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�Data Collection Techniques & Image Analysis through visual interpretation, including analysis of High Resolution Satellite Imagery (HRS) �for Cadastral Mapping ��

Utpal Sarma

Additional Director

Assam State Space Application Centre

Bigyan Bhawan, G.S.Road, Guwahati-5

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REPRESENTATION OF OBJECT

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GIS

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

DATA

MANPOWER

NETWORKS

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Geospatial Technology

Geospatial technology refers to a broad range of technological tools and methods used to collect, analyze, interpret, visualize, and distribute information about the earth's surface and its features. It involves the use of geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS), global positioning systems (GPS), and other related technologies to capture, store, manipulate, and present spatial or geographical data.
Geospatial technology has diverse applications across various industries:

-Urban Planning,

-Environmental management,

-Natural Resources

(Forest,Agriculture,Water Resources)

-Disaster Response

-Transportation and more

The integration of these & utilization of the Technologies allows for a comprehensive understanding of the spatial aspects of our world and supports decision-making processes in numerous fields.

Key Components of Geospatial Technology:

Geographic Information Systems (GIS): GIS is a computer-based system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data. It enables users to integrate various types of data (such as maps, satellite imagery, and demographic information) to make informed decisions.
Remote Sensing(RS): collection of data from a distance : through the use of satellite or aerial / UAV platforms. RS technologies capture information about the Earth's surface, atmosphere, and oceans, providing valuable data for mapping, monitoring, and analysis.
(Presnt Day Direction : I d–Ma-- Inv-- Mo ---Su
Global Positioning System (GPS): GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that allows users to determine their precise location and track movements in real-time. It is widely used for navigation, mapping, surveying, and other location-based applications.
Geospatial Analysis: Geospatial analysis involves the examination of spatial relationships, patterns, and trends within geographic data. It helps identifying hotspots, optimizing routes, or assessing environmental changes.
Cartography: Cartography is the art and science of mapmaking. Geospatial technology plays a crucial role in modern cartography urban planning, and resource management.
Location-Based Services (LBS): Location-based services utilize geospatial technology eg. Geotagged Information

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What makes data spatial?

Kingston Centre for GIS

5

Placename

Grid co-ordinate

Postcode

Distance & bearing

Description

Latitude / Longitude

What makes data spatial?

Spatial data has particular characteristics. These can be described in terms of: shape, place and relationship to other spatial data (or geometry, location, and topology - these terms will be explored in lecture 2). It is also necessary to model real world data (such as a road or building) in terms of a geographical representation. For example, a road could be represented as a line and the building perhaps as a small box on a map. These features (line, box) are in fact models of the actual real world features. Sometimes these models are described as objects or entities too. Again this will be discussed in lecture 2.

Another important aspect of spatial data is that it often contains attribute information. That implies that a description of the feature (the road) is held in some form. The description might be the name or the type of road (A, B, Motorway). This information might be held in a database record or simply written or depicted on a map.

Finally spatial data by its very nature implies that relationships are also recorded. When we look at map data, we automatically interpret the relative locations of the spatial data. Computers require more explicit descriptions.

Spatial data thus refers to information that is associated with a location or place. It may be recorded on a map, held as records in a database or even be represented as a photograph. Remember that Geography is, in fact, the study of spatial information and that we are surrounded by geography. You will also discover that most information is either spatial or has a spatial component.

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Digital Orthophoto

Streets

Hydrography

Parcels

Buildings

Zoning

Utilities

Administrative Boundaries

Data is organized by layers, coverages or themes (synonomous concepts), with each layer representing a common feature.
Layers are integrated using explicit location on the earth’s surface, thus geographic location is the organizing principal.

The GIS Data Model: Implementation�Geographic Integration of Information

GPS and RS are sources of input data for a GIS.

A GIS provides for storing and manipulating GPS and RS data.

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Pre Decisions

Budget for the task (Local or Regional)
Priority ( BLOCKS / DISTRICTS)
Scale of Mapping
Selection of data (type of sensor)
Season

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Schematic Representation of Map Frame and Tie Points : Digital Cartography

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The four global GNSS systems are :

GPS (US), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), COMPASS (China).

Additionally, there are regional systems:

- QZSS (Japan)

IRNSS or NavIC (India)
BeiDou (China).

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Trends in Technology

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING & �IMAGE INTERPRETATION

SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING & �DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING & �GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING, GIS AND� GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING, GIS, �GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM , WEB COMMUNICATION AND VIRTUAL WORLD

1960-1975 1975-1985 1985-1992 1990-1995 1995-2001 2001-Beyond

Mob. App

&

UAV

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Applications

RS + GIS +GPS

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Two Ways to Input and Visualize Data�The World in GIS

Raster – Grid

“pixels”
a location and value
Satellite images and aerial photos are already in this format

Vector – Linear

Points, lines & polygons
“Features” (house, lake, etc.)

Attributes

size, type, length, etc.

Real world

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Location: Numaligarh Refinery

93⁰47’52.2” N – 26⁰34’28.9” E

Feature: Plantation & Industrial Area

Verification point

GOLAGHAT DISTRICT, ASSAM

Sample No. 7

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Location: 91⁰02’41.3” E – 25⁰57’37.7” N

Feature: Kharif Rice

DOA : 17 th May,2006

Location: 91⁰02’41.3” E – 25⁰57’37.7” N

Feature: MOIST DECIDUOUS FOREST

DOA : 10 th Feb,2006

Location: 91⁰02’41.3” E – 25⁰57’37.7” N

Feature: Kharif Rice + DECIDUOUS FOREST

DOA : 6 th Nov,2005

KOTHAKUTHI-GOALPARA

KHRIF & FOREST(DECIDUOUS)

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SERICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

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Project Title	Outcomes/Deliverable	Impact (created/expected to create)
Monitoring and Evaluation of IWMP Watershed Project Using Geospatial Technologies �	The overall goal of the project is to develop a Monitoring and evaluation system to monitor watershed resources management in the country. The main objective of the project is to monitor using satellite image in periodic year against the intervention by Soil Conservation Department for projects undertaken in specific Batch under IWMP. 2.To generate change analysis of Landuse Landcover of IWMP project site. 3.To verify the DRISHTI points Uploaded in Bhuvan Portal. �	Towards analysis of impacts of IWMP activities high resolution satellite image pairs or sequences are utilised. Analysis is carried out based on screen analysis of digital images using rule based detection of key of activities and interventions (identified based on DRISHTI points i.e Location of the activity on the ground which are geotagged.) Inferences are derived based on the convergence of evidence available from image and Point of Interest(POI). Inferences are compiled to formulate summary reports, followed by visualization of change analysis shape vectors on BHUVAN image base. It’s an effective geospatial monitoring tool to identify changes due to intervention on ground. Under this scope of work intervention are being carried out within selected watershed. Example of monitoring and its impact is visible on subsequent slide.

Monitoring and Evaluation of IWMP Watershed Project Using Geospatial Technologies

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Apart from 48 intervention, two intervention highlighted under Nagaon IWMP-1 (2009-10) Batch-1 using High resolution satellite imagery.

T0 : 2009-10

T1 : 2013

T2 : 2014

T3: 2015

T4 : 2017

Drishti SL. No 567981

MWS: 3B2A8

Status of activity : Completed

Creation time : 24.04.2016

1.DEVELOPMENT OF FARM POND

Remarks: Construction of farm pond is clearly visible in the image of 2015.

T5 : 2018

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T0 : 2009-10

T1 : 2013

T2 : 2014

T3: 2015

T4 : 2017

Drishti SL. No 1659255

MWS: 3B2A8

Status of activity : completed

(30-03-2014)

Creation time : 27-05-2017

2.AGRICULTURAL BUND

Remarks : Agricultural bund is distinct in recent satellite imagery of 2018

T5 : 2018

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SIS-DP Conceptual Framework

1. Database Generation and Organization Spatial & non spatial data

NRSC & States Centres / partners

2. Enabling Environment for PRI’s Web Based System for PRIs – Four modules

NRSC / ISRO

3. Outreach PRIs & Citizens

NRSC & States Centres /partners

Capacity

Building

Village (Gram Panchayat) & Urban local

bodies

Block

(Panchayat Samiti)

District

(Zilla Parishad)

Identification of sector wise issues at all levels of PRIs

Asset Mapping &

Activity Planning

Geo-

Visualization

Search , Access, Understand

State Centres & NRSC / ISRO

PRIs, State Centres, NGOs, Citizens

Implementation &

Monitoring

PRIs, State Departments

NRSC / ISRO

Field Data

Socio- economic Data

Climate Data

SIS-DP

Database

Earth Observation Images

Bhuvan Panchayats

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CADASTRES:

“A LAND ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM”

is defined by the UN land Administration Guidelines, 1996/2005 as :

“the process of determining, recording and disseminating information about ownership, use & value of land, when implementing land management policies”.

Definition of land boundaries for the purposes of Ownership (the cadastre)

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ROR LINKING WITH CADASTRAL MAP SHEET

SOURCE: NIC,GUWAHATI

A STEP TOWARDS DIGITAL INDIA

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CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS

S. No.	Major Category	Subclass	Asset Group	Assets (No.)
1.	Civic Amenities / Infrastructure Assets (226 Assets)	Education Facilities	Schools	7
			Colleges / Universities	10
			Training Institutions / Centres	6
			Public Libraries	1
			Other Educational Assets	1
		Medical and Health Facilities	Aanganwadis	1
			Women and Child Health Centres	1
			Health Centres / Hospitals	7
			Other Medical Facilities	16
		Veterinary and Fisheries Facilities	Veterinary Dispensaries / Hospitals	1
		Veterinary and Fisheries Facilities	Other Veterinary Facilities	1
		Transport and Connectivity	Road Types and Structures	12
			Road Transport Facilities	9
			Railway Types and Structures	9
			Railway Transport Facilities	6
			Air Transport Facilities	4
			Water Transport Facilities	7
		Power and Energy	Electricity and Usage	1
			Electric Assets	5
			Power Generation Plants	9
		Postal and Telecom Services	Postal Facilities	4
		Postal and Telecom Services	Telecom Facilities	7

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S. No.	Major Category	Subclass	Asset Group	Assets (No.)
1.	Civic Amenities / Infrastructure Assets (226 Assets)	Sanitation and Sewerage Facilities	Public Toilets	1
			Garbage Disposal Sites	1
			Garbage Treatment Units	1
			Drains / Naalas	1
			Sewage Treatment Plants	1
		Banks, Insurance and Credit Societies	Banks	1
			ATMs	1
			Insurance	1
			Credit Societies	1
			Other Financial Institutions	1
		Water Sources and Structures	Water Sources	12
		Water Sources and Structures	Water Structures	13
		General Assets / Facilities	Commercial	14
			Fuel Depots	1
			Public Distribution Shops	4
			Public / Social Services	11
			Lodging Facilities	6
			Tourist Places	5
			Religious Places	9
			Recreational Places	11
			Feed Fodder Facilities	2
			Livestock Water Troughs	1
			Other General Assets	1
		Others (Specify)	Other Civic Amenities Assets	1

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S. No.	Major Category	Subclass	Asset Group	Assets (No.)
2.	Governance Assets (35 Assets)	Administrative	Offices	10
			Government Lodging Facilities	4
			Other Administrative Assets	1
		Extension, Training and Data Collection Centres	Information Centers	11
			Training and Research Centers	5
			Data Collection Centre	3
		Other (Specify)	Other Governance Assets	1
3.	Productive Assets (10 Assets)	Agriculture System and Allied Activities	Agriculture	1
			Dairy Unit	1
			Fishery / Aquaculture	1
			Poultry Farm	1
			Other Farming Assets	1
		Forest Produce	Forest	1
		Mining and Quarrying	Mines	1
		Mining and Quarrying	Quarries	1
		Industries and Types	Industries	1
		Others (Specify)	Other Productive Assets	1
Total	Major Categories: 3	Subclasses: 19	Asset Groups: 62	Assets: 281

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ASSET MAPPING THROUGH MOBILE APPICATION

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"Trends in Geospatial Technology for Mapping"

- Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) Integration

AI and ML are being integrated into geospatial technology for advanced mapping.

Examples: Automated feature recognition, image classification, and pattern recognition.

-Cloud-Based Mapping Solutions

Shift towards cloud-based platforms for mapping.

Benefits: Improved accessibility, collaboration, and scalability.

- Real-Time Mapping and Monitoring

Emphasis on the increasing demand for real-time mapping and monitoring applications.

Examples: Live traffic updates, disaster response, and environmental monitoring.

- 3D Mapping and Visualization

Highlighting the trend towards three-dimensional mapping and visualization.

Applications: Urban planning, architecture, and virtual city modeling. (Google 3D visualisation)

- Internet of Things (IoT) Integration

IoT devices contribute to mapping by providing real-time data.

Examples: Smart city sensors, environmental sensors, Water level monitoring & GPS-enabled devices.

- Augmented Reality (AR) in Mapping

AR is enhancing mapping experiences.

Applications: Navigation, tourism, and fieldwork.

- Open Data Initiatives

Discussion on the growing importance of open data in geospatial technology.

Examples: Open Stree tMap (OSM), Government datasets, and Collaborative mapping projects.

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WAP : Wireless Application Protocol

It is a technical standard for accessing information over a mobile wireless network.

When the term "WAP-based GIS" is used, it generally refers to the integration of GIS capabilities with mobile devices or applications that use WAP technology to access and interact with geographic information. This could involve delivering spatial data, maps, or GIS functionalities to users through mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets over a wireless network.

The combination of WAP and GIS allows users to access geographic information remotely, enabling them to make informed decisions or gather location-specific data while on the move. This integration is particularly valuable in fields such as field data collection, Assets management, emergency response, and other applications where Real-time access to spatial information is crucial
(eg. Damage assessment for Insurance Claim etc.)

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Mobile and wireless technology is becoming Pervasive

Advantages:

Smaller
Faster
Locationally aware
Smarter
Embedded

Sending and receiving Information about geography to remote servers…

Integrated with Services

Mobile GIS is evolving in a enterprise. The solutions may be very effective many areas including Emergency/ Disaster management

The beginning WAP-Based GIS Systems…

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Web Mapping with WMS

Web Browser

Viewer Client

Map�Server

internet

Web Map Servers

Source: Mr. Kapil Oberai, IIRS

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GIS Application

The scope of GIS applications

GIS application areas

Urban management

Small town management
Project management
Construction
Property management

Land resources

Urban Planning
Land infrastructure

Environment

Environment protection
River management
Environment monitoring
Flood forecast and control

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Facilities management

Power grid
Water pipe management
Communication networks
Facilities tracking

Commercial applications

Client service
Logistics and goods delivery
Supermarket management
Banking
Fast food chain
Market analysis
Advertising

Transportation

Optimum highway route selection
Transportation monitoring
Railway GIS
Shipping route management
Road hazard management
Aviation monitoring and control

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e-Government

Daily operation
Socio-economic development
Statistics
Police
Government services
Regional management
Natural disaster reduction
Emergency response planning

Public services

Information provider
Public announcement and information
sharing
Public consultation
Management
Emergency service
Crowd control
Anti-crime actions
Public health

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Potential Space Inputs as per Govt. Vision / Mission

Assets Mapping
Locating Families affected by Disaster or any other means
Encroachment and Border Monitoring
Need based Infrastructure Planning
Health Centre and its proximity
Land Bank
Protecting biodiversity
Irrigated and unirrigated area mapping
Wasteland
Water supply network and connectivity in GIS
Garbage site identification
Facilitate Identification of Tourism spots
Database for Rehabilated people and land to landless people
Database for Tea Garden Area

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�BENEFITS �

Identification, Mapping & monitoring of projects at near real time

Single window delivery of Standard seamless geospatial data

Web based Geo-Enabled Decision Support Systems

A platform for knowledge sharing with Sector specific Domain Expert

Community participation for activity planning

GIS for planning and development at state to bring transparency in Governance

Convergence of Sector specific information

Data generated will facilitate e-governance

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Thank You