RESEARCH

PRESENTATION BY

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KARPAGAM SIGAPPI A L

METHODOLOGY

SCALES

A Scale is a tool or mechanism by which individuals are distinguished as to how they differ from one another on the variables of interest to our study.

SCALES

Nominal

Scale

Ordinal Scale

Interval Scale

Ratio Scale

SCALE

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

MEASURES OF DISPERSION

SOME TESTS

OF

SIGNIFICANC

E

Nominal

Mode

…

_X2

Ordinal

Median

Semi-interquartile

range

Rank-order

correlation

Internal

Arithmetic

mean

Standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variations

t, f

Ratio

Arithmetic or

geometric

mean

Standard deviation or variance or coefficient of

t, f

NOMINAL SCALE

A nominal scale is one that allows the researcher to assign subjects to certain categories or groups.

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For example: Your department

-Production

-Sales

-Accounting

-Personnel

-R&D

-Others (specify)

ORDINAL SCALE

An ordinal scale categorizes the variables in such a way as to denote differences among the various categories, it also rank-orders the categories in some meaningful way.

For example:

INTERVAL SCALE

An interval scale allows to perform certain arithmetical operations on the data collected from the respondents.

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For example:

Strongl y Disagr ee

Disagr ee

Neither agree nor Disagre e

Agre Strongl e

y Agree

• My job offers me a chance to test myself and my abilities

Dichotomous scale

• to elicit yes or no answer

For example: Do you own a car?

o Yes o

No

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Category scale

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• for multiple items to elicit a single response

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For example: your caste

o OC o BC o MBC o ST o

Others

Semantic differential scale

Honest

Dishonest

Numerical scale

• The scale provides number on a five-point or seven

point

• with bipolar adjectives at end

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For example: Honest [7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ] Dishonest

• several bipolar attributes are identified
• respondents are asked to indicate their attitudes

For example: Courageous

Timid

Stapel scale

• it measures both the direction and intensity of the

attitude

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For example:

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state how you would rate your supervisor’s abilities with respect to each of the characteristics mentioned below

+3 +2 +1 product innovation

-1 -2 -3

+3 +2 +1 interpersonal skills

-1 -2 -3

Graphic rating scale

• it is a graphical representation

For example:

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on a scale of 1 to 10, how would you rate your supervisor?

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Adequate

very bad 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 excellent

Likert Scale

The scale is named after its inventor, psychologist Rensis Likert.^[3] Likert distinguished between a scale proper, which emerges from collective responses to a set of items (usually eight or more), and the format in which responses are scored along a range. 

0

100

200

300

251

88

103

50

hike

viber

we chat

line

The 9-point Hedonic Scale

The most widely used scale for measuring food acceptability is the 9-point hedonic scale. David Peryam and colleagues developed the scale at the Quartermaster Food and Container Institute of the U.S. Armed Forces, for the purpose of measuring the food preferences of soldiers¹. The scale was quickly adopted by the food industry, and now is used not just for measuring the acceptability of foods and beverages, but also of personal care products, household products, and cosmetics. 

9-Point Hedonic Scale 

Like Extremely

Like Very Much 

Like Moderately 

Like Slightly 

Neither Like nor Dislike 

Dislike Slightly 

Dislike Moderately 

Dislike Very Much 

Dislike Extremely  

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RATIO SCALES

The ratio scale measures the magnitude of the differences between points on the scale but also taps the proportions in the differences.

For example:

Boys – 20 and Girls – 30 Then the ratio will be 1:1.5

Forced choice scale

• there will be two alternatives
• choice is to select one alone

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For example:

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which is your favorite subject?

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o maths o science

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