Miles Hermann
Athro Daearyddiaeth / Geography teacher
Ysgol Gyfun Gwent Is Coed
Session 1 - Spring revision 2024
Unit 2: Changing Places
Content
2.1.3 Changes over time in the economic characteristics of places
2.1.4 Economic change and social inequalities in deindustrialized urban places
2.1.5 The (tertiary) service economy and its social and economic effects
2.1.3 Changes over time in the economic characteristics of places
Primary - Fishing, agriculture, mining
Secondary - Industry e.g. Iron, steelwork, clothing creation
Tertiary - Services sector e.g. Shop, office, education, police
Quaternary - Advanced technology/ advanced knowledge e.g. Scientific researcher
2.1.3 Changes over time in the economic characteristics of places
Stage 1 Pre-industrial: Focus on the primary and secondary sector
Industrial Stage 2: Secondary sector developing rapidly, primary sector declining
Post-Industrial Stage 3: Decline of primary and secondary sector, rise of tertiary and quaternary sector
Clark Fisher Model
LIC : Ethiopia | MIC : China | HIC : U.K. |
The primary sector is the largest employment sector in Ethiopia. 75% of people work in this sector, mainly working in agriculture and as subsistence farmers who need the food to support their families. They often work long hours and under harsh physical conditions to produce just enough food for their family to survive. There is a little commercial agriculture, mainly coffee growing which is a major export crop. The secondary sector is very small with mostly men working in factories receiving very little pay. Foreign investment has created these jobs in textile and leather factories. The tertiary sector accounts for approximately 15% of the population, men and women, who work in the services including tourism. | The primary sector is the largest employment sector in China, but unlike Ethiopia it also includes mining as well as agriculture. Men mine coal, significantly and mining accidents are common and reflect weak safety regulations. Women often work in agriculture. The secondary sector is not as big as the primary sector, but produces the most money driving the Chinese economy. Men and women work in this sector manufacturing goods that are sold all over the world. The hours are long and the working conditions quite unsafe, but the pay is better than farming. The tertiary sector is as big as the primary sector, however the people who work in this sector and the secondary sector earn more money and can spend it on services and leisure. Although the working hours are long, the working conditions are much safer than those found in the secondary sector . | The primary sector accounts for only around 2% of the UK employment structure. There is very little fishing or mining and mechanization on farms means that there is no need for a large workforce on farms. The secondary sector is not 18%. This is a result of the de-industrialisation of the UK and the relocation of traditional industries. Although there are still some factories in the UK, they use a lot of high technology and are automated and therefore reduce the need for a large workforce. The tertiary sector dominates in the UK, More than 2 million people are self-employed and work from home, relying on telephones, the internet and 6 computers. This technology has benefited many people living in rural areas. Overall, working conditions in the UK are of a high standard thanks to strict safety regulations and trade unions that represent workers. There is also a national minimum wage and equal opportunities laws to ensure there is no discrimination based on gender, ethnicity or age. |
Decline in the primary sector
Decline in the secondary sector
Exam Question
Value Model Clark Fisher
Note that the model does NOT show the relative value of the four different sectors over time but, rather, which sectors are using the largest proportion of the country's workforce at any given time.
The changes you see are mainly related to the use of machines and trading patterns with other countries. The changes are not primarily due to the importance or success of different types of business and economic output.
The large reduction in primary employment is mainly due to the mechanization of farming (eg the use of tractors). We now eat more food, not less! In the UK, some of the reduction is due to the closure of coal mines, because cheaper coal could originally be imported from abroad, and more recently because coal is being phased out entirely as an energy source.
By the 1800s, most adults in the UK worked in low-paid manufacturing jobs. But global change moved many of these jobs overseas in the 1970s and 1980s. Despite this, there are still plenty of factories and workshops in the UK – but many rely on robots and automation (using artificial intelligence, or AI). The few remaining manufacturing jobs that are done by people are high-skilled, high-wage jobs (eg highly skilled engineering work).
While it is true that most people now work in the tertiary sector, many of them are quite poorly paid, for example, shelf fillers, cleaners and delivery drivers. At the heart of this group are teachers, nurses and office administrators – professionals most of whom have been educated to degree level. A minority of tertiary workers are very well paid indeed (lawyers and bankers at the highest level).
Quaternary workers can become very rich – even millionaires – if they own the intellectual copyright to the ideas, products, websites and cryptocurrencies (among other things) they create. create
Model answer
Explain the reasons for the
decline in the primary sector in the UK [5]
One reason for the reduction in the primary sector is the development of coal because imports are cheaper which therefore means less demand and fewer jobs. In addition, Margret Thatcher closed the coal mines e.g. Big Pit, South East Wales in the 80s, so this led to a decline in the sector. Another reason for this is mechanization because new engineering in agriculture can do a job for 20 people so, there is less job and leads to the reduction of the sector. In addition, I believe that social changes in education play a huge role in the reduction due to an increase in tertiary jobs as a result of university being pushed to more young people, there were 757,000 undergrad applications in 2023. This means that fewer workers the sector and therefore lead to less leading and the reduction of the sector.
2.1.4 Cardiff Bay - Context
Cardiff became an industrial town as a result of the Industrial Revolution of the 1790s. The growth of coal mining in the South Wales valleys had led to the construction of the Glamorgan Canal in 1794, which brought iron and coal down from the valleys. As this industry expanded it became clear that a more efficient form of transport was needed and in 1840 the Dyffryn Taf Railway was opened.
The rapid growth in the iron and coal trade led to a number of docks being built during the 1830s. These include Bute West Dock, which was the first dock to be opened by the 2nd District of Bute in 1839 and known for its seaward entrance, the Oval Dock, the Bute East Dock in 1855, the Dock Roath in 1874, Roath Dock in 1887 and Queen Alexandra Dock in 1907.
During this period, Butetown and the dock area around it grew into a cosmopolitan community with sailors from all over the world settling in Cardiff. It is estimated that people of at least 50 nationalities settled in this area, who knew it as 'Tiger Bay'. The immigrants had helped build the docks, worked on the ships helping to serve the industrial and maritime city (122 shipping companies in the area).
By the 1880s, Cardiff had transformed from one of the smallest towns in Wales to the largest and its port handled more coal than any other port in the world. On the eve of the First World War in 1913, coal exports peaked at over 13 million tonnes. There were 620 deep coal mines in south Wales delivering their coal to the coast to be exported overseas. In the Coal Exchange building the world's first £1 million check was signed through the sale of coal.
After the Second World War, however, the demand for coal from foreign countries for export from Cardiff fell. As other countries developed their own steel industries the demand for coal fell. The iron ore and coal were running out and it was more expensive to dig deeper. By the 1960s coal exports had almost completely ceased. Around 10,000 jobs were lost throughout the period, 3,200 of them when the East Moors Steelworks closed in 1978.
By the early 1980s Cardiff Bay had become a neglected wasteland with disused docks and mud flats. There was social exclusion and higher than average levels of unemployment. Much of the population emigrated. Dereliction was evident as buildings were left empty including storehouses and old factories. With a goal as motivation rather than any investment the open land became desolate.
The 1960s saw the destruction of large parts of the Bay and the community was shattered as they were replaced and given their second homes (if they were lucky).
2.1.4 Decline
Poverty
Poverty
Poor living conditions
Strain on health
Poor education
Lack of skills
Exam Question
Examine the consequences of the loss of traditional and secondary industries in urban areas you have studied [8].
Success Criteria:
Name the area you have studied
The area I have studied is Cardiff Bay. There is no doubt that there are negative social effects of deindustrialisation e.g. The cycle of forgiveness. As a result 3,200 people lost their jobs at the East Moors Steel Works in 1978. Unemployment increased and so, poverty. Also, higher levels of poverty mean that living conditions worsen, we see in Butetown in 1969 where rubble had been left on Patrik Street after houses had been demolished. This emphasizes that the loss of industries has been bad mainly because Cardiff Bay used to be a coal export center in the 70's and therefore as the demand for coal decreased after the second world war, levels of backwardness in Cardiff Bay increased from 13.4 % to 23.3% within two years. Additionally, the levels of unemployment led to an increase in crime and gambling with pockets of red light districts growing. This suggests that de-industrialisation is bad mainly because people need to resort to breaking the law. In addition to this, many of the residents moved to the suburbs because there were no job opportunities for them and therefore the area was losing more workers. There is no doubt that the loss of industries was bad mainly because it led to high levels of deprivation and further decline.
⅞ - what about the original houses? What about a lack of suitable skills for different jobs?
2.1.4 Enterprise Policies
Welsh Government Enterprise Areas
Enterprise area: Cardiff
Adavatages
2.1.5
Y Stryd Fawr
Why do businesses locate in the CBD?
1. Agglomeration and proximity
These are the main benefits of a city center location for business and retail. The center shares the infrastructure (roads, railways etc.) of the whole city. The urban area has a large pool of workers that employers could tap into. The center is an area where ideas and information can be exchanged and sold easily, and so we see finance, legal and marketing businesses gain a lot from these factors.
2. Accessibility
Being in a central area attracts more customers as they visit businesses in the CBD while completing various business in the city. The concentration of shops in the CBD is advantageous for customers as they can compare the prices of goods and have more choice. There are good transport links to central areas, so they are open to many different groups.
3. Skilled Workforce
A skilled workforce attracts businesses to the area which give people opportunities to earn good wages in high skill jobs. This, in turn, attracts skilled people to live in the area.
Gentrification
Areas of Georgian or Victorian homes that were once extremely deprived are now home to young middle class families or couples looking to take advantage of inner city life. These often become some of the most expensive and fashionable areas to live in due to the quality of the architecture and the fact that they are close to parks and all the facilities of the CBD.
Brixton - Case Study
Typically, houses that used to be cheap – that people on lower incomes rented at a reasonable price – will be sold to new investors when re-urbanisation and gentrification takes place. As a result, the displaced communities who used to live there must look for new homes. However, they will often find that there is nowhere they can afford left locally. Some will move to a cheaper area of the city - this is called 'decanting'.
A small number of people on a low income can stay in the gentrified neighborhood if the local government can rent social housing (council housing) to them. In inner city areas of the UK, where space is at a premium, this will often include high density council owned blocks of flats.
Some of the people on lower incomes are key workers, such as care home workers, teaching assistants and nurses. It is essential to community sustainability that affordable housing is available to them. However, those who are critical of this say that only a very small percentage of all housing is affordable and that they do not compensate for all the cheap housing lost as a result of gentrification .
2021 - 800,000 average house price
2021- 6,400 unemployed 40% MBE, feeling like they are being pushed around, deprivation
Retail Parks
A number of retail parks/shopping centers were opened outside towns and cities across Wales e.g. Parc Trostre, Llanelli; Spytty, Newport; Cribbs Causeway, Bristol. These include a number of chain stores e.g. M&S, Next, H&M, Tesco, etc. As these areas become more and more popular with shoppers, we see a decline in many CBDs with many shops having moved.
Here are some advantages:
Suggest reasons for the growth of retail parks (Use evidence from the map)
Brown field site, derelict land to develop, plenty of space
Accessible, close to main A48 roads, connection to the M4 to the North
Proximity to housing estates, affluence of customers and pool of possible workers
A variety of shops, people can go to the supermarket and chain shops
Online Shopping
+ | - |
Convenient One click shopping Greater choice/variety of products Same day/within day delivery | Not getting your item on the day No visiting/supporting the high street More likely to support large TNC businesses The product may not be what you expected Decline for the high street, fewer visitors |
What about the effect to the quality of the CBD/ High street?
Model Answer
Explore the effects of changes in retail patterns on people's lives [8]
One effect the movement of people towards retail can have on the internet is that more and more local businesses will close in the CBD. According to the Guardian in 2018 6,000 shops closed on the high streets of the UK in 2017. Therefore causing the number of shop workers to decrease so more people will be out of a job so it will lead to unemployment and an increase in demand about work and poverty in these areas. According to one article, 11 stores opened the dtdd on average compared to 16 stores closing on average. So there are fewer places for people to go shopping and this leads to more people choosing to shop online because there is a wide selection of goods and shopping can be done anywhere from the house conveniently without borders. Another effect is that there will be less chance for people to socialize and develop social skills and meet new people. This is as a result of the reduction in shopping in person for example spending on fashion and shoes fell by 2% in the last two years according to data from Kanta. This change can also increase jobs in the driving sectors as people buy online people have to pay for a class of products which can lead to a negative environmental impact from more congestion.
6/8 - impact on places? Which places? Retail parks? The CBD? Which stores have closed and moved online?
Diolch yn fawr