Exploration� ~1418 → ~1700

Renaissance�~1300 → ~1650