• Stronger nation seeks to dominate a weaker nation politically, economically, and socially
• Broken down into 2 periods
• The Old Imperialism
• The New Imperialism

• 1500-1800
• Europeans establish colonies in Americas, India, Southeast Asia, Africa, & China
• European power was limited

• 1870-1914
• Japan, U.S. & industrialized nations of Europe became more aggressive in expanding into other lands
• Focused mainly in Asia & Africa
• Declining empires & wars left them vulnerable

• Economic
• Need for natural resources & new Markets (Industrial Revolution)
• Place for growing populations to settle
• Place to invest profits

Political

• Bases for trade & military ships
• Power & security of global empire
• Spirit of nationalism

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Social

• Missionaries Spread Christianity
• Share western civilization
• Belief than western ways are best
• Racism
• Social Darwinism

• Applied Darwin’s theory of Survival of the fittest to competition between nations
• Natural for stronger nations to dominate weaker ones

• Poem by Rudyard Kipling
• Offered justification for imperialism
• White imperialist had a moral duty to educate less developed people
• Spread western ideas, customs & religions to people in Africa & Asia

• Strong economies/governments
• Powerful Armies & navies
• Superior technology
• Maxim Gun
• Steam driven warships/railroads
• Medical advances

• Colony
• Governed internally by a foreign power
• Protectorate
• Own internal government but under control of an outside power
• Sphere of Influence
• Outside power claims exclusive investment or trading rights

• Divided into 100’s of ethnic & linguistic groups
• Mixture of large empires & small independent villages
• Most practiced traditional beliefs
• Others practiced Islam & Christianity

• Established contact in early 1450’s
• Early contact limited to coastal territory
• Travel to interior was limited due to navigability of rivers & disease
• Large networks of Africans controlled trade (gold & ivory)
• European interest based on slave Trade (Triangular trade)

• Known as the Dark Continent
• 1860’s Scottish missionary David Livingstone- first European to explore Sub- Saharan Africa
• Reported lush forests, waterfalls, & grasslands
• Discovers Victoria Falls

• 1871 American Henry Stanley searches for & finds Livingstone
• Stanley finds mouth of Congo opening up interior to trade
• Helps establish Congo Free State for King Leopold II of Belgium
• Sets off Scramble for Africa

• Belgian presence in the Congo setoff European race for colonies
• No European power wanted to be left behind
• Discoveries of Gold & Diamonds in South America also increased interest

• Conference of European powers set up rules for colonizing Africa
• Any country could claim land
• Divided Africa w/ no regard for ethnic or linguistic groups
• No African rulers attended
• By 1914 only 2 countries remained independent

• Variety of Cultures & Languages
• Low Level of Technology
• Ethnic Strife

• Scattered throughout Africa
• Controlled heavily populated regions heavy in resources
• Parts of West & East Africa, Egypt, & most of Southern Africa

• Dutch Farmers(Boers) settle Cape town in 1652
• English acquired Cape colony from Dutch in 1806
• Boers resented English rule & Migrated north (The Great Trek)

• 1816 African leader Shaka unites the Zulu Nation
• Zulu warriors fight against European slave traders & Ivory hunters

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• The Great Trek causes conflict between Boers & Zulus
• Boers aided by British defeat Zulus
• Boers establish independent Republics of Transvaal & Orange Free State

• 1867 diamond & gold deposits discovered in Boer territory
• 1890 Cecil Rhodes expands control of South Africa
• Annexes the Boar Republics
• Boers resist & fighting lasts from 1899-1902
• 1910 British form Union of South Africa( *Racial segregation until1993)

• Most Resistance was unsuccessful
• Superior European technology
• Alliances failed
• Maji- Maji Rebellion 1905
• Germans in East Africa squash spiritual uprising (26,000 killed)

• Menelik II Emperor of Ethiopia
• Purchases weapons from France & Russia
• Defeated Italian forces in 1896
• Only African nation to resist Europeans

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• Reduced local warfare
• Improved sanitation, hospitals & education
• African products popular in European Market
• Improved infrastructure
• Railroads,dams, telephones & telegraph lines

• Lost land & independence
• Death caused by new disease & resistance
• Change to cash crops resulted in famine
• Breakdown of traditional culture
• European establishment of boundaries (Problem today)

Location: Southern Asia

Mountains: Himalayas

Rivers:Brahmaputra, Ganges, & Indus

Religions- Hinduism (Caste System), Islam, Buddhism, Christian, Sikh

Early Civilizations- Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, Mauryas, Mughals

*Monsoons

Nations:

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, & Sri Lanka

• British East India Company (1600) govt. chartered trading monopoly
• 1613 received permission to trade from Mughal Empire
• Company had its own army(Sepoys)
• W/ decline of Mughals & defeat of French, Company controlled 3/5’s of India
• Exercised power usually associated with a government

• Sepoys- Indian soldiers
• Felt British military rules were against religious beliefs
• 1857 Hindus & Muslims to unite against British
• British crush revolt & Parliament ends company’s rule of India
• British government takes control of India

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• India was Jewel in the Crown of English Colonies
• 300 million people= a huge potential market
• Indian business competition was prohibited
• Major supplier of Raw materials (Cotton, opium)

• The Raj- British Rule in India 1757-1947
• Cabinet minister in England directed policy
• British Governor General (Viceroy) carried out government orders in India
• British established a single law for everybody( All castes were equal)
• Established English as the official language

• Improved infrastructure, built schools,improved sanitation & public health, ended local warfare
• Indians allowed to study abroad

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• British held all political & economic power
• Indians treated as second class citizens
• Conversion to cash crops caused famine
• Indian cultural values, beliefs & practices were threatened

• Ram Mohun Roy- Father of Modern India
• Moved India away from traditional ways (Ex. Wanted to end child marriages, widow suicide (suttee) etc.)
• 1885- Indian National Congress
• 1906- Muslim League formed
• 1947- Independence & Partition

Geography- Huang He (Yellow) & Yangtze Rivers; Kunlun & Himalayan Mts.; Great Wall

• Geographic Isolation=Ethnocentrism (Middle Kingdom) Viewed others as inferior or barbarians
• Dynastic Cycles/Mandate of Heaven

• Europeans interested in tea,silk, & porcelain
• Also hoped to tap into huge market &source of cheap labor
• Manchu's looked down on foreigners
• Interest in foreign goods was non-existent
• Chinese Ethnocentrism led to its downfall
• Could not repel European advances

• Late 1700’s British trade opium in China (leads to addiction)
• Chinese try to halt opium trade
• 1839 War breaks out – British easily defeat Chinese
• 1842 British force Chinese to sign harsh Treaty of Nanjing

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• First in a series of uneven treaties signed with foreigners
• China had to open more ports, pay for cost of war
• Gave Britain Hong Kong
• Granted foreigners extraterritoriality
• Right to be tried by their own courts & laws rather than those of China

• 1898 China was divided into Spheres of Influence by foreign powers
• 1899 U.S. Proposes that China’s “doors” be open to merchants of all nations
• Protected the trade rights of all nations & made sure no one country colonized China

• Taiping Rebellion-(1850-1864) Chinese peasants inspired by Hong Xiuquan try to overthrow Manchu Dynasty
• Takes 14 years to crush & costs millions of lives

• The Boxer Rebellion- (1900)
• Secret society of Boxers rises up against foreign powers
• Combined force of European,American , & Japanese forces crush revolt
• Resulted in Chinese govt.conceding more to foreign powers

• Located in East Asia
• Geographic conditions favored isolation
• Culture heavily influenced by China & Korea
• Industrialized nation but lacks vital resources

• Feudal system led by warrior class (Samurai)
• Brought stability to Japan,
• Banned all contact with outside world (isolationism)
• Outlawed European products & Christian Missionaries

• 1858 U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry sails into Tokyo Harbor
• Requests opening of Japanese ports to trade
• Tokugawa Shoguns facing enormous military might unwillingly agree
• Treaty of Kanagawa- 1854 Ends Japanese isolation

• Tokugawa Shogunate overthrown; restoring power of the Emperor
• Strong centralized government w/ a constitution
• Industrialized Japan
• Built up military power
• Built up infrastructure & Economy
• Modernizes Japan & makes it competitive with the west

• Lack of Raw materials & revamped military Steers Japan towards imperialism
• Sino- Japanese War (1894)- Japan easily defeats China
• Gains Taiwan &increased influence in Korea

Russo- Japanese War (1904)

• Japan defeats Russia in a conflict over control of Korea
• Treaty of Portsmouth ends war
• Japan gains territory in Manchuria
• Japan annexes Korea in 1910

• Prime example of imperialism at its worst
• Closed newspapers & controlled schools
• Replaced study of Korean language & history w/ that of Japan/
• Gave Korean land to Japanese
• Replaced Korean businesses w/ Japanese businesses

• The Pacific Rim
• Source of tropical agriculture,minerals & oil
• Hindus, Muslims, Christians & Buddhists
• Dutch, British, French, US all raced to gain colonies

*Dutch East India Co. ruled Indonesia

****French ruled over Indochina (Vietnam)