Management of environmentally friendly rice planting patterns

By: HERI KUSTANTO & RENAN SUBANTORO

Faculty of agriculture, Universitas Wahid Hasyim

THE IMPROTEN OF RICE IN INDONESIA

• Rice is a primary need for the Indonesian people, because it is a source of energy and carbohydrates for them.
• Apart from that, rice is also the most important crop for millions of small farmers in various regions in Indonesia

Green House Gas effect (1)

• According to the United Nations Environment Programme Oranaization (UNEP0), 2022 Emission Gap Report, Indonesia is the fifth emitting country
• The largest GHG, including per capita emissions of 7.5 t CO₂ e, on equal with Brazil and below the US, Russia, and China.
• The agricultural sector, especially rice production, is the second largest contributor after emissions N2O directly from the soil.
• The government targets reducing Greenhouse Gas (GG) emissions in the agricultural sector amounting to 0.32% or 9 MTon CO₂ e
• Rice cultivation activities are one of the contributors
• The largest emissions are methane gas (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O).

Green House Gas effect (2)

• Rice fields planted with rice are estimated contributes emissions of 20-120 million tons of CH₄ per year into the atmosphere.
• The total emissions are estimated based on the area of ​​rice fields in the world used for world rice production, which is around 10% of use of agricultural land in the world.

Solar radiation to earth

• The radiation absorbed by the earth is 45%,
• 8% is reflected by the earth into the air, 1
• 9% is absorbed by dust and gas,
• 29% is reflected by clouds and
• 3% is absorbed by ozone.

Efforts to reduce carbon emissions by cultivating environmentally friendly rice plants.

• Greenhouse Gas emissions from rice cultivation activities can be reduced by taking several steps strategy.
• This step can be taken to reduce the resulting Greenhause Gass emissions but still considering the productivity of rice cultivation

1. Water Management

• Techniques for cultivating rice fields Waterlogging is the most commonly used irrigation technique.
• This technique is in the beginning aims to reduce the growth of weeds (main crops competitor)
• But it turns out to be a technique, This waterlogging results in CH₄ emissions into the atmosphere and the emergence of a hard pen layer, which is waterproof so that rain off cannot infiltrate into deeper soil layers,

Supply water to rice wisely

• Changing the way water is given also determines the size of the CH4 emissions produced.
• Providing ater intermittently, or non-continuously produces smaller CH4 emissions when compared with providing water continuously or continuously
• This anaerobic condition of flooded soil is ideal for activities and development of CH4 forming bacteria.
• In the opposite condition on dry land (aerobic) is available oxygen increases so that the activity of CH4-forming bacteria is inhibited
• Many studies have proven that intermittent water irrigation can reduce the resulting Greenhouse emissions in the range of 34.9-56.3%

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2. Low Emission Rice Plant Varieties

• Efforts that can be made to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GG) emissions in subsequent rice cultivation activities is to select and use rice plant varieties with low emissions.
• Use of low varieties Greenhouse Gas emissions can actually reduce GG emissions in rice cultivation activities.
• Characteristics of the variety of thhe rice used has a small number of tillers, effectively utilizes the results of photosynthesis, early maturity, and has a strong water oxidation capacity

Table 1. List of Low Emission Rice Plant Varieties

PADI VARIERY

PADI GOGO -RAINFED

PADI SAWAH - IRRIGATED

3. Planting time management (season)

• Rice cultivation is carried out in the rainy season produces higher CH4 emissions,
• CH4 emissions produced during the rice cultivation process are higher during the rainy season, by several factors including:
• the rainy season has a higher volume of standing water, this makes the soil conditions anaerobic and will increase the water temperature which will trigger it formation of greater methane emission.
• Decomposition of organic material anaerobes in the rainy season are higher than in the dry season,
• the rainy season is ideal conditions for methanogenic bacteria,
• Provides organic material that can become a bacterial substrate methanogens to produce CH4.
• Produce root exudates which also become a substrate for methanogenic bacteria which will increase CH4 emissions.

4. Fertilizer Use

• Reducing nitrogen use and a more balanced use of fertilizer can reduce carbon emissions.
• The use of manure and compost produces relatively lower Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.
• The use of mature organic material with a C/N ratio and no-till land preparation plays a role in reducing the resulting GHG emissions
• Using fertilizer at the right dose can also reduce carbon emissions

Thanks you