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“The Electric Throttle for our Energy Transition.”

Community Microgrids – Adapt to Survive

�The mission is to adapt personal survival activities and lifestyles by electrifying everything to reduce the ravages of climate change.

By: Dr. J. A. Hunter

Member The Canadian Association for the Club of Rome (CACOR)

Presentation to

Electrify Lanark Forum

Date: 18 May 2024

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How the Home Interacts with the Grid

Environmental benefits (reduce GHGs)
Economic benefits (make and save money)
Social benefits (wellbeing and survival)

Microgrids have the potential to provide many of the local community’s needs for sustainability and the ability to absorb catastrophes by being its own power station.

Some of the non-monetary aspects of sustainable renewable energy, include energy reliability, peace of mind, lower health risks from displaced fossil fuel pollution, tension reduction and survival from climate disasters.

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Climate Adaptation

Many people will endure floods, fires, heat waves and even catastrophic natural disasters, so long as these incidents are affordable. But they will buckle under the weight of expensive power, water, food, insurance and/or healthcare.
Investing in yesterday’s solutions to solve tomorrow’s crises is unreliable
Abandoning your shelter and migration may be local, within country or international.
Few Canadians consider migration as a threat, nor do they consider emigration as a possibility they must consider.
Survival “in place” as a power pioneer in partnership with the utility, is often the chosen pathway even if it is by default.
Some claim 50% to 80% energy site specific loss in buildings (“outsulation”, hot water, leakage, inefficiencies)
Become a microgrid power island using innovative integrated survival strategy and tactics – Plan to Survive.

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Part 1 – Grids and Microgrids�Transactive Energy Systems�

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From 1950 to 2021 the North American electricity demand has grown 13 times in size

Modernizing and expanding now to customer side technologies of generation, storage, and demand response

Microgrids expand the utility grid size into homes, avoiding utility maintenance costs and ease congestion

They permit the utility extending the life of the grid infrastructure.

Innovative financing options, such as power purchase agreements (PPAs) and energy-as-a-service (EaaS) models, have emerged to help businesses and communities navigate the complexities of investing in and deploying microgrid projects.

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Typically, all these parts are in one geographic location.

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A home microgrid in its simplest form.

Digitize, Electrify, Decarbonize, Economize.

The utility grid is a backup supply to the microgrid

Hot water heaters consume

17% to 32%

Of demand for home energy

The energy demand response profile is dynamic and site specific

The energy generation profile is dynamic and weather and site specific

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Aggregation of multiple single-building microgrids in a neighborhood, industrial park, or military base leads to community microgrids. The aggregation of many microgrids and community microgrids results in a > 3 MW virtual power plant (VPP). These are means to support the main grid with distributed generation and storage. This democratization of energy surety are powerful trends empowering communities and reshaping the electrification of society.

The five major technologies of a typical community microgrid are:

1 – Renewable solar and wind generation with energy efficiency (e.g. passive insulation)

2 – Capturing atmospheric or Geothermal energy using heat pumps

3 – Storage of Electricity (batteries) and Heat Energy (ground)

4 – EVs (electric vehicles) as mobile batteries

5 – Digital Command and Control systems (blockchain, AI, IoT)

Microgrids provide substantial simultaneous winning outcomes for major stakeholders

Community residents
Building owners
Hydro Ottawa (a utility manager)

Community Microgrid Characteristics

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Community Rooftop Microgrid in the Netherlands

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A Mobile Microgrid with solar PV, batteries and propane generator backup.

Take it to the desired location.

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Part 1 - North American Grids: energy sources

Three North American independent grids in Canada, USA and Mexico

East
West
Texas

Each State or Province has its own grid ISO (Independent System Operator)

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Ontario’s Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) Command and Control Center

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Ontario Grid Component Parts

Substation transformers 3,238
Transmission Line (using metal towers) 23,000 km
Distribution transformers 1,102,000
Distribution Lines 124,000 km
Power poles (often wood) 10,850,000
Area covered 961,000 sq km

What could possibly go wrong with this widely disbursed aging infrastructure?

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The ice storm of 1998

(Ottawa area)

Electricity is a vital commodity next to water

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Ottawa street the morning after

190 km/h winds (derecho)

21 May 2022

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Fragile and aging grid infrstructure

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Ice load stretching cables to the ground: Freezing Rain

Decentralize to avoid these problems

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Section 2 : Geothermal

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You are standing on infinite amounts of high temperature energy

Thermosiphons, Heat Pumps and Heat exchangers provide access

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Hot nuclear decay below thin Earth’s crust and temperature gradient to surface

Not to scale

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Cool thin crust and

temperature of the sun at the inner core

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Advantages of Geothermal Energy

It is safe, constant, and dispatchable for urban heat and electricity – turn on/off

Waste from 400 C steam is useable area heating with or without adding heat pumps

It is Unseen in large scale within urban centers – safely underground beneath everything, shallow or very deep
A Collector has a benign footprint – can’t be seen or heard or sensed

No maintenance – protected from weather variation, at constant temperature
Forever energy source and storage
Thermosiphon has no connections to consumption services (input electricity, water, etc. – Old faithful)

No need for SMRs and waste disposal
Easy energy independence for 193 nations on Earth, all cities, all buildings

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The Manotick Microgrid

Thermal Battery installation

– Svec Coil, May 2018.

Leda clay is an aquitard

– note vertical trench walls

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Geothermal Wall with Actuators and Sensors.

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Community microgrid using geothermal heating beside other buried utilities

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Section 3 : Solar, Wind and Storage

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Many natural and creative ways to generate and store energy

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The Old Way – Alberta Tar sands mining

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Solar farm in China

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452 MW Solar Farm in Texas

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Lift off the ground to rooftops

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Microgrid Hospital in the UK

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Bus fleet and automotive EV charging with solar canopy and battery storage

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Tesla Solar Roof in Hawaii

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Solar Photovoltaic and hot water panels in European Microgrid

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Manotick Microgrid 24 hours of energy flows

Using NetMetering on 6 March 2023

Solar energy supply fluctuations

36.2 kWh

Home energy demand fluctuations

Base load plus peaks

24.3 kWh

Grid usage

the fluctuating difference between

demand and supply

-11.9 kWh

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Performance of the Manotick Microgrid

With Ultra Low Overnight (ULO) rates

Note: winter flattening of the supply curve

This is the performance of the Author’s home. It is a uniquely designed and operated. The top blue supply history demonstrates rapid growth in the summer that moderates to very slow growth in the winter when the curve flattens. This shows 5 winters during the 60 months.

The lowered red demand history looks surprisingly quite linear through the seasons with the effects of winter heating and summer air conditioning having very little ripple impacts. The demand also includes the charging of one EV. The Tesla Model 3 was not purchased until month 60. The spread of the average slope of the two diverging lines is the kWh “profit” sold to the utility. Remember, this data is accumulative over time. It is a clear demonstration that the system is overdesigned but becomes a reasonable business plan while providing flexibility during disasters.

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Backpacking solar panels

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Pole Mounted Battery in a Solar rich but cash shy Neighbourhood

– A Network of 40 Community Batteries within a VPP

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Why You Can Never Have Too Much Storage – Capacity Management

Seasonal variations of sun AZ, EL angles and sunrise to sunset times are worst in the winter which when combined with greater cloud cover and snow covering the arrays, the production is not enough to meet the demand.

During daily drawdown of energy, how much to retain for emergencies will force accessing grid supply

Once available, how much do you retain for energy arbitrage and when. Buying at 2.5 cents and selling at higher prices means capacity planning and management.

How much capacity will you make available to grid ancillary services once available?

Decide on the depth of discharge you will permit in non-emergencies. Typically, 20% charge retention is a good rule of thumb to extend the battery lifetime.

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Battery and Storage Uses

Excess supply shifting of self-generation energy

Energy arbitrage (time of day pricing) and load timing management

Plunge pricing is when the entire traded costs are low or high all day due to excess supply or maintenance of the grid.

Demand flexibility uses individual load demands moved to optimal times for low grid usage.

Joining a Virtual Power Plant for the grid to manage your battery assets including some loads (thermostat, EV charging). This is often a significant Return On Investment

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Tesla Megapacks – Utility scale

4 Hour battery storage

Interconnection: 480V AC 3 phase
Dimensions: W 359 in, D 65 in, H 110 in (shipping container)
Weight: 83,996 lbs
Power & Energy: 970 kW / 3,878 kWh

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107 MWh storage system at a Chinese cement plant microgrid

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Flywheel batteries

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Solar Panels are up to 20 C cooler (20 % more efficient) when over crops

The crops are also cooler for less stress and less water required.

Agrivoltaics

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Wind and Solar Agrivoltacis farm under construction in the Netherlands

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Solar PV with Dual Use of Land

Livestock Partnering with Nature

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Vertical Solar Panels

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Floating Solar Farm in China

Keeping the water cool for the fish

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600 MW PV solar farm in China

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Unique design in Morocco

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Mixed Solar and Wind Farm east of LA

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Stationary Solar Tracking Over a Car Park

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Balcony Solar PV with Balcony Battery and Garden

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Solar and wind alongside roadways in Germany

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Dual use of land in the Netherlands

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Solar Powered Israel border fence with high voltage anti- penetration shock, cameras, other sensors

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Service Station (energy station) Microgrid in Massachusetts

solar panels on the canopy, a battery storage unit, and a portable generator connection

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Section 4: Electric Vehicle (EVs)

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An amazing addition to a microgrid:

electrify the way we move in a survival vehicle

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Some interesting facts on EVs

The social cost of GHGs from ICE vehicles

Gasoline adds $3.80/gallon social costs - PM2.5-micron particle - healthcare and climate change impacts
Diesel adds $4.80/gal social costs
Natural gas is twice the diesel social cost
Coal electricity is four times the diesel social cost
Natural gas is neither a cleaner nor safer form of fuel energy

Reproduced with the permission of the Hill Times - Canadian Association for the Club of Rome (canadiancor.com)

Polluters do not pay this price
EVs, on average from an average grid get the equivalent of 88 miles/gal emissions
Manufacturing GHGs for EVs are 15% higher than ICE but this is recovered in 18 months of driving
Buildout of destination chargers – home, work, shopping, hotels, restaurants, etc. is just starting in NA
Near zero EV emissions when charged from home with renewables (solar or wind)
There are 70 manufacturers of ZEV buses active in California right now.

New models yield clearer picture of emissions' true costs (phys.org)

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Powerwall Batteries

Level 2 Charger

Up to

19 kW AC

Typical All Electrical home Microgrid with a Tesla EV in the garage

Tesla, in 2022, confirmed having ramped production to about 6,500 Powerwalls per week.

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Where is the 40,000+ Tesla power station energy coming from?

Also, second life (100 years) used Lithium-Ion batteries

Solar canopy over Tesla Supercharging station

Level 3 up to 250 kW DC

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Solar power for Tesla supercharging stations with battery storage

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Harris Ranch station boasts a total of 98 Tesla supercharger modules.

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Tesla’s drive-in supercharger, theatre and diner is under construction in California.

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Exporting EVs from China

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Ford Charging Station in 1900

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Electric School Bus Fleet with two-way Virtual Power Plant Energy Flows.

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Port of Long Beach, California - class 8 Tractor

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Australian 100% battery-powered, heavy-haul freight locomotive for mainline service in 2024.

By using regenerative braking, it will charge its battery on the 344 kilometer (214 mile) downhill run from our mine to port facility and use that stored energy to return to the mine

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World’s largest fuel cell electric vehicle

weight 290 tons carries 45-ton payload

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Twenty Decks, diesel and not Environmentally friendly.

Cruise Ship Launched January 2024

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Underground parking lot managed charging stations

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�

Electric Vehicle Managed Charging Integration with Microgrids - V2G

Having a connection to a complaint two way charging point (even away from home) opens the possibility of providing the grid with energy between 5 p.m. and 9 p.m. (peak demand) while earning about $2.00 per delivered kWh. Some utilities have ultra-low late-night rates of $0.025
During grid outages a compliant EV (battery and computer on wheels) can provide emergency power anywhere within driving range. A mobile load and a mobile supply

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Energy on wheels

Benefit #16 Repair Cost Avoidance:

The advantage of Proactive adaptation to climate change impacts (like flooding, tornadoes and heat waves) suggests design hardening, relocation, redundancy and regular forward planning. The benefit-to-cost ratio of “proactive” adaptation has been studied based on (a) Current business as usual GHG growth release and (b) Reduced emission scenarios

Benefit-to-Cost ratios of 9 to 1 through 38 to 1 have been published. Instead of waiting for damage to happen and being in a catch-up and repair mode constantly, it is suggested that this least expensive adaptation be started now.

Ontario grid repair designs, after the derecho in Ottawa, are still based on average weather conditions for the past 20 years. Replacement of old transmission components is the old standard procedure without significant hardware hardening. This is short term economic savings for long term massive vulnerability. Overlapping “repair replacements” and weather events shall soon be unaffordable, and outages will be very much longer than a few days. Microgrids can help avoid stress and potentially deadly disastrous outcomes. Further, microgrid management also demands forward planning and system upgrades to avoid cycles of repair costs.

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Tesla skateboard, battery, frame, motors, computer

The battery is an integral part of the frame and not intended to be replaced in less than 2 million miles

An excellent video

(108) The Real Reason Tesla Developed Their Own Battery Platform! - YouTube

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Transportable Four Vehicle Mobile Charger

Take chargers to where there aren’t any – high rise condo buildings, grid remote parking lots, temporary events or emergency use

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Tesla Gigafactory in Texas

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Vehicle to Everything Charge Points – V2X

V2X means a vehicle connected via a bidirectional charge point to everything including V2 Home, V2 Grid, V2 Building, V2 Load, and V2 Microgrid.

Need up to 3 times as many destination charge points as there are EVs so the EV is connected for bidirectional energy management whenever it is not moving. The 2024 buildout will be over 30,000 more points.

Tesla Charging Network: All the Upcoming Compatible EVs - Canadian Association for the Club of Rome (canadiancor.com)

Wireless charging, under parking spots, has great potential.

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2023 EV charging networks report: Canada’s public charger installations grew 30 per cent since start of 2022 - Canadian Association for the Club of Rome (canadiancor.com)

March 2023 Public Funded Charging Stations

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Section 5 : Control system

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Hardware and software

Leading to better decision making - regenerative ecological techniques

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Showcasing the Manotick Microgrid (no burning)

Demand Energy = 82% Thermal + 18% Electricity

Island switch

either manual, automatic or telephone app

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Four types of democratized trading software

Customer real-time monitor of consumption and controls - Windows, Apple, Linux, Android. Supporting energy literacy, situational awareness, credits for remote generation, efficiencies, survival, and rationing

Installer – installation, debug, update, interfaces, operational checks

Administrator is the senior manager of a microgrid and community microgrid – load management, EV charging, battery management, bi-directional flows, generator configurations, sales profile to internal microgrid industrial customers, and the grid utility

Virtual Power Plant – command and control by the utility and aggregator

By enabling peer-to-peer energy transactions, microgrid trading platforms can help to optimize energy consumption, reduce costs, and improve the overall efficiency of the energy system. Each of these software types includes local utility requirements and cyber security. Also, they maintain historic and real-time logs and blockchain records, AI functionality, Energy as a Service (EaaS) contracts, efficiencies, reports, trends, graphs, error messages, options, version update manuals, financial summaries, exporting raw data, links to suppliers, optimization, and configuration control

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Hardware – interfacing challenges

Solar, wind, diesel/gas generator time-varying performance and reliability

Battery discharge and charge profiles, state of charge, wireless charging

EVs and opportunities to sell power back to the grid – V2G – flexible in space and time bidirectional flows. This requires many more lifestyle bidirectional charging stations at destinations

Residential and rental high-rise towers building equipment (IoT, security, elevators, specialty considerations)

Emergency measures (hospitals, fire departments, police, government control centers)

Standards hardening and compliance with the utility and each other (connectors), fire resistance, weather damage, temperature extremes, failure modes and effects, state actor attack threats, vegetation and animal tolerance, outage islanding switching, flexibility

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Section 6: Stop Burning ��Frontiers of the new climate economy are rapidly expanding

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In the beginning, it is all about installation money to most burner people but show people how to save on their utility bills and there will be no way to stop the environmental renewable energy revolution

There are at least 21 benefits to microgrids without burning

We must recognize the social values that are not readily financially quantifiable

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21 Advantages of Community Microgrids

Collecting the sun and geothermal energy available everywhere using open-source business models

to lower the centralized energy demand and operating costs for owners, consumers, utilities, the microgrid technology industry, and demands for government subsidies, (Economic Benefit)

2. Reduce poverty by isolating from energy inflation pressures -- cost growth avoidance (even deflation), maintaining stable predictable cost (say 50 to 70% lower than the utility while trending lower) and optimizing the use of available local resources including EV charging at Ultra-Low rates.

3. Expand social and wealth equity (democratize bias-free energy) for safe healthy families (toxic food, wildfire air quality, water purity, and using UV band C managing viruses, bacteria, and molds),

4. Save lives and human suffering through supply reliability for a secure energy future and improved shelter safety (energy security has insurance value) and protection for critical infrastructure. Continuing atmospheric climate and geopolitical catastrophes are a certainty to be managed by planning to survive.

5. Improve social resilience and liberation from the fragile utility and climate-fueled disasters (grid instabilities and outages => fear, frustration, inconvenience, heat stress, and damage – food spoilage, flooding, health impacts, and even death) by replacing with a safer shared resource infrastructure,

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6. Support time-shifting energy awareness and deliver on the growing expectations of residents. Encourage their innovation using automation to improve performance with AI-driven insight. Residents have knowledge of continual microgrid energy cost decreases and livelihood opportunities,

7. Provide an opportunity for communities to generate their own distributed technology-based electricity and to sell excess into local virtual power plants using blockchain tokenization,

8. Allow communities to manage their own energy savings, consumption, and reinvestment of

profits for local flexibility, independence, and freedom from centralized eco-denialism, cheating, deception, distraction, and single-dimensional ($) politically driven energy decisions,

9. Promote community pride and prestige in their energy democracy by delivering long-term livability, local economic development, and reduction of consumption,

10. Encourage equitable community empowerment and independence through innovation, resident technical/administrative training, product development, and neighbour assistance without the use of fossil fuel generators (noise & smell),

21 Advantages of Community Microgrids (continued)

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11. Enable communities to sell surplus energy back to the utility using customized energy arbitrage

(trading at maximum demand to stabilize energy prices and reduce the need for fossil fuel generators) while time shifting and spreading their recharging demands over long periods at night,

12. Provides utility ancillary stability (voltage, frequency, and phase following or leading or neutral), EV fast charging independence, peaking energy sources, flexibility , intelligence (IoT and AI) as well as supporting major deferral decisions using geostrategic utility-owned microgrids (resiliency strategies) and utility repair cost avoidance,

13. Provide opportunities for communities to trade energy with other communities, to make a

community of communities, or Virtual Power Plant Partnerships (VP3) using common open-source equal access tools, standards, pathways, and procedures when partnering with the grid utilities,

14. Reduce pollution and encourage compatibility with a thriving ecosphere - do no harm and

remove human interference in natural processes. Advance the blending of culture and Nature. Stop the destruction of Nature,

15. Deliver the ability to expand the operational versatility of the facility including as a refuse or a

culture center during and after weather or geopolitical instability disasters. Prepare to survive.

21 Advantages of Community Microgrids (continued)

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16. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions (no fuel burning) – for carbon-sensitive residents seeking climate disaster mitigation simultaneously with rapid adaptation to changing conditions, (Environmental Benefit)

17. Improve shelter security (doorbell, active alarms, and cameras), building envelope isolation from wildfire smoke, extreme atmospheric heat and cold, and flooding, while adding digital security,

18. Contribute to sustainable development including EV Vehicle to Grid connectivity (distributed batteries and blockchain arbitrage can provide future ROI) and accelerate microgrid proliferation,

19. Isolate and protect microgrid power quality from aging utility infrastructure (voltage spikes damage TV sets, computers, and electronics). “Island” or choosing when to become invisible to the utility,

Help Canadians prepare for rapidly growing catastrophe exposure while preventing more extreme climate disruption. Take care of yourself by disrupting “normal” and thriving in low-stress emergency mode,

21. Improve life meaning, peace of mind, quality of life, and well-being (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, including mental stress, loneliness, isolation, independence and values). (Social Benefit)

21 Advantages of Community Microgrids (continued)