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1

Drawdown Georgia Project

Marilyn Brown, PhD, NAE, NAS, CEM

Regents Professor, Climate and Energy Policy Lab

School of Public Policy, Georgia Tech

Tracking (and Activating) Climate Solutions:

Seminar #2: Electric Vehicles

October 6, 2022

Good afternoon. My name is Marilyn Brown, and with support from RCAF, I have been leading the DDGA research program since 2019, in collaboration with many universities and NGOs across the state. Today’s seminar is part of our initiative to track (and activate) the deployment of climate solutions in Georgia.

I will start off this webinar by giving an overview of the ‘series’ that this webinar is a part of. And I’ll highlight some of Drawdown Georgia’s recent accomplishments.

Then we will turn to today’s two fantastic speakers: Rich Simmons and Anne Blair.

They will share their thoughts about the opportunities and challenges of EVs in Georgia and the current and evolving policy landscape.

This session is being recorded and your mics and videos will be muted throughout.

Please use the chat option to ask questions or comment. Several graduate students are keeping an eye on the chat and will identify questions that the speakers could answer during the Q&A session.

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20 DDGA Climate Solutions & Tracking (https://climatesolutions.gatech.edu/)

Sept 15 (1-2pm): Composting & Reforestation

by Jeff Mullen, Jacqueline Mohan

Oct 6 (1-2pm): Electric Vehicles

by Rich Simmons, Anne Blair

Oct 14(2-3pm): Rooftop Solar

by Jeff Pratt, Bryan Jacob

Nov 3(1-2pm): Recycling

by Beril Toktay, Emma Brodzik

Nov 17 (11am-12pm): Heat Pumps and Retrofitting

by Garry Harris, Jeff Smith

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Source: Derived from Princeton REPEAT Project, with calculations by

Dr. Bill Drummond, Georgia Tech

https://blog.drawdownga.org/explore-the-climate-impact-of-the-inflation-reduction-act-with-the-ghg-emissions-tracker

Funding Opportunities for EVs

Inflation Reduction Act

–$3 billion for electrifying USPS fleet

–$1 billion to replace school buses and heavy duty vehicles with clean EVs

–$2 billion for the Domestic Manufacturing Conversion Grant program

–$3 billion for the Advanced Technology Vehicle Manufacturing program

–$2.25 billion to reduce air pollution at ports

Tax credits with Income eligibility

–$4000 tax credits for used EVs

–Upto $7500 for new EVs

–domestic battery & critical mineral production

https://www.electrificationcoalition.org/work/federal-ev-policy/inflation-reduction-act/

Georgia Net GHG Forecasts: “Business as Usual” vs IRA

Bill Drummond then took Princeton’s analysis of the Inflation Reduction Act to estimate what the IRA might mean for Georgia.

He concluded that by 2030 Georgia could cut GHG emissions by 50% below 2005 levels–which is the goal of the 2015 Paris CC Accord.

Thus, the IRA could realize the “achievable scenario” that Drawdown Georgia modelled with its 20 Solutions.

Details: Qualifying used clean vehicles will benefit from a tax credit of up to $4,000 or 30% of vehicle cost, whichever is lower. In addition, they are not subject to the sourcing requirements as new EVs. New vehicles will be eligible for a $7,500 tax credit delivered at the point of sale. The credit is composed of two halves: qualifying vehicles will receive $3,750 for meeting each of the critical mineral and battery component sourcing requirements. {Vehicles produced after 2024 must not include any critical minerals extracted, processed, or recycled in a “foreign entity of concern.” AND “must not include any battery components manufactured or assembled in a “foreign entity of concern.”}

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Tracking Georgia’s Emissions (https://climatesolutions.gatech.edu/)

Georgia's net emissions declined by 5% from 2017 (before Covid) to 2021 (a year of Covid recovery).

The average carbon footprint per capita was 23,400 pounds in 2017 (10.7 tons). In 2021, the average was down 10%.

Most of the GHG reductions have been from cleaner electricity. Georgia is consuming more natural gas and more diesel fuel today than in 2017.

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Georgia Energy and Climate Survey (https://cepl.gatech.edu/researchtoaction)

● Accelerators for and Barriers to Adoption*

*(Brown et al., forthcoming)

●35% of the respondents originally unwilling to pay for an investment in EV would be willing, if a policy rebate was available*

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Today’s Presenters:

Dr. Richard Simmons, Director of Research and Studies, Strategic Energy Institute, Georgia Tech

Anne Blair, Policy Director, Electrification Coalition

Topics for Discussion:

Innovative ways to track solution adoption
Places and people in Georgia that are demonstrating progress
Critical infrastructure and enabling policies
Characterizing market adoption and equity issues
The potential for accelerating adoption
Business and thought leaders who should be consulted

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7

Drawdown Georgia Project

Richard Simmons, PhD, PE

Director, Research & Studies

Georgia Tech Strategic Energy Institute

richard.simmons@me.gatech.edu

Tracking (and Activating) Climate Solutions:

Seminar #2: Electric Vehicles

October 6, 2022

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Key Objectives

PRIMARY

Diversify Transportation Energy Resources
Reduce Environmental Impact of Transportation

Decarbonize Transportation
Improve Air Quality & Public Health

SECONDARY

Performance
Economic Opportunities & Jobs in GA
US Competitiveness?
Cost Savings?

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Energy Sources & Uses, 2021

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CO₂ g/kWhe (est avg)¹

<100

550

1000

750

10-600

Source: CO₂ intensity by source, Evans, Streza, and Evans, 2010

Source: Estimated Energy Use, US DOE, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, 2018

Compiled by R. Simmons 2022

The largest single source of U.S. energy is oil at 37%;
U.S. Energy consumption increased by 4% between 2020 and 2021
However the carbon intensity was little changed due to renewables and NG
EV’s account for 0.1% of the energy used in transportation

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Transportation and Energy

VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES

Advanced Internal Combustion
Hybrid/Plug-in/Electric/Fuel Cell
Light-weighting
Friction reduction
LDV, MD, HD, Transit, Goods, Couriers

ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Electricity
Biofuels
CNG
H2

INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

Real-time GPS routing
Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs)

MODAL SHIFTS

Mass-transit/Bus/Rail
Taxi/Uber/Lyft/Zip/Car-pooling/On-demand
Teleworking

CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

Driving behavior/Routines
VMT/Conservation

FUEL ECONOMY REGULATIONS

CAFE Fuel Economy (DOT)
CAFE- GHG emissions (EPA)

TECHNOLOGY, MARKETS & ECONOMICS

POLICY & REGULATION

RENEWABLE FUELS

Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS)
Low Carbon Fuel Standards (LCFS)

ELECTRIC VEHICLE INITIATIVES

IRS Tax Credit for EVs
HOV/Charging/Parking Benefits/Subsidies

CARBON & ENVIR. POLICIES

Carbon Tax, Cap & Trade
International GHG reduction targets
Regulations on refrigerants/GHGs, LCA

OTHER GOVT. POLICIES

State/Local: Credits/Subsidies/Taxes
Transit subsidies

�EVs in Context:

A Suite of Options to Address Challenges & Opportunities

R. Simmons, Strategic Energy Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2020

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Initial Drawdown Results

Conventional vehicles improve at 1.5% y/y through 2025

EVs approach a relative CO2 intensity of 50% compared to conventional cars

But, adoption rate will dictate overall impact from this solution

R. Simmons, Strategic Energy Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2020

Despite an aggressive baseline, grid CO2 intensity reductions propel per vehicle EV contributions

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Initial Drawdown Results

Despite an aggressive baseline, grid CO2 intensity reductions propel per vehicle EV contributions

[Source: BNEF conducted compilation, others from EPRI, DOE-EIA, NREL, TEF, NAS]

Simmons, Richard A., Rodgers, Michael, from Drawdown Georgia, “Detailed Analysis of 20 High Impact Solutions: Transportation/Electric Vehicles” https://cepl.gatech.edu/node/197 Accessed 12/26/20

EV (4%): 310,000 EVs in fleet by 2030 (20% of new sales)

EV (9%): 680,000 EVs in fleet by 2030 (40% of new sales)

Electricity Demand: Increases to 3.0 BkWh (2030) on baseline of 120 BkWh

Not substantial in the aggregate, HOWEVER…

Capacity margins (G &T) and/or downstream infrastructure (D) may be challenged at peak periods or in high demand locations

CO2 and Pollutant Emissions are sensitive to charging behavior

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Santiago Grijalva, Georgia Tech School of ECE

EV Infrastructure Modeling, Smart Grid, Smart Charging

Leamy, Taylor, Fuller, Grijalva, Sastry

Georgia Tech ME, ChBE, ECE, SEI

2021

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Total CO_2eq emissions from extracted resource thru use-phase consumption, assumes annual average mix
Does NOT include CO2 associated with vehicle manufacturing

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Baseline System-Equivalent CO₂ Emissions by Vehicle Type and Locality (Annual Average Mix)

Diesel

EV

EV Mode

Plug-in Hybrid

Notes: Grid data as of 2014.

Simmons, Richard A. "A techno-economic investigation of advanced vehicle technologies and their impacts on fuel economy, emissions, and the future fleet." PhD diss., Purdue University, 2015.

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Potential interactions between EVs and the future Ga Grid, Hourly

R. Simmons & M. Philpot, Georgia Tech

Energy, Policy, and Innovation Center, 2020

For EV charging, 2018 vs. 2023

Nuclear Additions: Enables low CO2 during off-peak recharging
Solar Additions: Enables lower CO2 for recharging during early afternoon recharging
Costs can generally be controlled since system has adequate capacity
With increasing DC Fast charging, this will require careful charge management

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CO₂Variability Based on Charging/Grid Assumptions

Scenarios

Vehicle Type	Energy Consumption	Charging Profile	Emissions Profile
EV	Long Commute – 80.5km (50mi), 16.5 kWh	Residential Overnight (RO) - 12AM to 5AM	Annual Average (A)
ICEV	Short Commute – 32.2km (20mi), 6.59 kWh	Residential Evening (RE) - 7PM to 12AM	Monthly Average (M)
HEV	Suburban Errands – 48.3km (30mi), 8.18 kWh	Workplace Morning (WM) - 8AM to 12PM	Hourly Average (H)
		Workplace Afternoon (WA) – 1PM to 5PM	Hourly Marginal Mix (HMM)
			Hourly Marginal Resource X (HMRX)

Initial Results

R. Simmons, C. Weed, M. Rodgers

EVALUATE: EV Assessment and Leveraging of Unified Models toward Abatement of Emissions, Whitepaper, National Center for Sustainable Transportation, In Final Review, Oct 2022

Illustrative

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Total Cost of Ownership, Personal Vehicle Model

R. Simmons, Georgia Tech

Energy, Policy, and Innovation Center, 2022

https://epicenter.energy.gatech.edu/energy-101/

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State and Regional Initiatives

EMIA: Electric Mobility Innovation Alliance (Georgia)
SETRI: Southeast Electric Transportation Regional Initiative

https://southeastev.org/

Deliverables and Outcomes:

Decision Support Tools to Accelerate Adoption & Gauge Readiness
Technical Reports and Briefings on Technology, Infrastructure, Costs
Engagement with GDOT, TETC, ASHTO, Joint Office (NEVI)
Convening & Information Sharing
Preparation for Federal and State Infrastructure Funding Opportunities
Education & Awareness for Civil Society

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People and Policy

SETRI MOU unveils widespread interest, for example:

Municipalities (e.g., City of Troy, AL, City of Savannah, GA, City of Atlanta, GA, etc.)
Counties (e.g., Fulton, Gwinnet, Chatham, etc.)
EMCs and Regulated Investor Owned Utilities
Corridor Charging, Urban, Sub-urban, Rural
Busses, Transit, MD couriers, Service Fleets

Drawdown Georgia: Business Compact- Transportation

Intelligent use cases to decarbonize commercial/industrial transportation
Best practices, data-sharing from pilots

Educational Platforms

Energy 101 SE- Open Access 8-part Video Short Course (for example)
https://epicenter.energy.gatech.edu/energy-101/

Democratization of Data, User Apps, Test Beds & Pilots

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Electrification Coalition

October 6th, 2022

Anne Blair, Director of EV Policy

Implications and opportunities of recent federal laws and state actions on Georgia’s electric transportation future

Electric Vehicles in Georgia

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EV Adoption Programs Around the U.S.

Technical Lead

Climate Mayors EV Purchasing Collaborative

Electrification Advisor

Bloomberg American Cities Climate Challenge

State EV Policy Accelerator

NV, MI, PA, VA, NC

Project Lead

Drive Electric Northern Colorado�Drive Electric Orlando

Lead Electrification Partner

Smart Columbus

Pilot Program Leader

Freight and Goods Delivery Electrification

The Electrification Coalition is a nonpartisan, not-for-profit group committed to promoting policies and actions that facilitate the deployment of electric vehicles on a mass scale.

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Georgia EV and EVSE Data

34,000

13,600

1,300

Light duty Electric Vehicles Registered in 2021

Public level 2 and DCFC charging stations installed

Plug in hybrid electric vehicles registered in 2021

EVSE charging ports

3,400

157

DCFC stations

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Georgia is a leader in the automotive and manufacturing industry with 186 companies making over $2.9 billion in investments
Rivian Manufacturing Plant in Morgan and Walton Counties:

$5 billion in site development and manufacturing investment
Supporting more than 7,500 jobs
Producing up to 400,000 vehicles

SK Innovation plans to expand an existing factory in Jackson County to supply batteries for vehicle OEMs
Hyundai Motor Group manufacturing plant in Bryan County:

$5.5 billion in investments
Supporting over 8,100 new jobs

Manufacturer Commitments

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Georgia Power

Residential customers EV Time of Use Rate incentive

National EV Infrastructure Support

Georgia utilities joined the National Electric Highway Coalition (NEHC) committing to create a network of DCFC stations across major highways from Atlantic coast to pacific coast

Utility Activity

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Bipartisan Infrastructure Law

Dedicated EV Funding:

$5 billion for EVSE build-out along highways (NEVI)
$2.5 billion competitive grants; 50% set aside for community grants with priority for rural and underserved communities
$2.5 billion for electric school buses, $2.5 billion zero emission and low emission buses

Additional Programs:

*Section 11115: Congestion mitigation and air quality improvement program

*Section 11402: Reduction of Truck Emissions at Port Facilities

*Section 11403: Carbon Reduction Program

*Section 30018: Grants for Buses and Bus Facilities

*Section 40107: Deployment of Technologies to Enhance Grid Flexibility

*Section 40541: Grants for Energy Efficiency Improvements and Renewable Energy Improvements at Public School Facilities

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Georgia’s National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) Plan

135 million funding over 5 years	19.9 million funding approved for FY 2022	over 1,500 miles of AFC corridors designated as of August 2022

Georgia can now unlock funding to execute plans

Reimbursements for state staffing, planning activities, and to begin deploying charging stations across its 10 alternative fuel corridors.

57 entities consulted through the state plan process:

Equity communities, planning partners, OEMs, utilities, state agencies, border states, private businesses, planning partners

GDOT has committed to expanding NEVI-funded EVSE deployments to address the following priorities:

Corridors (AFCs, additional corridors)
Market segments (freight, fleets)
End-use cases (destination charging, community charging, hubs)

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Policy Activities

Legislative Study Committee on Transportation Electrification	A committee formed to study the growth of the EV market in Georgia and address concerns regarding public and business needs for public EV charging infrastructure and economic preparedness. The Committee must make recommendations, including proposed legislation, and submit a report to the Georgia Legislature by December 1, 2022.
NEVI State match requirement	Through the NEVI program, Georgia is met with the federal share of 80% and match requirement of 20%, which can be met with the private investment of third-party contractors.
Direct to Consumer Vehicle Sales	HB 460, set to increase consumer access to electric vehicles across Georgia, died in committee during the 2021 legislative session
Electric Vehicle Registration Fees	Electric vehicles are subject to an annual licensing fee of $320.65 for commercial vehicles and $213.70 for non-commercial vehicles.
2022 Georgia Power Rate Case	Proposed within the GA Power rate case is a total of$91 million dedicated to EVSE $80 million for EV make ready sites for EVSE $11 million for community charging infrastructure

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Inflation Reduction Act

EV-Specific Benefits

Light duty EV tax credits: up to $7,500
Used EV tax credit: up to $4,000
Commercial EV tax credit: 30% of vehicle, up to $40,000
EV charging equipment tax credit: up to $1,000
30C Alternative Fuel Refueling Property Credit

Community-Specific Benefits

Cities near ports may receive port decarbonization grants for planning and equipment
Emerging clean energy jobs
Unlocks new clean energy funding in the form of direct payments
Opens grant programs supporting GHG reduction, pollution reduction, and electrification

For commercial uses (i.e., depreciable property), the tax credit is 6% and the cap is increased to $100,000 per unit (up from $30,000 per property). Projects that satisfy the wage/apprenticeship requirements receive a 5x multiplier, increasing the value to 30%. Note, however, that all projects that begin construction within 60 days after the Secretary publishes guidance on the wage/apprenticeship requirements are also eligible for the full 30% rate.

For individual/residential uses (i.e., Non-depreciable property), the tax credit rate remains unchanged at 30%. The per-location individual/residential cap of $1,000 similarly remains unchanged.

Limited direct pay and transferability are both available to entities receiving the 30C tax credit. However, given the limitation of direct pay to tax-exempt, governmental, and cooperative entities, commercial (i.e., for-profit) recipients of the 30C tax credit will not be able to elect direct pay. In contrast, it appears that any taxpayer may qualify for transferability; in other words, transferability is available to any entity who receives the 30C tax credit, regardless of whether for commercial or residential use.

rging & https://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2022/08/22/cities-the-inflation-reduction-act/

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What’s next for federal funding?

Ensure Implementation of the NEVI funds

Competitive grant program
Requirement of state match
Ongoing stakeholder process
Rural electrification opportunities
State policies that complement federal funds

Clean School Bus program

Ensure Georgia school districts are applying for funds through the Clean School Bus Program

Inflation Reduction Act

Purchase Incentives, infrastructure availability, manufacturing & supply chain, grid resiliency and grid security

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Direct to Consumer vehicle sales
Rural Electrification opportunities
Medium and Heavy-duty electrification
Electric vehicle registration fees
Transportation electrification planning investments

Opportunities for State Policy Action

Freedom to buy vehicles in Georgia: https://www.electrificationcoalition.org/work/state-ev-policy/freedom-to-buy-georgia/

Rural electrification: how to support rural towns and counties to expand EVSE, transition fleets to Evs and support adoption by consumers and harness electrification as an economic development opportunity. Rural guidebook: https://www.electrificationcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/rural-guide.pdf

MHD electrification- Growing medium- and heavy-duty models on the market, a continued decline in battery prices, and increased support from policy makers are starting to bring medium- and heavy-duty EVs into the mainstream

EV registration fees- Georgia has the highest registration fee for electric vehicles in the country, at more than $200. All vehicles should pay their fair share fur using the road, implementating a punitive fee on EVs will not fill the motor vehicle tax fund gap

TEP by utilities/PSC – utilities providing investment in EVSE buildout to support EV deployment, elevate utility leadership and help them increase their roles as leaders to advance state policy

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Explore more resources at www.electrificationcoalition.org

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Learn more about the roadmap of 20 solutions, go here: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100008118

Go to Climatesolutions.gatech.edu for more about Drawdown Georgia’s research program, trackers, and the business compact:

For more about Drawdown Georgia: www.drawdownga.org

Thank You!

As seen on slide 2 (turn to slide 2) we have three more exciting upcoming webinars, which will focus on Rooftop Solar/Recycling/Heat pumps- the technologies that are at the core of DDGAs ‘Climate Solutions’. These webinars are an effort to understand the topography of these solutions across Georgia in the view of the six questions that we posed. Speakers as well as the audience, all are contributing to finding the pieces of the puzzle to the ‘Solutions tracker’ which remains the end goal. We appreciate your presence, curiosity and inputs and wish to keep the knowledge flowing. These slides will be up on our ‘Climate Solutions’ website soon and all the attendees will be updated about it through email along with other details such as, the contact in case you have further questions or are able to offer technology/policy specific advice.