Frog Dissection
Scientists believe �other vertebrates �evolved from BONY LOBE-FINNED fish�
Scientific American; Dec 2005; Vol 293; p100-107
Scientific American; Dec 2005; Vol 293; p100-107
AMPHIBIAN CHARACTERISTICS
Moist, thin skin without scales
Aquatic larva changes to terrestrial adult
Feet without claws
Respiration with gills, lungs, skin, mouth
Closed 2 loop circulation
Ectothermic (cold blooded)
Eggs without shells or multicellular membranes
http://users.erols.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/Vertebrates.html
http://www.spekulantenguide.de/gifs/salamanderw.jpg
http://users.erols.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/Vertebrates.html
http://www.spekulantenguide.de/gifs/salamanderw.jpg
FROG
LATIN meaning
KINGDOM _____________
PHYLUM ____________________________
SUBPHYLUM ___________________________
CLASS _______________________________
ORDER _____________________________
ANIMALIA
CHORDATA
VERTEBRATA “backbone”
AMPHIBIA “double life”
ANURA “without a tail”
Thin, moist skin – no scales
Mucous glands make it “slimy”
Camouflage- for protection
Some have poison glands
Thin, moist skin – no scales
Mucous glands make it “slimy”
Camouflage- for protection
Some have poison glands
http://www-binf.bio.uu.nl/dutilh/hall/kikkers.html
BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/snc2g1/frogresp.htm
ECTOTHERMIC�“cold blooded”
Body temperature is dependent on surrounding environment
http://www.vanscyoc.net/randy/garden/wildlife/image4.htm
HIBERNATION/ ESTIVATION
Images from:
http://www.enc.org/Classroom_Calendar/CC_Units/Unit_Images/185.jpg
http://www.reptilis.org/pyxi/image5.htm
FAT stored in FAT BODIES provides energy
Nictitating membrane
Nictitating membrane
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
NO CLAWS
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
EXIT OPENINGS
DIGESTIVE WASTE (feces) =
_________________
Shared EXCRETORY & REPRODUCTIVE EXIT =
_____________________________
(Urine & eggs or Urine & sperm)
ANUS
UROGENITAL PORE
EXIT OPENINGS
OPENING SHARED BY
EXCRETORY,
REPRODUCTIVE,
& DIGESTIVE =
______________
VENT
http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Amphibians.htm
What sex is it?
Images from:
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm
AMPLEXUS�“firm embrace”
Sperm and egg released @ same time and place
Increases chances of fertilization
Imagse from:
http://www.animationlibrary.com
http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology.htm
TONGUE attached at front not back like yours!
Imagse from:
http://www.animationlibrary.com
http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology.htm
Muscular
Back of throat
Pulls food into
digestive system
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
Muscular
Back of throat
Pulls food into
digestive system
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
Connect ears
to back of throat
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
GLOTTIS
Opening to
respiratory
GULLET
Opening to digestive
Images from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm
Images from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm
Image from; http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20� Laboratory/frog%20dissection/frog%20dissection_files/frame.htm
Females may have black & white eggs
Females may have black & white eggs
Image from; http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20� Laboratory/frog%20dissection/frog%20dissection_files/frame.htm
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
Pericardial membrane around heart
Mesentery holds intestines together
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
Mesentery holds intestines together
image from: http://www.manheimcentral.org/~tw005690/Frog/frog.htm
FAT BODIES
Store fat for energy during
Hibernation
Estivation
Breeding
Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
PYLORIC SPHINCTER
CONTROLS passage of food from stomach
into duodenum (intestine)
http://www.health.auckland.ac.nz/departments/neurophysiology/public/teaching/alimentary_lectures/datashow/1-overview/gfx/pylorus.jpg
Gall Bladder
Image from: http://school.discovery.com/quizzes6/muskopf/frog.html
STOMACH:
LIVER:
GALL BLADDER
Make acid and digestive enzymes
Start digestion (grind up food)
Make bile
Store glycogen
Store vitamins
Process toxins (including nitrogen waste) for kidneys
Store bile
PANCREAS
PANCREAS
Pancreas (enlarged)
PANCREAS:
Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON
TRYPSIN- breaks down proteins
INSULIN- tells cells to store glucose from
bloodstream as glycogen
GLUCAGON- tells cells to release stored
glucose to blood stream
SPLEEN
Produces and stores new RBC’s and processes old worn out ones
SMALL INTESTINE
DUODENUM
Receives trypsin and bile; finishes digestion
ILEUM
Absorbs nutrients
VILLI
Increase surface area
http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/Biog101_104/tutorials/frog.html
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/epithelium/wp_images/107%20villi.jpg
LARGE INTESTINE
Removes water from digestive waste;
concentrates feces
http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/frog/largeintestine.html
10 Body Systems :
___________________
Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells
Nitrogen waste has different chemical forms: �
___________ __________ _____________
MOST TOXIC made from LEAST TOXIC ammonia by needs the least� liver water to dilute
FISH HUMANS BIRDS, REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
EXCRETORY
AMMONIA
UREA
URIC ACID
ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME!
DIGESTIVE waste-�left over from undigested food�travels through digestive system
leaves through digestive system as feces
EXCRETORY waste- � (Also called NITROGEN WASTE)�made by cells from break down of proteins
travels through blood stream
leaves through excretory system as
ammonia, urea, or uric acid
Diagram by: Riedell
�
Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
KIDNEYS- Remove nitrogen waste from blood and dilute it with water to make urine; osmoregulation
URINARY BLADDER
http://www.manheimcentral.org/~tw005690/Frog/frog.htm
STORES URINE
MADE BY KIDNEYS
LARVAE (Tadpoles)
Excrete AMMONIA like fish
Adult frogs excrete
UREA to conserve water
CLOACA
DIGESTIVE
EXCRETORY
REPRODUCTIVE
LUNGS:
GAS�EXCHANGE
http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/frog/index.html
http://www.stclement.pvt.k12.il.us/studentWeb/science98/GarrittPatM/alveoli.gif
BREATHING WITH LUNGS is called PULMONARY RESPIRATION
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/snc2g1/frogresp.htm
Larvae breathe with GILLS
Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
OVARIES
Make eggs
Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
Carry eggs to cloaca
Add jelly coating
TESTES
MAKE SPERM
http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
TESTES KIDNEY
AMPLEXUS�“firm embrace”
INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT
Grow legs; Lose tail
2 chambers 🡪 3 chambers
1 loop 🡪 2 loops
Breathe w/ gills 🡪 lungs & skin
Excrete ammonia 🡪 excrete urea
(gills & kidneys) (kidneys)
http://saczoo.com/3_kids/images
Ways tadpoles are like fish
Have a LATERAL LINE
Breathe with gills
Excrete nitrogen waste as AMMONIA � (with gills & kidneys)
Have a 2 chamber heart
Have a 1 loop
circulatory system
HEART
3 chambered heart
Right atrium
Left atrium
Ventricle
Image from: http://www.digitalfrog.com/resources/froggallery.html
Images from: http://www2.volstate.edu/msd/BIO/1020/Lab7ChordateII.htm
ADULT FROG:
3 chamber heart
2 loop system
TADPOLES & FISH:� 2 chambered heart
1 loop system
MOST vertebrates have nuclei in their RBC’s
RBCs’ image from:� http://www.fish-news.com/RG4001.jpg
Human RBC image from:� http://www.nigms.nih.gov/moleculestomeds/images/bloodcells.gif
MAMMALS DON’T
Sinus
venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Conus
arteriosus
🡪
🡫
🡯
BODY�organs
🡨
🡭
GILLS
🡬
FISH CIRCULATION
Sinus
venosus
RIGHTAtrium
Ventricle
Conus
arteriosus
🡪
🡪
🡫
🡨
🡨
Lungs
Body�organs
LEFT�Atrium
🡫
🡯
🡯
🡩
🡭
🡭
🡩
🡨
🡨
FROG CIRCULATION
Sinus
venosus
RIGHTAtrium
Ventricle
Conus
arteriosus
🡪
🡪
🡫
🡨
🡨
Lungs
Body�organs
LEFT�Atrium
🡫
🡯
🡯
🡩
🡭
🡭
🡩
🡨
🡨
FROG CIRCULATION
BRAIN
http://www.manheimcentral.org/~tw005690/Frog/frog.htm