Using Resources Revision Workbook

Top Revision Tips

• Find a quiet place to work (no TV, Xbox, Netflix ect…)
• Use your class book, revision guides, textbooks, Doddle, BBC Bitesize, Youtube, to make revision notes, flash cards & concept maps
• Summarise information using bullet points & diagrams
• Try to revise with another student, and explain concepts to each other
• Put up posters with key points around your home
• Look at & work through past papers from www.AQA.org.uk
• Take regular breaks & get enough sleep

Contents

• Finite resources
• The impact of human growth
• Water treatment
• Distillation
• Sewage treatment
• Extracting copper
• LCA
• Rusting
• Recycling
• Alloys & polymers
• Haber process
• Making ammonium sulphate

Using Resources Revision

Finite resources from the Earth's crust, oceans and atmosphere will one day run out. They can be processed to provide energy and useful materials. Renewable resources are those which will not run out in the foreseeable future.

One of the most important finite resources in the crust is crude oil. Crude oil is processed through fractional distillation and cracking to produce a wide variety of useful chemicals. Sea water is a renewable resource because there is such a large amount of it that humans will not use it all up.

Sometimes natural products can be supplemented or replaced by agricultural and synthetic products. For example, until 1910 all fertilisers were obtained from natural resources such as manure.

However, the Haber process enabled humans to produce fertilisers from nitrogen in the air, and has allowed synthetic fertilisers to be produced. Synthetic fertilisers have allowed intensive farming to become widespread, which has meant that we can produce enough food to support the growing world population

Complete the table below

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Artificial fertiliser use in millions of tons

Year

Describe the trend in the amount of fertilizer used and explain the reasons why

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Using Resources Revision

Summarize how water is treated

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Pure water, also known as purified water, is water from a source that has removed all impurities. Distilled water is the most common form of pure water. Pure water can be purified by carbon filtration, micro-porous filtration and ultraviolet oxidation. Some places use a combination of purification processes.

Drinking water, also known as potable water or improved drinking water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation, without risk of acute or chronic health impacts. Globally, in 2012, 89% of people had access to water suitable for drinking.

Explain the differences between pure & drinking water

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Desalination is a process that removes minerals from saline water. More generally, desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance, as in soil desalination, which is an issue for agriculture. Saltwater is desalinated to produce water suitable for human consumption or irrigation.

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Distillation is a process of separating the component substances from a liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components of the mixture.

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Explain how you can distill water using the equipment above

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Using Resources Revision

Summarize how sewerage is treated

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Urban lifestyles and industrial processes produce large amounts of waste water that require treatment before being released into the environment. Sewage and agricultural waste water require removal of organic matter and harmful microbes. Industrial waste water may require removal of organic matter and harmful chemicals.

Describe in detail how copper can be obtained from copper ore. In your answer you should include any possible problems.

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Using Resources Revision

Explain how copper can have impurities removed using electrolysis

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Using the diagram above carry out simple comparative LCAs for shopping bags made from plastic and paper

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Advantages of recycling

The advantages of recycling compared to producing materials and objects from natural resources include:

• fewer quarries and mines are needed to extract finite reserves of metal ores
• less crude oil needs to be extracted from the crust as a raw material for making plastics
• less energy is needed for recycling compared with making a new product from natural resources, so the emission of greenhouse gases is reduced
• the amount of waste that is disposed of in landfill is reduced

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Using Resources Revision

Disadvantages of recycling

Disadvantages of recycling arise from the recycling process itself:

• the collection and transport of used items needs organisation, workers, vehicles and fuel
• it can be difficult to sort different metals from one another
• the sorted metal may need to be transported to where it can be turned into ingots

Evaluate the advantages & disadvantages of recycling

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Corrosion

Metals can oxidise in air. They react with oxygen and form metal oxides. For example, sodium is a very reactive metal. When sodium is cut or scratched, its freshly exposed shiny surface rapidly turns dull as a thin layer of sodium oxide forms:

sodium + oxygen → sodium oxide

4Na(s) + O₂(g) → 2Na₂O(s)

Other metals may oxidise more slowly. Gold and other very unreactive metals do not oxidise in air at all.

Corrosion happens when a metal continues to oxidise. The metal becomes weaker over time and eventually all of it may become metal oxide.

Rusting

Rusting is an example of corrosion. It occurs when iron or steel reacts with oxygen and water:

iron + oxygen + water → hydrated iron(III) oxide

Hydrated iron(III) oxide is the orange-brown substance seen on the surface of rusty objects.

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A student carried out an investigation looking at factors effecting rusting. Describe what their results show and explain the factors that affect the rate of rusting

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Describe how to prevent corrosion using the examples:.

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Using Resources Revision

Aluminium recycling is the process by which scrap aluminium can be reused in products after its initial production.

Explain how aluminium can be recycled and explain it’s benefits

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Describe the trend in recycling rates of aluminium cans

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The gold used for jewellery is gold alloyed with other metals, often silver, copper and zinc. This makes the jewellery much stronger while keeping its ability to stay shiny. The proportion of gold in the alloy is measured in carats, with 24 carat gold being pure gold. The percentage of gold in different gold alloys is summarised in the table below.

Draw a graph of carat against % of gold

Using Resources Revision

Alloy steels

Steels are alloys of iron that contain specific amounts of carbon (a non-metal) and certain metal elements. Different steels have different properties, depending on their composition. The table shows three common examples.

High carbon steels are used for construction because of their strength. Low carbon steels are used for making car body panels because they are malleable. Stainless steel is used for cutlery because it does not rust. The atoms in pure iron are arranged in densely-packed layers. These layers can slide over each other. This makes pure iron a very soft material. The atoms of other elements are different sizes. When other elements are added to iron, their atoms distort the regular structure of the iron atoms. It is more difficult for the layers of iron atoms in steel to slide over each other and so this alloy is stronger than pure iron.

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Most of the iron we use is converted into steels. Describe and explain how the differences in the properties of the three main types of steel allow them to be used in different ways. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Properties of polymers

Further information on how polymers are made from monomers can be found in More organic chemistry. Different polymers have different properties, depending on the monomers they are made from and the conditions under which these monomers were joined together. This means that different polymers have different uses. For example, poly(ethene) can be made in low density and high density forms. Low density poly(ethene) has a structure where the polymer chains are branched and this means that the molecules are arranged randomly. High density poly(ethene) has less branching of the polymer chains, so the molecules line up much more closely.

Draw a diagram of a low density polymer

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Draw a diagram of a high density polymer

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Using Resources Revision

The Haber process, is an artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today.

Explain how the conditions used in industry affect the equilibrium position, rate and costs of the reaction.

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Fertilisers provide mineral ions needed for healthy growth in plants. As plants grow, they absorb mineral ions from the water in the soil through their root hair cells. Over time, the concentration of these ions decreases, so farmers and gardeners add fertilisers to the soil. Fertilisers are formulations which may contain nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds to promote plant growth. Fertilisers that supply all three elements are often called NPK fertilisers, after the chemical symbols for these three elements. Fertiliser compounds must be soluble in water so they can be absorbed by the root hair cells:

• ammonium ions, NH₄⁺, and nitrate ions, NO₃^-, are sources of soluble nitrogen
• phosphate ions, PO₄^3-, are a source of soluble phosphorus
• all common potassium compounds dissolve in water to produce potassium ions, K⁺

Ammonia (NH₃) is an alkali and when it is involved in neutralisation reactions, it produces the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) which is present in lots of fertilisers. However, ammonia can also be oxidised to make nitric acid (HNO₃), which is the source of the nitrate ion (NO₃^-). Ammonia can be neutralised by nitric acid, to make the salt ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃). This can be represented by the following equation:

NH₃ + HNO₃ → NH₄NO₃

When this reaction takes place in aqueous solution, the reaction is more correctly represented by the following equation:

Ammonium hydroxide + nitric acid → ammonium nitrate + water

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Using Resources Revision

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Sulphur & oxygen are extracted from the air

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Sulphur & oxygen are passed over a catalyst and converted into sulphur triaoxide

Water is reacted with the sulphur trioxide to make sulphuric acid

Ammonia is made in the haber process

Sulphuric acid is reacted with ammonia to make ammonium sulphate

Describe how ammonium sulphate is produced

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Making ammonium sulfate in the laboratory

In the laboratory, ammonium sulfate is made by reacting measured volumes of ammonia solution and sulfuric acid solution.

1. 25 cm3 of ammonia solution is measured using a measuring cylinder or volumetric pipette and poured into a conical flask.
2. Two drops of methyl orange indicator are added. This will turn yellow in the alkaline ammonia solution.
3. Dilute sulfuric acid is added from a burette slowly until the methyl orange indicator turns orange. If too much acid is added it will turn red.
4. The volume of sulfuric acid which has been added is recorded, and then the neutral solution of ammonium sulfate which contains the indicator is thrown away.
5. The experiment is repeated without the indicator but with the same volumes of ammonia and sulfuric acid.
6. The ammonium sulfate is crystallised by evaporating the water and drying the crystals in an oven or desiccator.

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Compare making ammonium sulphate in the lab with how it is made industrially

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