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Bishwajit Rabha

Assam Survey & Settlement Training Centre, Assam,Ghy-40

INTRODUCTION OF GPS,DGPS & ETS

25 March 2025

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Bishwajit Rabha

Assam Survey & Settlement Training Centre, Assam,Ghy-40

GNSS

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GNSS: WHAT IT IS

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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS):

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GNSS is a network of satellites orbiting the Earth that provide location information to GNSS receivers on the ground. The system allows users to determine their exact position, velocity, and time.

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GNSS: Navstar Satellite:

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Navstar Satellite:

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Navstar (Navigation System Using Timing and Ranging) is a network of satellites developed by the US Department of Defense (DoD) for the Global Positioning System (GPS).

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GNSS: Navstar Satellite:

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Key Characteristics :

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1. Orbit: Navstar satellites operate in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), approximately 20,000 km above the Earth's

2. Constellation: The Navstar constellation consists of 24-32 operational satellites, ensuring global coverage.

3. Signal transmission: Navstar satellites transmit radio signals containing their location and time, which are received by GPS receivers on the ground.

4. Atomic clocks: Each Navstar satellite is equipped with atomic clocks, which provide extremely accurate timekeeping.

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GNSS: Navstar Satellite:

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Functions :

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1. Navigation: Navstar satellites provide location information to GPS receivers, enabling navigation and positioning.

2. Timing: Navstar satellites transmit accurate time signals, which are used for synchronization and timing applications.

3. Range measurement: Navstar satellites enable GPS receivers to measure their distance from the satellite, which is used to calculate their position.

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GNSS: Navstar Satellite:

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Types of Navstar Satellites :

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1. Block I: The first generation of Navstar satellites, launched between 1978 and 1985.

2. Block II: The second generation, launched between 1989 and 1990.

3. Block IIA: An upgraded version of Block II, launched between 1990 and 1997.

4. Block IIR: A further upgraded version, launched between 1997 and 2009.

5. Block IIF: The current generation, launched between 2010 and 2016.

6. Block III: The next-generation Navstar satellites, currently under development.

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GNSS: TYPES

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Types of GNSS:

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1.GPS (Global Positioning System): Developed by the United States, GPS is the most widely used GNSS.

2.GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System): Developed by Russia, GLONASS is another widely used GNSS.

3.Galileo: Developed by the European Union, Galileo is a GNSS that provides high-accuracy positioning.

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GNSS: TYPES

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Types of GNSS:

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4. BeiDou: Developed by China, BeiDou is a GNSS that provides positioning, navigation, and timing services.

5. IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System): Developed by India, IRNSS is a regional GNSS that provides positioning services.

6. QZSS (Quasi-Zenith Satellite System): QZSS is a proposed three-satellite regional time transfer system and enhancement for GPS covering Japan.

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GNSS: SEGMENTS

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GPS SEGMENTS :

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  • Space segment: Satellites

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    • Control segment: Monitor & Control stations

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    • User segment: Receivers

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GNSS: SEGMENTS

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GPS SEGMENTS :

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  • Space segment: Satellites

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    • Control segment: Monitor & Control stations

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    • User segment: Receivers

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GNSS: SEGMENTS

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GPS SEGMENTS :

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  • Space segment: Satellites

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    • Control segment: Monitor & Control stations

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    • User segment: Receivers

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GPS: ACCURACY

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ACCURACY OF Handheld GPS :

The accuracy of handheld GPS devices can vary depending on several factors, including:

    • Number of satellites in view: The more satellites in view, the better the accuracy.
    • Satellite geometry: The position of the satellites in the sky can affect accuracy.
    • Atmospheric conditions: Weather conditions, such as heavy clouds or ionospheric activity, can impact signal quality.
    • Multipath interference: Signals can bounce off nearby surfaces, causing interference.
    • Device quality and technology: More advanced devices with better antennas and signal processing can provide better accuracy.

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GPS: ACCURACY

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Typical accuracy ranges for handheld GPS devices: :

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  • WAAS(Wide Area Augmentation System)-enabled devices: 3-5 meters (10-16 feet)
    • Standard GPS devices: 5-10 meters (16-33 feet)
    • High-sensitivity GPS devices: 2-5 meters (6-16 feet)

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Factors that can affect accuracy:

  • Urban canyons: Tall buildings can block or reflect signals.
  • Heavy tree cover: Dense foliage can attenuate signals.
  • Indoor use: Signals can be weak or non-existent indoors.
  • Nearby electronic interference: Devices like cell towers or radios can interfere with GPS signals.

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HANDHELD GPS OPARATION TECHNIQUE

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GARMIN

GPSMAP 66S

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Bishwajit Rabha

Assam Survey & Settlement Training Centre, Assam,Ghy-40

DGPS

25 March 2025

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DGPS: WHAT IT IS

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DGPS (Differential Global Positional system):

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  • Differential GPS( DGPS) is a system in which differences between observed and computed co-ordinates ranges( known as differential corrections) at a particular known point are transmitted to users(GPS receivers at other points) to upgrade the accuracy of the users receivers position.

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DGPS : WHAT IT IS

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(Differential Global Positional system):

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  • Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that improves the accuracy of GPS (Global Positioning System) positioning data. It is designed to correct errors and provide more precise location information for various applications.
  • DGPS works by comparing the GPS position of a known location, called the reference station or base station, with the position calculated by the GPS receiver. The difference between the known position and the calculated position represents the error. This error is then transmitted to DGPS users in the form of correction signals.

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DGPS : COMPONENTS

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DGPS Key components :

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  • Reference Station (Base Station): A stationary GPS receiver located at a known position, which continuously monitors GPS signals.
  • DGPS Receiver (Rover): A GPS receiver that can receive corrections from the reference station.
  • Communication Link: A communication channel (e.g., radio, internet) between the reference station and the DGPS receiver.

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DGPS : PDOP

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PDOP (Positional Dilution of Precision) :

PDOP is a measure of the geometric quality of a GPS satellite constellation, indicating how well the satellites are positioned to provide accurate location information.

PDOP values range from 1 to infinity, with lower values indicating better satellite geometry and higher accuracy.

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Here's a rough guide to PDOP values:

  • PDOP < 2: Excellent geometry, high accuracy-
  • PDOP 2-5: Good geometry, moderate accuracy-
  • PDOP 5-10: Fair geometry, lower accuracy-
  • PDOP > 10: Poor geometry, low accuracy

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DGPS : ADVANTAGES

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Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) Advantages :

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  • Improved Accuracy: DGPS provides accuracy within 1-2 meters, compared to 5-10 meters for standard GPS.
  • Real-Time Corrections: DGPS provides real-time corrections, enabling accurate positioning in dynamic environments.
  • Increased Reliability: DGPS reduces the impact of satellite geometry and atmospheric errors on GPS signals.

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DGPS :CORS STATION

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Continuously Operating Stations is a network of reference stations.

Provides virtual base station that allows access to long-range high accuracy Network RTK correction.

It supports in establishing GCPs-

CORS STATION

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DGPS :CORS STATION

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35 Continuously Operating

Reference Station (CORS)

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DGPS :CORS STATION

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DGPS : UTM

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DGPS OPARATION TECHNIQUE

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e-Survey (Lawrence & Mayo)

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Bishwajit Rabha

Assam Survey & Settlement Training Centre, Assam,Ghy-40

ETS

25 March 2025

ASSAM SURVEY & SETTLEMENT TRAINING CENTRE

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Bishwajit Rabha

Assam Survey & Settlement Training Centre, Assam,Ghy-40

ELECTRONIC TOTAL STATION

25 March 2025

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ETS: WHAT IT IS

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Electronic Total Station (ETS) :

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An Electronic Total Station (ETS) is a Modern surveying instrument that combination of Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM) instrument, electronic digital theodolite and a microprocessor with memory unit for data recording in one unit. The total station measures and displays horizontal and vertical angles ,coordinates and sloping distance of an object.

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ETS: Key Components

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ETS Key Components :

  1. Telescope : A precision optical instrument for measuring angles.
  2. EDM : A device that measures distances using laser or infrared radiation.
  3. Processor : A computer that calculates and processes measurements.
  4. Display : A screen that shows measurements, calculations, and settings.
  5. Data Storage : A Critical components that enables the instrument to store and manage measurement data.
  6. Reflector : A reflector is a crucial component in ETS surveying, used to reflect the laser beam emitted by the ETS back to the instrument.
  7. Battery : The battery is a crucial component of an ETS, providing power to the instrument for surveying and measurement tasks.

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​

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ETS: Key Components

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ETS Key Components :

  1. Laser Plummet : A device that projects a laser beam downwards for precise leveling.
  2. Tilt Sensor : A device that measures the ETS's tilt and inclination.
  3. Keyboard : A input device for entering commands and settings.
  4. Joystick or Control Stick : A device that enables users to control the ETS's orientation
  5. Tripod : A three-legged stand that stabilizes the ETS.
  6. Carrying Case : A protective case that stores and transports the ETS.
  7. Accessories : Additional devices, such as reflectors, prisms, and cables, that enhance the ETS's functionality.

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ETS: Functions

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ETS Measurement Functions :

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  1. Angle Measurement: Measures horizontal and vertical angles between reference points.
  2. Distance Measurement: Measures distances between the ETS and a reflector or prism using electronic distance measurement (EDM).
  3. Height Measurement: Measures heights of objects or points using the ETS's built-in laser plummet or EDM.

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ETS: Functions

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ETS Calculation Functions :

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  1. Coordinate Calculation: Calculates coordinates (x, y, z) of points based on measured angles and distances.
  2. Area Calculation: Calculates areas of polygons or shapes based on measured coordinates.
  3. Volume Calculation: Calculates volumes of objects or excavations based on measured coordinates and heights.

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ETS: Functions

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ETS Data Management Functions :

  1. Data Storage: Stores measured data, calculations, and settings in the ETS's internal memory or external storage devices.
  2. Data Transfer: Transfers data between the ETS and external devices, such as computers or USB Device.
  3. Data Analysis: Analyzes measured data and calculations to provide insights and visualizations.

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ETS: Functions

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ETS Control and Setting Functions :

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  1. Instrument Setting: Sets the ETS's parameters, such as units, formats, and measurement modes.
  2. Measurement Mode: Selects the measurement mode, such as single-point measurement or continuous measurement.
  3. Error Correction: Applies corrections for systematic errors, such as atmospheric refraction or instrument calibration.

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ETS: Functions

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ETS Display and Output Functions :

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  1. Display: Displays measured data, calculations, and settings on the ETS's screen.
  2. Printout: Prints measured data, calculations, and settings on a connected printer.
  3. Data Export: Exports measured data, calculations, and settings to external devices or software applications.

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ETS: Principle Theory

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ETS Fundamental principles in physics, mathematics, and geodesy :

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  1. Triangulation: The ETS uses triangulation to calculate the coordinates of a point. By measuring the angles and sides of a triangle, the ETS can determine the coordinates of the point.
  2. Trigonometry: The ETS uses trigonometric functions, such as sine, cosine, and tangent, to calculate the angles and sides of triangles.
  3. Electromagnetic Distance Measurement: The ETS uses electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) to measure the distance between the instrument and a reflector or prism. EDM is based on the principle of measuring the time-of-flight of a modulated electromagnetic wave.

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ETS: Principle Theory

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ETS Fundamental principles in physics, mathematics, and geodesy :

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  1. Geodetic Reference System: The ETS uses a geodetic reference system, such as the World Geodetic System (WGS), to provide a common framework for measuring and calculating coordinates.
  2. Least Squares Adjustment: The ETS uses least squares adjustment to minimize the errors in the measurements and calculations. This ensures that the coordinates calculated by the ETS are accurate and reliable.

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ETS: Principle Theory

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ETS Mathematical Principles:

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  1. Pythagorean Theorem: The ETS uses the Pythagorean theorem to calculate the distances and angles between points.
  2. Spherical Trigonometry: The ETS uses spherical trigonometry to calculate the angles and sides of spherical
  3. Matrix Algebra: The ETS uses matrix algebra to perform calculations and transformations on the measurement data.

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ETS: Principle Theory

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ETS Physical Principles:

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  1. Electromagnetic Waves: The ETS uses electromagnetic waves to measure distances and angles.
  2. Optics: The ETS uses optical principles, such as reflection and refraction, to measure angles and distances.
  3. Mechanics: The ETS uses mechanical principles, such as rotation and translation, to measure angles and distances.

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ETS: Working Principles

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ETS Working Principles:

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  1. Wave theory
  2. Automatic calculation

The basic principle of the total station is that the distance between any two points can be known once the velocity and the time taken by the light to travel are known.

Distance = Velocity x Time

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ETS: Different parts

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ETS Different parts :

Distance = Velocity x Time

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ETS: Different parts

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ETS Different parts :

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ETS: Different parts

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ETS Different parts :

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Prism

Tripod

Prism Pole

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ETS: Different Types

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ETS can be classified into several types based on their functionality, accuracy, and application. Here are some common types of ETS:

1. Robotic Total Station: A robotic ETS is a fully automated instrument that can track targets and measure distances without human intervention.

2. Reflectorless Total Station: A reflectorless ETS can measure distances without the need for a reflector or prism.

3. Motorized Total Station: A motorized ETS has a motorized drive system that enables automatic measurement and tracking of targets.

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ETS: Different Types

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4. Manual Total Station: A manual ETS requires manual operation and measurement of angles and distances.

5. Laser Total Station: A laser ETS uses a laser beam to measure distances and angles.

6. GNSS-Integrated Total Station: A GNSS-integrated ETS combines GPS or other global navigation satellite system (GNSS) technology with traditional total station functionality.

7. Scanning Total Station: A scanning ETS uses a laser scanner to capture detailed 3D point clouds of the surrounding environment.

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ETS: Different Types

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8. Tracking Total Station: A tracking ETS is designed for tracking moving objects, such as aircraft or vehicles.

9. Hybrid Total Station: A hybrid ETS combines different measurement technologies, such as laser, GNSS, and inertial measurement, to provide a more comprehensive and accurate measurement solution.

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These types of ETS cater to various applications, including surveying, engineering, construction, and research.

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ETS: Accuricy

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Types of Accuracy:

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1. Angular Accuracy: The accuracy of angle measurements, typically expressed in seconds of arc (").

2. Distance Accuracy: The accuracy of distance measurements, typically expressed in millimeters (mm) or meters (m).

3. Positional Accuracy: The accuracy of the total station's position, typically expressed in millimeters (mm) or meters (m).

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ETS: Accuricy

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Factors Affecting Accuracy:

1. Instrument Quality: The quality of the total station instrument, including its optics, electronics, and mechanics.

2. Calibration: The accuracy of the total station's calibration, which affects its ability to measure angles and distances accurately.

3. Environmental Conditions: Weather conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure, can affect the accuracy of total station measurements.

4. User Error: Human error, such as incorrect setup or measurement procedures, can also affect the accuracy of total station measurements.

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ETS: Accuricy

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Typical Accuracy Values:

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1. Angular Accuracy: ±1-5" (±0.003-0.015°)

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2. Distance Accuracy: ±1-5 mm + 1-2 ppm (parts per million)

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3. Positional Accuracy: ±1-5 mm (±0.04-0.2 ft)

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ETS: Accuricy

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Accuracy Standards:

1. ISO 17123-3 (International Organization for Standardization): International standard for total station accuracy, which specifies requirements for angular and distance accuracy.

2. ASME B89.1.2 (American Society of Mechanical Engineers): American standard for total station accuracy, which specifies requirements for angular and distance accuracy.

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By understanding the factors that affect accuracy and following proper measurement procedures, users can achieve accurate results with their total station.

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ETS: ADVANTAGES

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Advantages of Electronic Total Station (ETS):

Improved Accuracy:

  1. Higher precision in angle and distance measurements.
  2. Reduced human error due to automated calculations.

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Increased Efficiency:

  1. Faster measurement and calculation times.
  2. Ability to measure multiple points quickly and accurately.
  3. Reduced setup and teardown times.

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ETS: ADVANTAGES

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Advantages of Electronic Total Station (ETS):

Enhanced Productivity:

  1. Ability to work in various environments, including day and night.
  2. Reduced need for manual calculations and data entry.
  3. Increased capacity for data storage and transfer.

Cost-Effective:

  1. Reduced labor costs due to increased efficiency.
  2. Lower equipment costs compared to traditional surveying methods.
  3. Reduced need for manual calculations and data entry.

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ETS: ADVANTAGES

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Advantages of Electronic Total Station (ETS) :

Improved Data Management:

1. Ability to store and transfer large amounts of data.

2. Automated data processing and calculation.

3. Reduced risk of data loss or corruption.

Versatility:

1. Ability to perform various surveying tasks, including topographic surveys, layout, and monitoring.

2. Compatibility with various software and hardware systems.

3. Ability to integrate with other surveying instruments and technologies.

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ETS: ADVANTAGES

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Advantages of Electronic Total Station (ETS):

Reduced Environmental Impact:

      • Reduced need for paper and manual data entry.
      • Lower energy consumption compared to traditional surveying methods.
      • Ability to work in environmentally sensitive areas with minimal disruption.

By utilizing an Electronic Total Station (ETS), surveyors and engineers can improve the accuracy, efficiency, and productivity of their work, while also reducing costs and environmental impact.

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ETS: DISADVANTAGE

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Some limitations and disadvantages. Here are some of the key drawbacks of ETS :

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High Initial Cost:

      • ETS instruments are typically more expensive than traditional surveying equipment.
      • The high upfront cost can be a barrier for some users, especially small-scale surveyors or individuals.

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ETS: DISADVANTAGE

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Some limitations and disadvantages. Here are some of the key drawbacks: (ETS):

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Complexity and Training Requirements:

      • ETS instruments require specialized training and expertise to operate effectively.
      • The complexity of the instrument can lead to errors if not used correctly.

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ETS: DISADVANTAGE

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Some limitations and disadvantages. Here are some of the key drawbacks: (ETS):

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Dependence on Electronics and Software:

      • ETS instruments rely on electronic components and software, which can be prone to errors or malfunctions.
      • Software updates or glitches can affect the instrument's performance.

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ETS: DISADVANTAGE

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Some limitations and disadvantages. Here are some of the key drawbacks: (ETS):

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Limited Battery Life:

      • ETS instruments require frequent battery replacements or recharging, which can interrupt work.
      • Limited battery life can be a challenge in remote or inaccessible areas.

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ETS: DISADVANTAGE

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Some limitations and disadvantages. Here are some of the key drawbacks: (ETS):

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Sensitivity to Environmental Factors:

      • ETS instruments can be sensitive to environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure.
      • These factors can affect the instrument's accuracy and reliability.

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ETS: DISADVANTAGE

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Some limitations and disadvantages. Here are some of the key drawbacks: (ETS):

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Risk of Data Loss or Corruption:

      • ETS instruments store data electronically, which can be lost or corrupted due to technical issues or user error.
      • Data loss or corruption can result in significant delays or financial losses.

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ETS: DISADVANTAGE

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Some limitations and disadvantages. Here are some of the key drawbacks: (ETS):

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Maintenance and Repair Requirements:

      • ETS instruments require regular maintenance and calibration to ensure accuracy and reliability.
      • Repair or replacement of damaged components can be time-consuming and costly.

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ETS: USES

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Some of the most common uses of ETS :

A) Surveying and Mapping

1. Topographic surveys: Create detailed maps of terrain, including contours, elevations, and features.

2. Boundary surveys: Establish property boundaries, determine land ownership, and resolve disputes.

3. Mapping: Create maps for urban planning, infrastructure development, and environmental studies.

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ETS: USES

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Some of the most common uses of ETS :

B) Construction and Engineering :

1. Layout: Establish reference points, grids, and coordinates for construction projects.

2. As-built surveys: Verify the accuracy of constructed features, such as buildings, roads, and bridges.

3. Monitoring: Track the movement and deformation of structures during construction and operation.

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ETS: USES

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Some of the most common uses of ETS :

C) Monitoring and Deformation Analysis:

1. Structural monitoring: Track the movement and deformation of buildings, bridges, and other structures.

2. Geotechnical monitoring: Monitor soil and rock movements, settlements, and stability.

3. Deformation analysis: Analyze the movement and deformation of structures and terrain.

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ETS: USES

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Some of the most common uses of ETS :

D) Geological and Environmental Studies:

1. Geological mapping: Create detailed maps of geological features, such as rock formations, faults, and folds.

2. Environmental monitoring: Track changes in terrain, land use, and natural resources.

3. Natural hazard assessment: Assess the risk of natural hazards, such as landslides, floods, and earthquakes.

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ETS: APPLICATIONS

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Some of the most significant applications of ETS :

1. Surveying and Mapping: ETS is used for topographic surveys, boundary surveys, and mapping applications.

2. Construction and Engineering: ETS is used for layout, as-built surveys, and monitoring of buildings, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure projects.

3. Geological and Environmental Studies: ETS is used for geological mapping, environmental monitoring, and natural hazard assessment.

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ETS: APPLICATIONS

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Some of the most significant applications of ETS :

4. Archaeological Surveys: ETS is used to document and preserve cultural heritage sites.

5. Forensic Surveys: ETS is used to gather evidence and reconstruct crime scenes.

6. Monitoring of Structures: ETS is used to monitor the movement and deformation of buildings, bridges, and other structures.

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ETS: APPLICATIONS

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Some of the most significant applications of ETS :

8. Geotechnical Engineering: ETS is used to monitor soil and rock movements, settlements, and stability.

9. Hydrographic Surveys: ETS is used to map and survey bodies of water, such as rivers, lakes, and coastlines.

10. Mining and Quarrying: ETS is used to survey and map mining and quarrying sites, monitor pit and quarry faces, and track changes in terrain.

11. Transportation Engineering: ETS is used to survey and map roads, highways, and other transportation infrastructure.

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ETS: APPLICATIONS

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Some of the most significant applications of ETS :

12. Urban Planning and Development: ETS is used to survey and map urban areas, track changes in land use, and monitor urban development.

13. Disaster Response and Recovery: ETS is used to assess damage, track changes in terrain, and monitor recovery efforts after natural disasters.

14. Environmental Monitoring: ETS is used to monitor changes in terrain, track land use changes, and assess environmental impact.

15. Research and Development: ETS is used in various research applications, such as geodesy, geophysics, and environmental science.

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ETS : Applications

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Application of ets in the various govt. Fields :

A) Infrastructure Development:

  1. Road Construction: ETS is used for surveying and stakeout of road alignments, ensuring accurate construction.
  2. Bridge Construction: ETS is used for surveying and monitoring the construction of bridges, ensuring accurate placement of structural components.
  3. Building Construction: ETS is used for surveying and stakeout of building foundations, walls, and other structural components.

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ETS : Applications

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Application of ets in the various govt. Fields :

B) Natural Resource Management:

  1. Forest Management: ETS is used for surveying and mapping of forest boundaries, ensuring accurate determination of forest areas.
  2. Land Registration: ETS is used for creating and updating land registration records, ensuring accurate and up-to-date information.
  3. Water Resource Management: ETS is used for surveying and monitoring of water resources, such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
  4. Environmental Monitoring: ETS is used for monitoring environmental changes, such as land degradation, soil erosion, and climate change.

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ETS : Applications

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Application of ets in the various govt. Fields :

C) Land Administration :

  1. Land Surveying: ETS is used for surveying and mapping of land boundaries, ensuring accurate determination of property lines.
  2. Land Registration: ETS is used for creating and updating land registration records, ensuring accurate and up-to-date information.
  3. Property Tax Mapping: ETS is used for creating and updating property tax maps, ensuring accurate assessment and taxation of properties.

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ETS : Applications

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Application of ets in the various govt. Fields :

D) Disaster Management :

  1. Disaster Response: ETS is used for rapid assessment of disaster damage, ensuring accurate determination of affected areas.Water Resource Management: ETS is used for surveying and monitoring of water resources, such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
  2. Disaster Recovery: ETS is used for monitoring and surveying of disaster-affected areas, ensuring accurate determination of recovery efforts.

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Application of ETS in the various govt. Fields :

E) Other Applications:

  1. Archaeological Surveying: ETS is used for surveying and mapping of archaeological sites, ensuring accurate determination of site boundaries and features.
  2. Mining Surveying: ETS is used for surveying and monitoring of mining activities, ensuring accurate determination of mine boundaries and features.
  3. Transportation Planning: ETS is used for surveying and mapping of transportation infrastructure, such as roads, highways, and railways.

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ETS: OPERATING PROCESS

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The operating process of an Electronic Total Station (ETS) typically involves the following steps:

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Pre-Operation Checks

1. Instrument inspection: Check the ETS for any damage or malfunction.

2. Battery check: Ensure the battery is fully charged or replace it if necessary.

3. Software check: Verify that the ETS software is up-to-date and functioning correctly.

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The operating process of an Electronic Total Station (ETS) typically involves the following steps:

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Setup and Leveling

1. Tripod setup: Set up the tripod and ensure it is level and stable.

2. Instrument mounting: Mount the ETS on the tripod and secure it.

3. Leveling: Level the ETS using the built-in leveling system.

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The operating process of an Electronic Total Station (ETS) typically involves the following steps:

Measurement Process

1. Target selection: Select the target point to be measured.

2. Distance measurement: Measure the distance to the target point using the ETS's distance measurement feature.

3. Angle measurement: Measure the horizontal and vertical angles to the target point.

4. Coordinate calculation: Calculate the coordinates of the target point using the measured distances and angles.

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The operating process of an Electronic Total Station (ETS) typically involves the following steps:

Data Management

1. Data storage: Store the measured data in the ETS's internal memory or on an external data storage device.

2. Data transfer: Transfer the measured data to a computer or other device for further processing and analysis.

3. Data analysis: Analyze the measured data using specialized software to extract relevant information and insights.

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The operating process of an Electronic Total Station (ETS) typically involves the following steps:

Post-Operation Checks

1. Instrument shutdown: Shut down the ETS and store it in a safe and secure location.

2. Battery maintenance: Maintain the battery according to the manufacturer's instructions to ensure optimal performance and longevity.

3. Software updates: Regularly update the ETS software to ensure access to the latest features and improvements.

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ETS OPARATION TECHNIQUE

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Leica ETS

TS-07

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Thank you

Presented by :

Bishwajit Rabha

Asst. Teacher (Modern Survey)

Assam Survey & Settlement Training Centre,

Assam,Ghy-40

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