THE RISE OF NATIONALISM ��IN EUROPE

K. MADHAVA RAO

P.G.T. HISTORY

WHAT IS NATIONALISM?

• Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people think of
• themselves as a Nation.

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• During 19^th & 20^th centuries Nationalism was a powerful force that could
• create:

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• One Nation from many separate countries
• (Ex. Italy & Germany)
• Break one nation up into many countries
• (Ex. Austria- Hungary and Turkey )

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EUROPEAN SOCIETY

• THE UPPER CLASS :
• • The landed aristocracy were the dominant group.
• • They had common interest and lifestyle. Owned large country estates and town houses.
• • Most of them spoke French

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• LOWER CLASS :
• • Majority of the people were peasants.
• • Most were landless and worked as serfs.

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LOWER CLASS PEOPLE

UPPER CLASSS PEOPLE.

TIMELINE

• Serbian revolution

• The Congress of Vienna

• Greek’s declaration of national independence

• Belgian Revolution

• Revolution in Poland and Lithuania

• Uprising in Greater Poland

• Nationalist revolts in Hungary, Italy, Germany

• Italy unified

• Polish national revolt

• Germany unified

• Hungary granted autonomy

• Congress of Berlin

• Bulgaria becomes independent

1804

1815

1821 - 1829

1830 - 1831

1830 - 1831

1846

1848

1859 - 1861

1863

1866 - 1871

1867

1878

1908

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FRENCH REVOLUTION & THE IDEA OF THE NATION

• French revolution started in 1789.

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• France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under rule of a monarch.
• Political and constitutional changes that came in wake of the French revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from monarchy to a body of French citizens.

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• Various practices adopted to develop a sense of collective identity among people.

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• Declaration of mission to liberate Europe from despotism.

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• Setting up of Jacobin clubs by educated middle classes and students of Europe

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• It also powered revolution in all Europe.

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THE IDEA OF THE NATIONALISM

• Idea of La Patrie (the fatherland) Le Citoyen (the citizen)were emphasized.

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• Adoption of new constitution with citizens enjoying equal rights.

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• Adopted tri color as new French flag replacing royal standards.

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• New hymns were composed oaths were taken & martyrs remembered in the name of nation.

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• Uniform system of weights & measures were adopted.

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• Centralized administrative system was formulized.

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• French become the national language and regional dialects were discouraged.

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• Imaginary female allegories were used to show united nation. Such as : Marianna &Germania

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NEPOLEONIC CODE / COVIL CODE OF 1804

• Privileges based on birth abolished and equality before law was established.

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• Right to property was established and feudal system was abolished.

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• Administrative divisions were simplified.

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• Peasants got freedom from serfdom and manorial dues.

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• Uniform laws and standardization of weight and measures were introduced.

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• Common national currency was adopted.

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• Guild restriction in towns was removed and transport and communication system improved.

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THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

• Till mid 18^th century there was no concept of “Nation State” in Europe.

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• Society and politics was dominated aristocracy.
• To the west, the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.

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• Emergence of working and middle classes due to industrialization in 19^th cent.

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• Educated , liberal middle classes popularized abolition of Aristocratic Privileges.

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• Freedom for market.
• Removal of state imposed restrictions

on movement of goods and capital.

• In 1834, a customs union Zollverein was formed .
• The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

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• Government by consent
• End of Autocracy
• Adoption of constitution
• Abolition of property rights.
• Equality before law
• Representative Government through Parliament

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Liberal Nationalism

IN POLITICAL SPHERE

IN ECONOMIC SPHERE

New Conservatism After 1815

• After defeat of Napoleon European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.
• Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria drew the “Treaty of Vienna” in 1815.
• Main Motive was to undo the changes initiated by Napoleon and to restore Monarchy.

1. Restoration of Bourbon

Dynasty.

2. Territories acquired by

Napoleon taken back

3. Prevented French Expansion in Future
4. Austria to control

northern Italy

PROVISIONS

OF Treaty of Vienna

6. No change in German

confederation of 39 states.

7. Russia to get Polaand

5. Prussia as given ne territories on its western border including Saxony.

The Revolutionaries

• Establishment of Secret Societies to spread the Ideas of nationalism and

oppose conservatism.

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• Mazzini viewed “ Nation States” to be necessary and opposed Monarchy.

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• Inspired other secret societies in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.

Giuseppe Mazzini joined one such society at Carbonan.

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• Later, he established two more Secret societies “Young Italy” in Marseilles, and then, “Young Europe” in Berne.

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• Conservative frightened by his move.

Division of Age of Revolution

The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling

Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt

1848: The Revolution of the Liberals

Age of Revolution-1830-1848

( can be divided under three stages)

The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling

• Use of culture to create idea of a Nation.

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• Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science.

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• Focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.

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• Used Art Poetry Stories & Music to shape nationalists feelings.

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• Collected Folklores to spread Nationalism even among illiterates.
• Language also played a vital role for e.g. The use of Polish language in Poland came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

The Polish polonaise

The Polish mazurka

The Grimm brothers

Gottfried Herder

HUNGER, HARDSHIP AND REVOLT

• The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.

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• The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.

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• Large Scale rural migration to cities led to overcrowded cities and reduced Jobs

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• Stiff competition between hand made goods and cheap machine made goods

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• Peasants burdened with feudal dues as in rural areas aristocracy was still enjoying the power.

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• The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and

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country.

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• Peasants and weavers revolted and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.

The Revolution of the Liberals- 1848

• French Monarchy uprooted by revolt of 1848 & a Republic had been proclaimed.

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• Demand of liberal middle classes for constitutionalism with National Unification.

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• In Germany Professionals businessmen, Artisans decided to vote for all German National assembly.
• Frankfurt Parliament organized in Church of St. Paul. constitution was drafted for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament ,
• Offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia. He rejected joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly

THE FRANKFURT ASSEMBLY 1848

• Social base of parliament shifted to middle class dominance.

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• Lost the support of workers and artisans.

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• Political associations were formed by women for Political Rights.

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• Conservative forces suppressed liberals .

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• Fearing future revolutions Monarchs introduced changes .

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• Serfdom and bonded labour abolished.

THE REVOLT IN SELESIA 1845

UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

• IN MAY 1848 THE LIBERAL ATTEMPT TO SET UP A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY AT FRANKFURT WAS SUPPRESSED BY THE MONARCHY, MILITARY AND JUNKERS.

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• AFTER THE FAILURE OF THE GERMAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, PRUSSIAN CHIEF MINISTER OTTO VON BISMARCK TAKES THE LEAD IN GERMAN UNIFICATION.

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• HE PLANNED THE UNIFICATION WITH THE HELP OF THE PRUSSIAN ARMY AND BUREAUCRACY.

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• HE CONDUCTED 3 WARS WITH FRANCE, AUSTRIA AND DENMARK OVER 7 YEARS, THUS ENSURING GERMAN UNIFICATION.

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• THE PROCESS WAS COMPLETED WITH THE CROWNING OF KAISER WILLIAM I AS KING OF GERMANY.

OTTO VON BISMARCK

UNIFIED GERMANY IN 1871

UNIFICATION OF ITALY

• ITALY WAS DIVIDED INTO 7 STATES OF WHICH ONLY ONE, SARDINIA- PIEDMONT WAS RULED BY AN ITALIAN DYNASTY.

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• IDEAS OF ITALIAN UNIFICATION FIRST GIVEN BY GUISEPPE MAZZINI THROUGH HIS SECRET SOCIETY CALLED YOUNG ITALY.

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• AFTER HIS FAILED REVOLUTIONS IN 1831 AND 1848, THE LEAD WAS TAKEN BY THE KING OF SARDINIA, VICTOR EMMANUEL II.

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• CHIEF MINISTER OF SARDINIA, COUNT CAVOUR LED THE UNIFICATION PROCESS BY DIPLOMATIC ALLIACE WITH FRANCE TO DEFEAT AUSTRIA AND UNIFY ITS NORTHERN TERRITORIES.

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• IN THE SOUTHERN PART, GUISEPPE GARIBALDI LED THE MOVEMENT BY INVOLVING LOCAL PEASANT SUPPORT TO DRIVE OUT THE SPANISH RULERS.

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• THUS THE PROCESS OF UNIFICATION AS COMPLETED WITH THE CROWNING OF VICTOR EMMANUEL II AS KING OF ITALY IN 1861.

VICTOR EMMANUEL II

1858

ITALIAN STATES BEFORE UNIFICATION,

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UNIFICATION OF GREAT BRITAIN

• UNLIKE OTHE EUROPEAN UNIFICATIONS, THIS WAS NOT THE RESULT OF A NATIONALIST REVOLT.

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• BRITISH ISLES CONSISTED OF FOUR MAIN ETHNIC REGIONS: ENGLISH, WELSH, SCOTTISH AND IRISH.

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• THE DECISION FOR UNIFICATION WAS TAKEN BY THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT.

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• IN 1707, THROUGH AN ACT OF UNION, ENGLAND TOOK CONTROL OF SCOTLAND, COMPLETELY SUBJUGATING THEIR IDENTITY.

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• IN 1801, THROUGH ANOTHER ACT OF UNION, IRELAND TOO WAS MADE A PART OF THE KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN.

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• THERE WAS A GREAT EFFORT TO IMPOSE THE SYMBOLS OF BRITISH CULTURE OVER SCOTLAND AND IRELAND.

Visualizing Nation

• Nations began to be portrayed as female figures called

Allegory.

• Ideas like Liberty ,Justice, and Republic too were personified as female figures.

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• Allegories were erected at squares to mark national Unity.

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• Coins and Stamps too carried their images.

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• Marianne represented Republic of France and Germania

portrayed German Nation

WHAT IS ALLEGORY?

• The representation of abstract ideas or principles by characters, figures, or events in narrative, dramatic, or pictorial form is known as ALLEGORY.

• France was portrayed as CHRISTENED MARIANNE, which was a popular Christian name.

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• Christened Marianne underlined the idea of peoples’ nation.

Marianne represented Liberty and the Republic by the cap and the cockade..

MARIANNE IMAGES WERE MARKED ON COINS AND STAMPS.

SIMILARLY , GERMANIA BECAME THE ALLEGORY OF THE GERMAN NATION.

Nationalism and Imperialism: Balkan Issue

• Balkans become the source of Nationalist

Tension in Europe after 1871

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• it was too a region of geographical & ethnic

variations

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• Inhabited by slaves & was under control of

Ottoman Empire

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• Ideas of nationalism swept over entire

Balkan region

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• One by one different Nationalities declared

their independence through struggle.

• It became an area of conflict among its Nationalities and later became one of the causes

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of First World War .

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• Each state develop jealously & hope to expand at the cost of others.

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• European power further complicated the situation .

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• They were struggling to prove their trade & military might over the others.
• Countries like Russia , Germany, England, Austria- Hungary, extended their control over Balkan Area.

THE BALKANS COMPRISED OF-

• ROMANIA
• BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
• BULGARIA
• ALBANIA
• GREECE
• MACEDONIA
• CROATIA
• SOLVENIA
• SERBIA
• MONTENEGRO

BALKANS

THANK YOU