Daily Review Topics�Unit 8
Courtesy of @APBioPenguins
8.1: Responses to the Environment
8.1: Responses to the Environment
ENE-3.D.1
Organisms respond to changes in their environment through behavioral and physiological mechanisms.
ENE-3.D.2
Organisms exchange information with one another in response to internal changes and external cues, which can change behavior.
8.1: Responses to the Environment
IST-5.A.1
Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others.
IST-5.A.2
Communication occurs through various mechanisms—
a. Organisms have a variety of signaling behaviors that produce changes in the
behavior of other organisms and can result in differential reproductive success.
b. Animals use visual, audible, tactile, electrical, and chemical signals to indicate dominance, find food, establish territory, and ensure reproductive success.
8.1: Responses to the Environment
IST-5.A.3
Responses to information and communication of information are vital to natural selection and evolution—
a. Natural selection favors innate and learned behaviors that increase survival and reproductive fitness.
b. Cooperative behavior tends to increase the fitness of the individual and the survival of the population.
What are the different types of communication between organisms?
What are the different types of communication between organisms?
Which is favorable for long distance in dark?
Which is favorable for long distance in dark?
Which is favorable for long distance underwater?
Which is favorable for long distance underwater?
Peacocks are brightly colored to attract a mate. Which does peacock use for mating?
Peacocks are brightly colored to attract a mate. Which does peacock use for mating?
Birds sing a song to attract a mate. Which does a bird use in mating?
Birds sing a song to attract a mate. Which does a bird use in mating?
Why do organisms communicate?
Why do organisms communicate?
Which signal is used by dogs for marking territory?
Which signal is used by dogs for marking territory?
Innate vs. Learned Behaviors?
Innate vs. Learned Behaviors?
What is altruism?
What is altruism?
How does altruism increase the fitness of the population?
How does altruism increase the fitness of the population?
Best explained through example…
The Belding squirrels will make an alarm call when a predator comes into the area. This alarm call tells the members of the population that they need to hide/take cover but it gives away the location of the caller. The predator could go find/eat the caller but the rest of the population is safe. This allows for an increase of fitness of the population because only one individual dies instead what could have happened.
Where a stimulus affects behavior (ex. bell ringing)
Where a stimulus affects behavior (ex. bell ringing)
Behavior affected by negative or positive outcomes
Behavior affected by negative or positive outcomes
A sensitive period where organism learns from parent
A sensitive period where organism learns from parent
What would happen if a bird was cross fostered during imprinting phase?
What would happen if a bird was cross fostered during imprinting phase?
Prezygotic barrier…
The bird would be unable to mater. It has learned the mating song for another species of bird so it will be unable to reproduce with its own species nor the species of the mating song.
Definition:�Cross Fostering
Based on the number of tactile questions yesterday, let’s tell you what cross fostering means…
Basically being fostered by another species.
Here’s the dictionary term…
8.2: Energy Flow through Ecosystems
8.2: Energy Flow through Ecosystems
ENE-1.M.1
Organisms use energy to maintain organization, grow, and reproduce—
a. Organisms use different strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism.
i. Endotherms use thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures.
ii. Ectotherms lack efficient internal mechanisms for maintaining body temperature, though they may regulate their temperature behaviorally by moving into the sun or shade or by aggregating with other individuals.
b. Different organisms use various reproductive strategies in response to energy availability.
8.2: Energy Flow through Ecosystems
ENE-1.M.1
Organisms use energy to maintain organization, grow, and reproduce—
c. There is a relationship between metabolic rate per unit body mass and the size of
multicellular organisms—generally, the smaller the organism, the higher the
metabolic rate.
d. A net gain in energy results in energy storage or the growth of an organism.
e. A net loss of energy results in loss of mass and, ultimately, the death of an organism.
8.2: Energy Flow through Ecosystems
ENE-1.N.1
Changes in energy availability can result in changes in population size.
ENE.1.N.2
Changes in energy availability can result in disruptions to an ecosystem—
a. A change in energy resources such as sunlight can affect the number and size of
the trophic levels.
b. A change in the producer level can affect the number and size of other trophic levels.
8.2: Energy Flow through Ecosystems
ENE-1.O.1
Autotrophs capture energy from physical or chemical sources in the environment—
a. Photosynthetic organisms capture energy present in sunlight.
b. Chemosynthetic organisms capture energy from small inorganic molecules present in their environment, and this process can occur in the absence of oxygen.
ENE-1. O.2
Heterotrophs capture energy present in carbon compounds produced by other organisms.
a. Heterotrophs may metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as sources of energy by hydrolysis.
Warm-blooded organisms are actually…
Warm-blooded organisms are actually…
Where do endotherms get their body heat from?
Where do endotherms get their body heat from?
“Cold-Blooded” organisms have cold-blood…
“Cold-Blooded” organisms have cold-blood…
“Cold-Blooded” organisms are…
“Cold-Blooded” organisms are…
Where do ectotherms get their body heat from?
Where do ectotherms get their body heat from?
Assuming the same size of organisms, at cooler temperatures, who would have a higher O2 consumption?
Assuming the same size of organisms, at cooler temperatures, who would have a higher O2 consumption?
How does a litter size change based on energy availability?
How does a litter size change based on energy availability?
If there is less energy available, the litter size will be smaller. The organisms will have less offspring due to the low energy available for reproduction and growth.
The smaller the organism, the ____ the metabolic rate.
The smaller the organism, the ____ the metabolic rate.
Why is metabolic rate per unit body mass higher in smaller animals?
Why is metabolic rate per unit body mass higher in smaller animals?
However, BMR is higher per unit of body mass in small animals compared to larger ones. This is because the higher metabolic rate of small animals needs a greater delivery of oxygen to tissues around the body.
Also, the smaller animals have a greater surface area to volume ratio, so more heat is lost.
Net gain of energy by organism causes…
Net gain of energy by organism causes…
Net loss of energy results in…
Net loss of energy results in…
What property of water allows for cooling from sweat?
What property of water allows for cooling from sweat?
What is this called when this “heat of vaporization” is used?
What is this called when this “heat of vaporization” is used?
Evaporative cooling
Goosebumps are a vestigial structure to keep warm.
Goosebumps are a vestigial structure to keep warm.
Describe how countercurrent exchange keeps core warm.
Describe how countercurrent exchange keeps core warm.
Countercurrent exchange involves the fluid moving in the opposite direction exchanging something. This something in this case is heat. The blood leaving the core is warm and that warmth is transferred to the blood re-entering the core.
Describe how countercurrent exchange keeps core warm.
So the blood coming back into the core is warmed by the blood leaving the core. This reduced energy lost to the environment and maintains the body temperature of the organism.
A reduction in ___ would cause a decrease in entire chain.
A reduction in ___ would cause a decrease in entire chain.
When you control producer level, what type of model does this describe?
When you control producer level, what type of model does this describe?
What are all secondary consumers?
What are all secondary consumers?
Where do photosynthetic organisms get most of their energy?
Where do photosynthetic organisms get most of their energy?
Where do chemosynthetic organisms get most of their energy?
Where do chemosynthetic organisms get most of their energy?
What can heterotrophs not metabolize for energy?
What can heterotrophs not metabolize for energy?
Which stores the most energy per molecule?
Which stores the most energy per molecule?
Fun Fact: Where do lipids enter cellular respiration pathway?
Fun Fact: Where do lipids enter cellular respiration pathway?
8.3: Population Ecology
8.3: Population Ecology
SYI-1.G.1
Populations comprise individual organisms that interact with one another and with the environment in complex ways.
SYI-1.G.2
Many adaptations in organisms are related to obtaining and using energy and matter in a particular environment—
a. Population growth dynamics depend on a number of factors.
Reproduction without constraints results in the exponential growth of a population.
Which of the following add to a population size?
Which of the following add to a population size?
Which of the following remove from a population size?
Which of the following remove from a population size?
In the rate of increase formulas, what does B stand for?
In the rate of increase formulas, what does B stand for?
In the rate of increase formulas, what does D stand for?
In the rate of increase formulas, what does D stand for?
If B = 4 and D = 8, what is dN/dt?
If B = 4 and D = 8, what is dN/dt?
If r = 0.5 and N = 1000, what is dN/dt?
If r = 0.5 and N = 1000, what is dN/dt?
Note: dN/dt = rN
dN/dt = 0.5(1000)
dN/dt = 500
Type of growth from reproduction without constraint
Type of growth from reproduction without constraint
8.4: Effect of Density of Populations
8.4: Effect of Density of Populations
SYI-1.H.1
A population can produce a density of individuals that exceeds the system’s resource availability.
SYI-1.H.2
As limits to growth due to density-dependent and density-independent factors are imposed, a logistic growth model generally ensues.
What is the term for the largest population size the environment can support?
What is the term for the largest population size the environment can support?
Carrying Capacity
Which variable represents carrying capacity?
Which variable represents carrying capacity?
As K approaches N, what happened to the dN/dt?
As K approaches N, what happened to the dN/dt?
When is dN/dt = 0?
When is dN/dt = 0?
Which type of factor is an earthquake?
Which type of factor is an earthquake?
Which type of factor is a disease?
Which type of factor is a disease?
If N = 500, K = 250, and r = 0.01, solve for dN/dt?
If N = 500, K = 250, and r = 0.01, solve for dN/dt?
8.5: Community Ecology
8.5: Community Ecology
ENE-4.A.1
The structure of a community is measured and described in terms of species composition and species diversity.
ENE-4.B.1
Communities change over time depending on interactions between populations.
8.5: Community Ecology
ENE-4.B.2
Interactions among populations determine how they access energy and matter within a community
ENE-4.B.3
Relationships among interacting populations can be characterized by positive and negative effects and can be modeled. Examples include predator/prey interactions, trophic cascades, and niche partitioning.
8.5: Community Ecology
ENE-4.B.4
Competition, predation, and symbioses, including parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism, can drive population dynamics.
ENE-4.C.1
Cooperation or coordination between organisms, populations, and species can result in enhanced movement of, or access to, matter and energy
There’s 4 different species. What’s the species richness?
There’s 4 different species. What’s the species richness?
In Simpson’s Index formula, what does “backward E” mean?
In Simpson’s Index formula, what does “backward E” mean?
As predator population increases, prey population…
As predator population increases, prey population…
As prey population increases, predator population…
As prey population increases, predator population…
In a trophic structure of four organisms, what is the effect on the last one?� �All 3 organisms have a negative effect on the organism below them in the chain
In a trophic structure of four organisms, what is the effect on the last one?� �All 3 organisms have a negative effect on the organism below them in the chain
Describe the interaction:��Competition
Describe the interaction:��Competition
Describe the interaction:��Predator/Prey
Describe the interaction:��Predator/Prey
Describe the interaction:��Mutualism
Describe the interaction:��Mutualism
Describe the interaction:��Host/Parasite
Describe the interaction:��Host/Parasite
What is cooperation?
What is cooperation?
Interaction between organisms, populations, community to enhance movement of/access to matter and energy
8.6: Biodiversity
8.6: Biodiversity
SYI-3.F.1
Natural and artificial ecosystems with fewer component parts and with little diversity among the parts are often less resilient to changes in the environment.
SYI-3.F.2
Keystone species, producers, and essential abiotic and biotic factors contribute to maintaining the diversity of an ecosystem.
8.6: Biodiversity
SYI-3.G.1
The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the organization of the ecosystem.
SYI-3.G.2
The effects of keystone species on the ecosystem are disproportionate relative to
their abundance in the ecosystem, and when they are removed from the ecosystem, the ecosystem often collapses.
Which type of community is more resilient to chance?
Which type of community is more resilient to chance?
Keystone species have a…
Keystone species have a…
What happens if a keystone species is removed…
What happens if a keystone species is removed…
Which of these does not contribute to maintain diversity?
Which of these does not contribute to maintain diversity?
8.7: Disruptions to Ecosystems
8.7: Disruptions to Ecosystems
EVO-1.O.1
An adaptation is a genetic variation that is favored by selection and is manifested as a trait that provides an advantage to an organism in a particular environment.
EVO-1.O.2
Mutations are random and are not directed by specific environmental pressures.
8.7: Disruptions to Ecosystems
SYI-2.A.1
The intentional or unintentional introduction of an invasive species can allow the species to exploit a new niche free of predators or competitors or to outcompete other organisms for resources.
SYI-2.A.2
The availability of resources can result in uncontrolled population growth and ecological changes
8.7: Disruptions to Ecosystems
SYI-2.B.1
The distribution of local and global ecosystems changes over time.
SYI-2.B.2
Human impact accelerates change at local and global levels—
a. The introduction of new diseases can devastate native species.
b. Habitat change can occur because of human activity.
SYI-2.C.1
Geological and meteorological events affect habitat change and ecosystem distribution. Biogeographical studies illustrate these changes.
An adaptation is…
An adaptation is…
Mutations are caused by environmental conditions.
Mutations are caused by environmental conditions.
I agree, this question could have been written better because there are some environmental conditions like UV radiation that can increase your chances of cancer.
Why do invasive species have exponential growth?
Why do invasive species have exponential growth?
What is the disadvantage of adding N and P with fertlizers?
What is the disadvantage of adding N and P with fertlizers?
Run off leads to eutrophication