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Biblical Theology

Understanding

Scripture

SPEECH

Welcome! During these sessions we’ll be learning about “Biblical Theology”.

Good biblical theology further strengthens our understanding of Scripture.

ICEBREAKER

If your participants don’t know you or each other yet, you’ll probably want to do some activity to build fellowship before starting the training.

This is entirely up to you as the leader, but if you need ideas:

Everyone share a “fun fact” about yourself
Everyone write down a fun fact and guess who it belongs to
Everyone share two true things and one false thing about yourself, and guess which is false
Everyone briefly share how you became a Christian
If your house was on fire, which three things would you grab before fleeing?
Share an interesting or funny recent photo from your phone

PREPARATION

Print or provide digital copies for each participant when relevant:

These slides
Passage - Joshua 6
Passage - 1 Samuel 8 & Jeremiah 29
Bible events activity
Diagrams sheet
Study/talk template
Example study/talk (Joshua 6)

Feel free to change the branding to your church or organisation’s name.

TIPS

Throughout these sessions there are activities and, depending on your group size, you may wish to do them together as a big group or in separate small groups. You should think about what would be best for your group beforehand, and also adjust as needed throughout the sessions.

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💡 Show and expand “speaker notes” for extensive leader notes

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What is “Biblical Theology”?

“Theology” is the study of God and his will. The Bible has many stories and events, but they are not merely there to entertain us. They are there to teach us things about God, and when we study what the Bible teaches we are doing “theology”.

There are a few different ways to approach theology. For example, you could gather all the Bible’s teaching on a certain topic together. That’s what we call “systematic theology”.

However, the Bible isn’t just an assortment of teachings that you might get in a textbook. Instead, God has progressively revealed himself through teachings and actions over thousands of years through the story of the Bible.

“Biblical Theology” is the study of that story.

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What we’ll be studying…

Introduction to Biblical Theology
The Bible’s story through covenants
The Bible’s story through kingdom
Applying Biblical Theology
Write a study/talk
Feedback on study/talk

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Part 1

Introducing Biblical Theology

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The Bible’s story

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SPEECH (before)

The Bible is a collection of books written by different people, at different times, to different audiences.

Some of them aren’t even books but rather letters.

If you read a random letter you found on the street, you might have a difficult time fully understanding it, unless you knew the context and history of the sender and recipients.

Some parts of the letter might be straightforward, whereas other parts might be impossible to understand without knowing the context.

Many Christians struggle to know how everything in the Bible fits together, and treat it like a pile of books they can randomly flick through for guidance in life.

Biblical Theology helps us see how all the books of the Bible fit together into one coherent story that leads to Jesus.

By knowing the overall context and history of the Bible we can more accurately interpret any individual passage within it.

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One Story

One ultimate author

2 Timothy 3:16 – All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for instruction, for conviction, for correction, and for training in righteousness,
2 Peter 1:21 – For no such prophecy was ever brought forth by the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit.

One ultimate message

Luke 24:44 – “Everything must be fulfilled that is written about me [Jesus] in the Law of Moses, the Prophets, and the Psalms.”
2 Corinthians 1:20 – For all the promises of God are “Yes” in Christ.

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DISCUSS

What this means for how we understand Scripture

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Recap of Exegesis

CONTEXT (what’s around the passage)

CONTENT (what’s in the passage itself)

IMPLICATIONS (what it means for the audience)

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Passage for group study – Joshua 6

Context

Historical – Place in history/Bible
Literary – Place and function in whole book
Immediate – Passages before/after

Content

Genre – e.g. poetry, parable, narrative, apocalyptic
Details – e.g. repeated words, themes, contrasts, etc.
Structure – Sections and flow of the passage

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PRACTICE

Partially exegete this passage by discussing just the context and content

SPEECH (before)

It’s time to introduce the passage we’ll be working on together throughout these sessions.

PRACTICE

Read the passage as a group

What initial questions do you have of the text?

Spend time individually highlighting observations of the text (using print out)

Discuss the context and content elements above as a group

(you might like to do this in a document on a computer for all to see)

NOTE TO LEADERS

Most of part 1 should be spent on this activity (around 30-60 mins).

MINIMAL ANSWERS (add these yourself if the group misses them)

CONTEXT

Immediately before: Joshua encounters an angel who commands God’s army as distinct from Israel’s
Immediately after: Achan took some treasure from Jericho and so turned God against Israel
Literary: Jericho is the first city to be conquered and God clearly displays his sovereignty over the battle
Historical: The beginning of the fulfilment of God’s promise of land to Abraham and Israel. God is also punishing the inhabitants of Canaan for their sin (Gen 15:16, Lev 18:24–27).

CONTENT

Genre: historical narrative
Structure (actual can be more detailed than this):

1-7 Instructions
8-14 First six days
15-25 Seventh day battle
26-27 Curse and legacy

Details:

“Seven” frequently mentioned and symbolic for completeness
Several mentions of city’s contents being “devoted” to God, whether for his treasury (6:19) or for destruction (6:18)
The events are primarily supernatural (instructions from God, ceremony, Ark representing God, walls falling down, curses) and secondarily human (shouting, slaying, burning)

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Biblical Theology enhances exegesis

CONTEXT + → Passage’s place in God’s story?

CONTENT + → Passage’s own references to story?

IMPLICATIONS + → Passage’s contribution to story?

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Biblical Theology Frameworks

The Bible tells a coherent story

It was written in an orderly understandable manner
It has characters, themes, events, that all interconnect

But it is a complex collection of multiple books

Written by different authors, at different times, for different audiences

Frameworks help us structure our understanding of God’s story

To more easily see how things fit together

There is not one perfect framework

We build it around what is already in the Bible (the Bible isn’t built around it)
Using key moments and themes in the text
We can use multiple frameworks to enrich our understanding
But it will never account for all of the breadth and depth of Scripture

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Testaments – A very basic “framework”

Old Testament prophecies are fulfilled in the New

Micah 5:2 – But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, who are small among the clans of Judah, out of you will come forth for me one to be ruler over Israel.
Isaiah 7:14 – Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign: Behold, the virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and will call him Immanuel.
Zechariah 9:9 – See, your King comes to you, righteous and victorious, humble and riding on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey.�

The New Testament points back to the Old for proof and context

1 Corinthians 5:7 – Get rid of the old leaven, that you may be a new unleavened batch, as you really are. For Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed.
Hebrews 3:5-6 – Now Moses was faithful as a servant in all God’s house, testifying to what would be spoken later. But Christ is faithful as the Son over God’s house.
1 Peter 2:5 – you also, like living stones, are being built into a spiritual house to be a holy priesthood, offering spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ.

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DISCUSS

How do these passages point forward & back (respectively)?

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Testaments – Pros & Cons

Testament divide is helpful

Highlights the significance of Christ’s ministry and saving acts
Discourages interpreting Old Testament as directly applicable to Christians

Testament divide is insufficient

Too simple
Fails to orderly explain the continuity between old and new

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Group passage – Joshua 6

How we understand God’s commands
How we understand the people’s actions
How we understand God’s character

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DISCUSS

How does the fact this passage is from the Old Testament change the following?

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Pick your own passage for rest of the sessions

1 Samuel 8 (Israel asks for a king)
Jeremiah 29:1-14 (“For I know the plans I have for you…”)

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PRACTICE

Begin the exegesis of your chosen passage (continue up till last session)

NOTES

Participants are to just begin their exegesis until this first session ends (context/content/implications).

They do not need to finish during this session.

The group passage (Joshua 6) will still get used across all the sessions.

But each participant will chose one of these to work on individually across all the sessions as well.

As the leader, feel free to choose different passages for them to choose from if you prefer.

ANSWERS

These notes are for your own reference in case you need to help participants with their exegesis.

– 1 Samuel 8 –

Context

Immediately before: Israel is reliant on Samuel for leadership
Immediately after: Saul is chosen by God as King
Literary: Samuel returns Israel to faithfulness (3:1, 7:13) but his sons are not godly
Historical: Israel has partially conquered promised land and relies on priests like Samuel for advice

Content

Genre: Historical narrative
Structure

1-6 People want a king
7-17 God's response
19-22 People persist in their request

Details:

Repetition "he will take", for "his" use
They want to be "like all the other nations" (v5,19)
God should be their king (v7,20)
God won't answer them, their punishment will be self inflicted (v18)
Persistent rejection of God since Egypt (v8)

– Jeremiah 29:1-14 –

Context

Immediately before: A false prophet claims exile will be over in 2 years (28:3)
Immediately after: God pronounces judgement on both exiles and those who remain in Israel
Literary: Passage occurs after Jeremiah warns Israel about exile (1:16) which has partially begun (21:2, 24:1)
Historical: Mid-Babylonian exile

Content

Genre: Historical narrative + prophetic letter
Structure

1-3 Letter intro
4-7 Settle down since it'll be a while
8-9 Ignore the false messages of hope
10-14 Yet God does plan to eventually restore them

Details:

Letter is from Jerusalem to those already in exile (v1)
Repeated instructions to seek prosperity (v5-7)
Exile will last 70 years (v10)
Repeated promises of restoration (v10-14)

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Part 2

Covenants

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Using covenants as a framework

Structures God’s story around special promises he made with certain people
Covenants are relationship-based promises

God makes covenants to positively relate with his creation
Covenants with God are always initiated by God
Covenants are sometimes conditional or two-way

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	Stages	Promises	Any conditions?
Adam	Gen 1:26-30 Gen 2:8-17
Noah	Gen 9:7-17
Abraham	Gen 12:1-3 Gen 15:1-21 Gen 17:1-21
Israel	Exo 19:3-6 Deut 28:1-6,15-19 Deut 29:9-21
David	2 Sam 7:1-17
New	Luke 22:14-20 Heb 8:6-13

DISCUSS

SPEECH (before)

There are six main covenants in the Bible. We’ll look at each one in turn and see what promises are made and what conditions there are (if any).

Some of the covenants are made in stages, either repeating or clarifying the promises made.

The covenant with Adam is different to the rest. It is made in the context of a blank slate, where Adam had just been created and there was no sin.

The rest of the covenants are about restoring relationship with sinful humanity, which is why the covenant with Adam is different to the rest.

But it does have the same elements, promises of blessing with the condition to not eat from the tree of knowledge.

ACTIVITY

Go through each covenant as a group.

(If you do split into smaller groups, ensure everyone still reads every passage)

ANSWERS

Promises

Adam: Will rule over creation and prosper
Noah: Will never flood the whole earth again
Abraham: Will give descendents, land, and blessing
Israel: Will give land and prosperity
David: A descendent will have an everlasting reign
New: Forgiveness of sins and eternal life

Conditions

Adam: Don’t eat from tree of knowledge of good and evil
Noah: none
Abraham: Condition of circumcision is only for individuals, actual covenant is everlasting

Because covenant with Abraham is unconditional, God will remain faithful to his people despite the terrible ways they go astray

Israel: Conditional on obedience, will either be blessed or cursed

Leads to them being cursed with exile (Jer 11:10), yet the covenant with Abraham still provides hope of restoration (Jer 33:26)

David: none
New: The new covenant is entered into by faith in Jesus, but it is not conditional on following the law like the covenant with Israel.

TIPS

Be sure to point out that Hebrews 8 is quoting Jeremiah 31:31-34, so God announced his plan for the New Covenant well before Christ’s birth.

The promises to David are not initially referred to as a covenant, but they are labelled as a covenant elsewhere (e.g. 2 Chron 21:7).

Conditions are terms that will actually break the covenant, so God’s command in Gen 17:1 “walk before me faithfully and be blameless” is not considered to be a condition.

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	Significance of Old Testament Covenants	Fulfilment in the New Covenant
Adam	Humans given a special place in God’s creation for their enjoyment and blessing.	Rom 8:17 – And if we are children, then we are heirs: heirs of God and co-heirs with Christ—if indeed we suffer with Him, so that we may also be glorified with Him.
Noah	God’s desire to not see his creation destroyed.	Rev 21:4 – ‘He will wipe away every tear from their eyes,’ and there will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the former things have passed away.”
Abraham	Abraham blessed purely by God’s grace and was considered “righteous” through faith (Gen 15:6).	Rom 4:13 – For the promise to Abraham and his offspring that he would be heir of the world was not given through the law, but through the righteousness that comes by faith.
Israel	Sacrifices taking the penalty for sin to maintain a relationship with God.	Heb 7:27 – Unlike the other high priests, He does not need to offer daily sacrifices, first for His own sins and then for the sins of the people; He sacrificed for sin once for all when He offered up Himself.
David	A king after God’s own heart (1 Sam 13:14) who will reign forever.	Rev 22:16 – “I, Jesus, have sent My angel to give you this testimony for the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, the bright Morning Star.”

DISCUSS

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Group passage – Joshua 6

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PRACTICE

Which covenants are most relevant to this passage?

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For the passage you chose earlier…

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PRACTICE

Which covenants are most relevant for the passage?

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Part 3

Kingdom

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“Kingdom” as a framework

The initiation of covenants are not the only major events
Some phases of history are initiated by the breaking of a covenant

Adam & Eve’s sin → Banishment
Israel’s idolatry → Exile

Another way to conceptualise God’s story is as that of a “kingdom”

God is always king and rules over his people
But he forms special relationships with different people in different places
So the “kingdom of God” looks different depending on the part of the story

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Significant Events

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ACTIVITY

Place significant events in the Bible in the correct order

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Phase	Initiating event What are all the significant things about it?	Relationship with God What are all the ways it changes?
Garden	Gen 1:1-2	Gen 1:26-31
Banished	Gen 3:1-13	Gen 3:16-24
Promise	Gen 12:1-3	Gen 15:1-6
Nation	Exod 3:7-15	Deut 28:1-26
Decline	1 Kings 11:9-13	Jeremiah 32:36-42
Christ	Matt 1:17-25	Luke 5:12-16
Church	Acts 1:6-11	Eph 1:3-14
New Creation	2 Thes 1:5-12	Rev 21:1-8

DISCUSS

ACTIVITY

Divide into different groups and investigate 2-3 different phases each

Go through all the phases together

Let the assigned group explain it first
Then let others add thoughts and questions too

TIPS

Everyone should end up being familiar with every phase, not just those who were assigned to each

ANSWERS

These are brief answers for each passage.

The group should come up with much more detail than this.

Garden

Gen 1:1-2 – God creating out of nothing
Gen 1:26-31 – Made in God’s image, “Very good”

Banished

Gen 3:1-13 – Sin
Gen 3:16-24 – Cursed, limited life

Promise

Gen 12:1-3 – Choosing Abraham
Gen 15:1-6 – Promise of land, people, and blessing (received by faith)

Nation

Exod 3:7-15 – Saved from Egypt
Deut 28:1-26 – Obedience = blessing, but disobedience = curse. Ceremony and sacrifice.

Decline

1 Kings 11:9-13 – Idolatry
Jeremiah 32:36-42 – Punishment and yet still promises of restoration

Christ

Matt 1:17-25 – Jesus’ birth
Luke 5:12-16 – God amongst his people, in person, touching the sinful and unclean

Church

Acts 1:6-11 – Jesus’ ascension
Eph 1:3-14 – “Every spiritual blessing”

New Creation

2 Thes 1:5-12 – Jesus’ return
Rev 21:1-8 – Perfection

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Group passage – Joshua 6

Who are God’s people?
Where do they belong?
What is their relationship with God like?

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PRACTICE

What is significant about the phase of the kingdom for this passage?

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For the passage you chose earlier…

Who are God’s people?
Where do they belong?
What is their relationship with God like?

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PRACTICE

What is significant about the phase of the kingdom for this passage?

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Part 4

Applying Biblical Theology

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Useful for any part of the Bible

OT text → NT meaning → Modern day implications

NT text → OT insights → Modern day implications

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What we mean by “It’s all about Jesus”

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The difference Christ makes

All Old Testament passages must be viewed through the lens of Christ

Some will still be directly applicable to us (e.g. God is sovereign)
Some will be applicable in a different way (e.g. Christ is our passover lamb)
Some will no longer be applicable (e.g. Food laws)

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Example – David & Goliath (1 Sam 17)

Symbolic for us: Identify the five “stones” you can use to overcome your obstacles.

Symbolic for Christ: David is Jesus, Goliath is the cross, and the sling is Jesus’ trust in his father.

Apply directly: We should have the faith to confront those who oppose God and his people.

Biblical Theology: God uses unlikely means to save, to demonstrate his trustworthiness and power, and we should have faith in his ability to save us as well.

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Type of application

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Direct Application
God’s character	What we learn about God’s unchanging nature	E.g. Sovereignty
Good examples	Character virtues we should emulate	E.g. David’s faith
Bad examples	Sin and its consequences	E.g. David’s adultery
Indirect Application
Story	How an event eventually leads to Jesus	E.g. Rahab is Jesus’ ancestor
Fulfilment	How Jesus fulfils a promise/event/role/etc	E.g. Jesus is our high priest
Different	Why something has changed because of Jesus	E.g. Food laws
Longing	Something we continue to hope for in some way	E.g. Peace and security
Theme	Discuss a common issue/concept in Bible	E.g. Angels

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What type of application would be most appropriate?

Genesis 45:4-8

Exodus 23:1-5

Leviticus 27:30-31

Psalm 120:6-7

Daniel 7:13

Ecclesiastes 7:15

2 Kings 10:28-29

1 Samuel 17:12

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DISCUSS

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Group passage – Joshua 6

Good examples: The people trust God and carefully follow his instructions
Fulfilment: Jesus knocked down the wall of sin between us and God
God’s character: God does the saving / God is on his own side
Bad examples: Rather than surrender and turn to God, Jericho resists
Fulfilment: Israel is finally claiming the land they were promised so long ago
Different: We are not instruments of God’s judgement but of his mercy

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PRACTICE

Are the following applications good, ok, or bad?

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For the passage you chose earlier…

What would be some bad applications?
What would be some good applications?

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PRACTICE

Suggest good and bad applications of the passage

PRACTICE

Either get participants to reflect on these individually, or put them in groups based on what passage they are looking at.

ANSWERS

1 Samuel 8

Bad

If you want something bad enough, God cares and will give it to you

Good

Story – While Israel rejects God as king, this will ultimately lead to realising his kingship through the Lord Jesus.
Fulfilment – Unlike inherently selfish human kings, Jesus will be a good perfect king
Bad examples – We too often desire to be like the world around us rather than entrusting ourselves to God and his ways.

Jeremiah 29:1-14

Bad

God has a 70 year plan for your life
God has a plan to ensure you prosper in this life

Good

God’s character – God is a just God who punishes sin, and is a loving God who does show mercy and keeps his promises.
Fulfilment – While God does have a plan for our lives, it is primarily a plan to restore us in the new Heavens and Earth.
Bad examples – Rather than putting false hope in more immediate blessings, we should concentrate on being faithful to him wherever he has us right now.

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Teaching Biblical Theology

Biblical Theology is always part of any good study of Scripture

It enriches our teaching even if it isn’t explicitly mentioned, for example:

A Bible study – Questions will lead a group towards Biblical Theology
A talk – Points will be made through the lens of Biblical Theology

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Example Bible Study and Talk Outline for Joshua 6

Joshua 6 is truly a divine battle, and not just because of the supernatural destruction of the walls. Israel is not using God as a magic instrument to help them fight. Rather, God is using Israel as an instrument of judgement on the sin of the Canaanites (Deut 20:17) and to fulfil his promise of land to Israel. Thus the contents of the city entirely belongs to the true victor of the battle, God.

God does not take Israel’s side in the battle (5:14), rather Israel is to take God’s side, and when they don’t then God turns against them (7:1).

So the focus of this passage is not on the faith or courage of the Israelites, but on the power of God to bring judgement on those who don’t take his side, and blessing on those who do.

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EXAMPLE

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Create your own

Choose to create either a Bible study or a talk outline

(on the passage you chose at the start of this workshop)

Use existing skills in exegesis

But clearly note what Biblical Theology techniques you use throughout
Like this: “[BT story] Jesus is a descendant of Rahab”

The next session will be dedicated to this

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PRACTICE

Begin creating a Bible study or talk outline that is enriched with Biblical Theology

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Part 5

Preparation

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Part 6

Feedback

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Reviewing a Bible study

Big idea: Is it clear, faithful to the passage, and theological?

Topics: Are they the main topics of the passage?

Warm up Q: Is it interesting and relevant?

Context Qs: Are they answerable and help to understand the passage?

Draw attention Qs: Do they all point to important parts of the passage?

Draw out meaning Qs: Are they likely to extract the meaning of the topic?

Summary Qs: Do they gather everything under the big idea?

Implication Qs: Are they drawn from the big idea and appropriate for today?

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Reviewing a talk

Big idea: Is it clear, faithful to the passage, and theological?

Context: Are all necessary elements explained?

Points: Are they the main points of the passage?

Explanations: Do they help to understand the passage?

Illustrations: Do they help to understand the topic and be convicted by it?

Applications: Are they from the passage and appropriate for today?

Introduction: Is it interesting and does it help connect listeners to the passage?

Conclusion: Does it bring everything together in a helpful memorable way?

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Feedback

Go through your outline sequentially, explaining it to the group. Also explain how you used biblical theology to interpret and apply the passage to today.

Author: What do you yourself feel could be improved?
Reviewers: What was good?
Reviewers: What are 1-2 main ways it could be improved?

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DISCUSS

Take turns to share your outlines and give each other feedback

TIPS

This is a suggested way to give each other feedback, but feel free to use your own method if preferred.

Avoid getting people to share to a large group as it can be more intimidating and would take too long. Aim for max 5-6 people per group.

As a leader, float between groups as they give feedback if there are multiple.

Get participants to give each other feedback, and save your own feedback till last.

Rather than overwhelm someone with all the ways they could improve, it may be best to limit everyone to only 1-2 critical suggestions.

If participants are hesitant to speak, you could make them go around taking turns to speak.

TIMING

Divide up the group so that everyone will have around 10-15 minutes to share their outline and receive feedback.

ANSWERS

-> See also exegetical notes for 1 Samuel 8 and Jeremiah 29:1-14 in the leader’s notes in the last slide of Part 1.

1 Samuel 8

While it is good Israel was wary of Samuel’s corrupt sons, they sought their own solution rather than bringing that matter to God.

They used it as an excuse to justify their underlying desire to be like other nations.

Similar to divorce, appointing a human king was regulated in the law (Deut 17:14-20) but that doesn’t mean God approved of it.

We too often desire to be like the world around us rather than entrusting ourselves to God and his ways [BT bad examples].

While Israel rejects God as king, this will ultimately lead to realising his kingship through the Lord Jesus [BT story].

Unlike inherently selfish human kings, Jesus will be a good perfect king [BT fulfilment].

Jeremiah 29:1-14

Verse 11 is often quoted to reassure Christians that God has a plan for their lives: “For I know the plans I have for you, declares the LORD, plans to prosper you and not to harm you, to give you a future and a hope.”

But that is in the context of God affirming that his people are being punished for their unfaithfulness and it will last a lifetime (70 years – 29:10).

Yet he also affirms that he WILL eventually restore them and keep his promise.

Thus God is a just God who punishes sin, and is a loving God who does show mercy and keeps his promises [BT God’s character].

This is a message of hope, but not as immediate as the original audience would have liked.

While God does have a plan for our lives, it is primarily a plan to restore us in the new Heavens and Earth [BT Fulfilment].

We should concentrate on being faithful to him wherever he has us right now, rather than putting false hope in more immediate blessings [BT bad example].

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About this material

This material is entirely public domain, you can copy, modify, or translate it without any limitation. Attribution is not required. We recommend keeping this slide so that any modifications are also dedicated to the public domain and freely shareable.

All Scripture has been quoted from the Berean Standard Bible.

You can learn more about this training and download original source files for it at:

https://training.freely.giving

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