How did science, religion, and leadership challenge the established ways of thinking during the Renaissance? How did it affect people? How did ideas and knowledge spread across Europe?
In earlier chapters we saw the beginning of humanism. Now we are going to study how new ways of thinking begins to clash with the Church authorities who were not ready to accept new ideas. Some Church leaders saw these new ideas as an attack on Church teachings and leadership.
Why do you think the worldview icon elements beliefs, society, and knowledge might be highlighted?
Think-Pair-Share
Why would the church of Galileo’s time consider his Sun-centred theory to be heresy?
The Church believed in a Creator God and so it made sense to them that God would place Earth at the centre of the universe as they knew it.
If you were a peasant during Renaissance times, would you side with the Church?
1633. The brilliant scientist Galileo was brought before a jury of Church officials called Cardinals on a charge of heresy, that is, opposing Church teaching.
Galileo entered the hushed courtroom and knelt in front of the Cardinals. The Church had always taught that the Earth was at the centre of the universe. Galileo had published a book in which he argued that the Sun was at the centre, and the Earth– like other planets– traveled around it. Galileo based his conclusion on observations he made with the new, powerful telescope he had developed.
The Church charged Galileo with heresy and ordered him to give up his views. If he refused, he knew he might be tortured or even burned alive for heresy. Galileo made his decision. He read out a statement denying his belief in a Sun-centered universe.
For publishing a book that challenged Church teachings, Galileo was sentenced to house arrest on his estate for the rest of his life. The Church put his book on the Index of Prohibited Books, a list of titles that Catholics were forbidden to read.
But Galileo knew that he was right. After he finished reading the statement, he is believed to have whispered to himself, “Eppur si muove” (“But it [the Earth] still moves”).
The Exchange of Ideas
1. According to the story, why was Galileo sentenced to house arrest?
2. Which elements of the worldview icon did Galileo’s knowledge conflict?
Galileo was sentenced to house arrest for publishing a book that challenged the teachings of the Church.
Knowledge and Beliefs.
Vocabulary
The science that deals with the structure of animals and plants.
The science of the stars.
A work in which the characters and events are meant to be understood as representing other things and symbolically expressing a deeper moral or political meaning.
Official exclusion from the Catholic � Church
Certificates that reduced the time people would be punished for their sins after they died.
1. Anatomy -
2. Astrology -
3. Allegory-
4. Excommunication -
5. Indulgences -
Vocabulary
Started with Luther translating the Bible. Luther and all people who agreed with him became known as the Protestant Reformation.
As a result of the Protestant Reformation, Pope Paul III called a series of meetings. As a result of these meetings, corruption was cleaned up and priests were given a better education.
To spread information.
An Italian astronomer and philosopher.
A type of prejudice rooted in a person’s point of view.
6. Protestant Reformation -
7. Catholic Counter Reformation -
8. Disseminates -
9. Galileo -
10. Bias -
Vocabulary
Often involves putting a gene from one organism into another organism.
Opposing Church teachings.
A person who copied books.
A German monk who challenged church practices such as “indulgences” and helped start the Prodistant Reformation.
A crafty, unscrupulous person who seeks and holds power by any means possible.
A person who describes and analyzes political processes and institutions.
11. Genetically Modified -
12. Heresy -
13. Scribe -
14. Martin Luther -
15. Machiavellian -
16. Political Scientist -
Vocabulary
Excessive pride in or admiration of one's own appearance or achievements.
The language commonly spoken by the people who live in that region.
A book, document, or piece of music written by hand rather than typed or printed. Or an author's text that has not yet been published.
In art, the technique of representing objects in paintings as they appear to the eye.
17. Vanities -
18. Vernacular -
19. Manuscripts -
20. Perspective -
How can discoveries in the sciences shape people’s worldview?
Science: A New Way of Seeing
3. Attitudes toward ______________changed during the Renaissance. Thinkers dramatically expanded the range of texts they _______________. In addition, the new importance that _____________placed on human beings and their _____________________encouraged people to ________________ and ____________________.
The process of making _______________, ________________, and drawing conclusions based on evidence is known as the _____________________. The use of the scientific method led to _________________in many areas of science during the. The most important advances were in ______________, ___________, and ______________.
science
read
humanism
experiences
question
experiment
observations
experimenting
“scientific method”
discoveries
astronomy
medicine
mathematics
The Scientific Method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
6.
Identify the problem or question.
Gather information on the problem.
Firm a hypothesis, or educated guess.
Experiment to test the hypothesis.
Record and analyze data.
State a conclusion.
Repeat the steps.
5. The scientific method is still used today. �Why do you think it is so effective? Have you ever used the scientific method in your own life?
The History of Astronomy
Who are some of the most important figures in the history of astronomy?
Copernicus
Ptolemy
Ptolemy 150AD
Like Aristotle, I believe that the Earth is the centre of the universe. The sun and five planets orbit us. Boom.
Ptelomy
Copernicus 1543
I don’t believe Ptelomy’s theory. He doesn’t have a clue. I believe the sun is at the centre of the universe. Earth is just one of five planets that orbit it.
The Earth spins on its axis, that’s why it appears the stars and our sun moves across the sky. Oh yes, I’m so clever!
Copernicus
Galileo 1632
I have built a telescope. Pretty pleased with myself actually. Copernicus is right, the planets do orbit the sun.
Copernicus was worried about the church’s views, so didn’t publish his ideas until just before his death. I’m going to go for it...
Galileo
Your theories are blasphemy! You shall be placed under house arrest!
I cannot forget what I have seen. I will continue to study the universe.
Galileo continued studying our sun and the universe and payed the ultimate price for science.
Kepler
Newton
Circular orbits mean the planets are not in the right place at the right time. The orbits must be elliptical.
Gravity is the force that causes this shaped orbit. And it shall be measured in me, the Newton!
Hubble's 20th anniversary image shows a mountain of dust and gas rising in the Carina Nebula. The top of a three-light-year tall pillar of cool hydrogen is being worn away by the radiation of nearby stars, while stars within the pillar unleash jets of gas that stream from the peaks.
Let’s review!
Earth
© 2018-Present Real Ms. Frizzle
© 2018-Present Real Ms. Frizzle
Sun
© 2018-Present Real Ms. Frizzle
© 2018-Present Real Ms. Frizzle
© 2018-Present Real Ms. Frizzle
© 2018-Present Real Ms. Frizzle
Astronomy
6. For thousands of years, right up to the Renaissance, most people believed that the __________ went around the earth. Ptolemy, a Greek astronomer who lived during the first century CE, introduced his idea of the _______________. Europeans believed that God had placed the Earth at the ___________ of the universe.
A Polish ___________________ named Nicolaus Copernicus, examined ideas from ancient _______________ astronomers, whose
ideas were not accepted in their day. He concluded that the Earth is a planet that moved around a stationary Sun in a circular ____________.
Then a ______________ mathematician and astronomer by the name of _____________________
Tried to combine Ptolemy’s and Copernicus’s systems. He spent twenty years using _________________ to test and prove his ideas. He concluded that planets travelled in an ________________ orbit, and not perfect circles as Copernicus believed.
sun
universe
centre
astronomer
Greek
orbit
German
Johannes Kepler
Mathematics
elliptical
Galileo built _________________, which enabled him to study objects in the sky. Through observation, he confirmed Copernicus’s idea of a __________________ universe. By looking through telescopes he saw sun spots, craters and mountains on the moon, the stars of the Milky Way, and Jupiter’s moons.
Galileo’s Discoveries were based on the findings of many other __________________ before him. Like other scientific discoveries, used the work of others and combined it with his own __________________ to
reveal new ideas. These new ideas often conflicted with the accepted _________________ and often caused people to have to change their worldview.
7. In what ways do modern scientists share Galileo’s worldview?
telescopes
sun-centred
astronomers
knowledge
worldview
Medicine
8. Doctors had little accurate knowledge about ______________, that is bodily structure, and the causes of ____________; remedies based on _______________, superstition, bloodletting, and applying ____________ were common.
During the Renaissance medical knowledge grew, particularly in ____________ and _____________. Scientists and doctors began to apply the ______________________ to make new discoveries about the human body and how it worked.
9. The Mi’kmaq had a saying, “For every sickness on this Earth, there is a medicine under your feet.” What are four traditional First Nations’ attitudes towards healing?
anatomy
disease
astrology
leeches
anatomy
surgery
scientific method
10. How did the use of the scientific method make a difference in how medicine was practiced?
Scientists and doctors used the scientific method to make new discoveries about the human body and how it works.
11. Explain how the practice of medicine changed from before the Renaissance to how it was practiced during the Renaissance.
| Before the Renaissance | During the Renaissance |
Knowledge of Anatomy | | |
Basis for Prescribing Remedies | | |
Typical Remedies | | |
Little knowledge
Improved because dissection was made legal
astrology
Accurate knowledge of anatomy
Bloodletting
→leeches
Herbal remedies
12. What idea about medicine and Anatomy did you find the most surprising? Why? Which idea do you think would have been the hardest for people to accept?
Voices: Scientific Process
13. During the Renaissance the teachings of the church came into conflict with the findings in science, medicine, and Mathematics. In modern times, this conflict continues.
Compare the teachings of the church with findings in science.
What the church bases its teachings on | What science bases its findings on |
| |
Their teachings is based on their interpretation of the Bible or other sources
What was observed and tested using the scientific method.
14. Why do you think it is sometimes difficult for people to accept new ideas in science and medicine?
15. What perspective on genetically modified foods does the cartoon suggest?
Mathematics
16. The works of ancient __________________ scientists like _____________ (geometry) and later works by al-Khwarizmi ( _________) were studied with new vigor during the Renaissance.
Mathematics was also an ____________ part of Europe’s changing ___________. As _______ and ____________ grew, knowledge of mathematics’ became ____________ for members of the __________ class.
The Renaissance architect Filippo _____________ rediscovered the ______________ theory of ____________. He used perspective ___________ to show how the ___________ he was planning would look when they were ___________.
mathematical
Euclid
algebra
important
economy
trade
commerce
essential
merchant
Brunelleschi
mathematical
perspective
drawings
buildings
finished
17. What were Leonardo DaVinci’s beliefs about mathematics?
Leonardo believed that mathematics was the basic tool for understanding the universe.
18. Do you believe math could reasonably be called an international language? �Why or why not?��
19. How did Brunelleschi develop his technique?
His technique was developed through experimentation and by applying mathematical principles
20. Explain why mathematics was considered to be so important during the Renaissance.
Renaissance scholars thought mathematics was the basic tool for understanding the universe. It was used to calculate/determine the planets’ orbital shape, for architects to make plans of buildings - scale drawings & perspective, and for merchants to calculate such things as distance, profit margins, etc.
Consider a Dilemma
You are a person in the Renaissance and you have cut your hand badly. Your family has always used home remedies to treat Cuts, but these were not always successful. There is talk about a doctor in a nearby Town who studied at the University of Padua. Will you stick to traditional remedies or will you try out the doctor? What factors will influence your decision?
To what extent does your worldview influence your decision.
What makes a great leader?
What role do leaders play in changing or maintaining worldview?
Born May 3, 1469, Florence, Italy
Died June 21, 1527, Florence
Italian Renaissance political philosopher and statesman, secretary of the Florentine republic.
But most famous for...
“an extended analysis of how to acquire and maintain political power.”
In other words...
“...an instruction guide for new princes and royals.”
Political and Religious Leadership/ Born into Leadership/ The scientific Ruler
21. Fill in the chart comparing the leadership styles of Isabella D’Este and Niccolo Machiavelli.
| Isabella D’Este | Niccolo Machiavelli |
How the person came to know about being a leader. | | |
The person’s feelings about the nature of people. | | |
How a person should make decisions. | | |
Married a political leader who was frequently away.
Basically good.
Get input from the people so that they feel respected and part of the decision making process.
Observed leaders while he was a civil servant.
Basically evil.
Decide what needs to be done and use whatever means are necessary.
22. Look at the comparison chart above, whose ideas about leadership do you think would be more effective? Explain your thinking.
Who Would Say?
People are basically evil, but they can do good things.
People are basically good, but they can do evil things.
A good leader must be a good listener.
I want to make decisions based on what the people tell me they need.
A good leader has to do what is necessary to get the desired result, even if it might seem cruel.
Machiavelli
Machiavelli
Isabella D’Este
Isabella D’Este
Isabella D’Este
Who Would Say?
I don’t care what the bishop says or does, I will do things my way.
If the people are upset about things, I want to know about it. Maybe the problem can be resolved in a peaceful way.
You do what you have to do to keep control. Sometimes that means doing some pretty nasty things.
A good ruler respects the people he or she rules.
Isabella D’Este
Isabella D’Este
Machiavelli
Machiavelli
Voices: Was Machiavelli Machiavellian?
23. What were the two reasons that Machiavelli’s ideas were revolutionary in their time?
24. What does the term “Machiavellian” mean?
Within 50 years of his death, the term “Machiavellian” could be found in English dictionaries. People today still use the word to describe an unscrupulous person who seeks and holds power by any means possible.
25. Maurizio Viroli, a writer, thinks that Machiavelli was �misunderstood. Why does he think this?
Machiavelli never taught that the end justifies the means or that a statesman is allowed to do what is forbidden to others. He taught, rather, that if someone is determined to achieve a great purpose… then he must not fear being thought cruel or stingy but must do what is necessary in order to achieve the goal.
Assignment:
Option 1: Machiavelli wrote The Prince while he was in exile to examine the corruption of leadership in Government. Write your own version of the Prince about a global leader who exemplifies that ‘the ends justify the means’.
Option 2: In a personal reflection, according to leadership in government, “Is it better to be loved than feared?”
Zoom In: Allegorical Paintings
26. What is an Allegory?
27. Why do you think an artist would use allegory in his paintings to communicate his ideas to the poor, who were most often uneducated and illiterate?
28. How might using allegory protect an artist from being punished by political leaders?
A work in which the characters and events are meant to be understood as representing other things and symbolically expressing a deeper moral or political meaning.
The poor could understand the message by examining the painting, without having to read.
Political leaders have no real proof that the work is really an allegory, since the artist’s views are not directly stated.
How would you represent good government and bad government in a work of art?
Changing Leadership in the Church
29. During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance the _________ ________ was the most powerful institution in Europe.
Some considered the church to be responsible for more than just the religious well being of people; they were to be responsible for all areas of society ___________ and ____________.
Some church leaders and parish priests took advantage of their ___________ to gain ________ and _________ for themselves and their families. Some even went as far as to _______ their titles.
Catholic Church
political
business
authority
power
money
buy
Savonarola
30. Girolamo Savonarola was a monk who belong to the _____________ order. He dedicated his life to fighting against _____________ he saw in the church and in society.
He accused the Pope, Alexander VI, of ______________.
Pope Alexander VI, who served as pope from 1492 to 1503, is known to us as _________________. Some positive accomplishments resulted from his tenure as Pope, but he is also known as a __________ Pope who used his office to ___________ his family's Fortune.
Dominican
corruption
corruption
Rodrigo Borgia
worldly
advancre
31. What are Savonarola’s criticisms of the Church?
32. Why do you think some Church officials wanted to silence Savonarola?
33. Look at the picture. How does the artist suggest the people of Florence reacted to Savonarola’s death?
Some people were apparently stricken with fear. Many people seemed not to care (no crowd has gathered; people have their backs to the fire and are apparently engaged in other discussions as if it were any other event in the life of the city.)
Why might this be so?
Lower Class - Those who agreed with Savonarola (mainly the lower classes) would not protest the execution; they would not wish to be identified lest they suffer the same fate.
Upper Class - Those who agreed with the authorities (mainly the upper classes) would not have appeared at such a spectacle. Also, they might fear retribution from the oppressed classes who outnumbered them.
Behaviours that Savonarola observed in the Catholic Church
Savonarola’s actions against the Catholic Church
How the Church reacted to Savonarola’s actions
How the people of Florence reacted to Savonarola’s actions
34. Girolamo Savonarola decided to take action against the corruption he observed in the Catholic Church during the Renaissance. Fill in the chart to show his actions.
Some church leaders and priests took advantage of their positions for personal gain. Some bishops and cardinals bought their titles. Some priests did not honour their vow of poverty.
Savonarola dedicated his life to fighting corruption in the church. He accused the Pope of corruption. He also directed the people of Florence to burn wigs, make-up, fancy clothing, art, and books because he felt these things kept people’s attention away from God.
The Church excommunicated him.
The people tried him for heresy and he was executed.
Martin Luther/The Protestant Reformation/�The Catholic Counter-Reformation
35. Martin Luther, a German monk, took more effective action. He came to the conclusion that the _______, rather than the church, should be a Christians true _________ guide. Luther was also upset by the ________ of the church and critical of the way it was obtained. The church made money by selling ______________. Which were certificates that reduced the time people would be ____________ for their sins after they died. In 1517, Luther nailed his _____________________ criticizing the selling of indulgences on the church ______ in Wittenberg. In 1521, Luther was called before the __________ at an imperial diet in the city of Worms and, like Galileo, asked to give up his _______. But unlike Galileo, Luther did not didn't back down.
Bible
spiritual
wealth
indulgences
punished
Ninety-Five Theses
door
emperor
ideas
36. Martin Luther raised concerns about the Catholic Church twenty years after Savonarola. Fill in the chart to show his actions and the effects those actions had on Renaissance Europe.
Luther thought that the Bible, not the church, should be a Christian’s true spiritual guide. He felt that the Church was accumulating too much wealth. He disagreed with the practice of selling indulgences.
Martin Luther’s Criticisms of the Catholic Church
How the Catholic Church reacted to Luther’s criticisms
The Pope issued an official order condemning Luther and banned his works. He demanded that Luther give up his ideas.
The Protestant Reformation
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
37. What was the consequence of the Protestant Reformation for the Catholic Church?
It was the end of the absolute power of the Catholic Church over religious life in Europe.
Fast Forward: Religious Freedom
38. “Religious tolerance is a very important value of Canadian society.” Read the case of Gurbaj Singh Multani.
In 2001, when he was 12, Gurbaj Singh Multani's ceremonial dagger, his kirpan, fell out of it's cloth holder and landed in his Montreal school yard. The school board banned Gurbaj from bringing the kirpan to school because it was considered a weapon. Gurbaj argued that it was not a weapon but a religious symbol, which he as an orthodox Sikh was required to wear at all times. After many court cases, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled unanimously that the ban on kirpans was a violation of Gurbaj’s religious freedom as guaranteed by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. “Religious tolerance is a very important value of Canadian society,” wrote Justice Louise Charron. The decision, however, does allow school boards to impose restrictions on how kirpans can be worn to protect the safety of students.
School Board
The Sikh Community
The Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada
How do ideas and knowledge spread?
The Spread of Ideas
39. The Renaissance began in _______ and eventually spread through France, ________, and Portugal as well as northern Europe. Later, ________ also spread from the ___________ to Renaissance Europe. But spreading ideas and information 500 years ago was very different than it is today. At the beginning of the Renaissance, information was still largely spread by _______________.
Italy
Spain
ideas
Americas
word of mouth
Gathering Great Minds/Universities/�Traveling Celebrities/Royal Courts
40. In Florence, the Medici family established the __________ Academy where humanist thinkers gathered to discuss ________ ideas. The Medici also found it one of the great __________ of the time. The books, _____________, and documents it contained were a valuable resource for __________ from all over Europe.
Before the development of the ________________, books were very expensive. All books were ______________ on parchment made from animal skins. It took a _______, a person who copied books, months or even _______ to produce a single book. Many of these manuscripts were copied by ________ in monasteries.
Platonic
Greek
libraries
manuscripts
scholars
printing press
hand-written
scribe
years
monks
41. How did each of the following contribute to the spread of ideas and the exchange of knowledge during the Renaissance?
THE SPREAD OF IDEAS DURING THE RENAISSANCE
Universities
Traveling Celebrities
Royal Courts
How do you think traveling to other parts of Canada and the world might affect your worldview?
The Printing Press: A New Technology
42. Only the most _____________ people in society could read and write. Being literate meant that you needed to know _________ or _________. Most books at that time were written in Latin, the language of _____________ and the Church. And finally, unless you were very __________, you would never be able to afford a book.
43. Answer the following questions about the invention of the printing press.
educated
Latin
Greek
scholars
wealthy
Johannes Gutenberg
Invented printing press
About 1450
Germany
Wanted to be able to produce books quickly and cheaply
Printed book on paper rather then parchment
Gutenberg opened the first printing press in Mainz in 1448.
How long did it take the printing press to reach Constantinople, Bromm, Warsaw, and Dublin?
The Spread of Knowledge
44. By the 1500, there were more than_____________ books in print in Europe. Books allowed an ____________ of ideas and knowledge in Europe on a ________ that has never been known before. Now that books were ___________ and more _____________, middle-class people began to read, __________, and eventually _______about the exciting ideas of their time. Instead of printing books only in ________ more books including translations of the Bible, were printed in the _____________, that is the language that ordinary people spoke. Thinkers like ___________ made money from the books they wrote. This gave them the freedom to travel to many cities and _______________spreading their ideas.
six million
exchange
scale
cheaper
accessible
discuss
write
Latin
vernacular
Erasmus
universities
Consider a Dilemma
The printing press allowed for a more educated population. These educated people usually create greater progress and wealth in a society. However, educated citizens are often critical thinkers and might challenge those in power.
What would you do if you were a ruler during the Renaissance? Would you encourage or discourage the establishment of publishing companies in your state?
Zoom In: Michel de Montaigne
When modern scholars are asked to list the most influential books of all time, the writings of several of the people you have been reading about are usually mentioned: Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince, Martin Luther’s On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, Nicolaus Copernicus’s On the Revolution of the Celestial Orbs, and Galileo Galilei’s Dialogue Concerning Two New Chief World Systems.
Another Renaissance thinker who appears on these lists is the French writer Michel de Montaigne. He wrote a book called Les Essais (Essays), in which he invented a new literary form, the personal essay. In his writings, he explored his ideas about a wide range of subjects, such as vanity, glory, the force of imagination, and the education of children.
Montaigne believed that “all the evils of this world are engendered [caused] by those who teach us not to be aware of our own ignorance.” He took as his own motto “What do I know?” and argued that doubt was the beginning of wisdom. He believed that by admitting your own ignorance, you become less likely to be harsh or judgmental toward.
45. Fill in the cause and effect chart below.
Cause
People lack knowledge; that is they are ignorant
Effect
46. Do you agree with his analysis? Do you think exploring worldviews might result in behaviour that is less judgmental or cruel? Why or why not?
The Printing Press-Its Role Today/�Canadians and the Internet
47. List eight ways that information is spread in the modern world.
Word of mouth
Telephone
Books
Newspapers
Magazines
Radio
Television
DVD
Internet
Text Messaging
CD
Snapchat
TikTok
48. About 99% of anglophones are satisfied that there is enough internet content in their official language of choice, but only 62% of francophones are satisfied with the amount of content in theirs. How might language limit internet usage? What are some ways those barriers could be overcome?
Language might be a barrier when:
What are some ways those barriers could be overcome?
49. Do you think libraries play an important role in the exchange of ideas today?
50. Statistics Canada reports that in 2004, Canadian book publishers produced 16 776 new titles. About one-fifth of these were educational books, while more than half were adult fiction and nonfiction. Consider a world without books. What would be the advantages and disadvantages?
A WORLD WITHOUT BOOKS | |
ADVANTAGES | DISADVANTAGES |
| |
CONSIDER A DILEMMA
You are a scholar in the court of a noble who has close ties to the church. You have just made a discovery that the noble (political leader) or the church (religious leader) will not want made known, but it will improve the lives of many people.
What is your responsibility? Would you share your knowledge, or avoid confrontation with the leaders?
What might be the consequences of your actions?