Determination of Sex
Is the upper edge of the eye orbit ‘rounded’ or ‘sharp’?
Check the edge with your finger
using the skull
Page 7, steps 1 & 2
Figure 13 number 13
Zygomatic process
Figure 14 number 15
Page 7, step 3
External auditory meatus
Figure 14 number 16
Page 7, step 3
Nuchal Crest
Smooth – female
Bumpy - male
Figure 15 number 18
Page 7, step 4
External occipital bone with protuberance
Page 7 number 5
Figure 15 number 19
External occipital protuberance
Page 7, step 5
Figure 15 number 19
Figure 14 number 20
Page 7 number 6
Frontal lobe – Low slanting or rounded & globular?
Male and Female
Notice the slope of frontal bone is more pronounced on the male skull (Figure 10) than the female skull (Figure 12).
Page 7, step 6
Mandible - lower jaw
Figure 14 number 22
Page 7 number 7
Maxilla or upper jaw
Mandible – inferior view
U or V shaped?
Figure 15 number 21
Page 7, step 7
Ramus of mandible
Figure 14, number 22
Page 8, step 8
Is the jaw slanting away from the upright or straight?
Angle of the jaw
Page 8, step 8
Figure 14
number 16 number 22
Race determination�using measurements
Page 8, step 1
Naison – bridge of nose
Figure 13 number 24
Page 8, number 1
Page 8, step 1
Figure 13 number 23
Measuring nasal width from
inside nasal cavity
Nasal Height-naison to nasal spine measured with caliper.
Page 8, step 1
Figure 13 number 24
Figure 13 number 25
Nasal Index
Ratio:
Width/ Height
Three races�Figures 22, 23, 24
Caucasoid Negroid Mongoloid
Figure 14 number 25
Nasal spine
Page 8, step 3
Nasal Cavity
Figure 13 number 23
Figure 13 number 27 maxilla
Page 8, step 4
Nasal Cavity
Figure 13 numbers 25 & 26
Silling?
Guttering?
Smooth?
Nasal spine is prominent in caucasoids.
Page 8, section 5
Frankfort position
Eye socket parallel to ground
Page 8, step 5
Variations of Prognathism: Figures
17,19,21
Shape of orbits
Eye orbits
or
Figure 13, number 13
Page 8, step 6
Male or female skull?
Notice the slope of the frontal bone.
Angle of the jaw?
What race?
What do you think?
Some Criteria for Racial Determination from the Human Skull
CAUCASOID NEGROID MONGOLOID
Cheek bones receding ------- broad, wide outwardly sloping
Nasal opening narrow & high wide & low narrow & high
Nasal spine strong small -------
Criteria taken from Skinner, M and R.A. Lazenby 1983 Found! Human Remains, A Field Manual for the Recovery of the Recent Human Skeleton. Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.
Prognathism
Caucasoid Negroid Mongoloid
Little or none Prognathism Little or none
Moderate nasal spine No nasal spine Moderate n.s.
Overbite & dental crowding Less overbite
Criteria for Racial Determination from the Human Skull
CAUCASOID NEGROID MONGOLOID
Shape: Rugged & oval Smooth & oval Smooth & rounded
Cranial Vault Length long long long
Cranial Vault Breadth narrow narrow broad
Height high low middle
Forehead sloping steep ------
Face:
Breadth narrow narrow very wide
Height high low high
Profile straight prognathic middle
Brow "beetling“ smooth -------
Orbit (Eye Sockets) triangular rectangular rounded
Criteria taken from Skinner, M and R.A. Lazenby 1983 Found! Human Remains, A Field Manual for the Recovery of the Recent Human Skeleton. Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.