CLASS IX �CHAPTER 15 �IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES Part -2

MRS RAGINI BHATT

JNV SHYAMPUR , SEHORE

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IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES

Crops

Animal

husbandry

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Animal Husbandry

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Animal husbandry is the scientific management of animal livestock.

It includes various aspects such as feeding, breeding and disease control.

Cattle Farming

CATTLE FARMING

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Cattle husbandry is done for two purposes—

• Milk(Milk-producing females are called Milch Animals or dairy animals

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• Draught labour for agricultural work such as tilling, irrigation and carting. (by draught animals.)

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Indian cattle belong to two different species-

Bos indicus, cows, & Bos bubalis, buffaloes.

����Milch animals (dairy animals), �

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Cross breeding

Milk production depends, to some extent, on the duration of the lactation period, meaning the period of milk production after the birth of a calf.

Milk production can be increased by increasing the lactation period.

Exotic or foreign breeds (Jersey, Brown Swiss)

Show long lactation periods

Local breeds ( Red

Sindhi, Sahiwal) show excellent Resistance to

diseases.

Desired Qualities

Hybridization

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Exotic or foreign breeds (Jersey, Brown Swiss )

Local breeds (Red Sindhi, Sahiwal).

Cross-breeding will give qualities of both.

Sindhi

Excellent resistance to diseases.

Jersey

Long lactation periods

Excellent resistance to diseases & Long lactation periods

Food requirements

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The food requirements of dairy animals are of two types:

• Maintenance requirement- to live a healthy life
• Milk producing requirement- requirement during lactation period.

Animal feed includes:

• Roughage which is largely fibre
• Concentrates- low in fibre and contain high levels of proteins and other nutrients.
• Additives containing micronutrients promote the health and milk output of dairy animals

Animal shelter

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Proper cleaning and shelter facilities for cattles are required for humane farming, for the health of the animals and for production of clean milk as well.

Animals require

• regular brushing to remove dirt and loose hair.
• well-ventilated roofed sheds that protect them from rain, heat and cold.
• sloping floor of cattle shed to stay dry and to facilitate cleaning.

Cattle diseases

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Worms affect stomach and intestine while Flukes damage liver.

Vaccinations is essential against major viral and bacterial diseases.

Poultry Farming

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Poultry Farming

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Poultry farming is undertaken to raise domestic fowl for egg production(layers) and chicken Meat(broilers).

Cross breeding

Egg & broiler production

Poultry diseases

Cross breeding

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Variety improvement for desirable traits—

1. number and quality of chicks.
2. dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick production.
3. summer adaptation capacity/ tolerance to high temperature.
4. low maintenance requirements.
5. reduction in the size of the egg-laying bird with ability to utilize more fibrous cheaper diets formulated using agricultural by-products.

Indian- indegenous

Eg Aseel

Foreign- exotic

Eg-Leghorn) breeds

X

Crossed

Egg & Broiler production

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• Broiler chickens are fed with vitamin-rich supplementary feed for good growth rate & better feed efficiency.
• Care is taken to avoid mortality and to maintain feathering and carcass quality.
• Daily food requirement -protein rich with adequate fat & level of vitamins A and K is kept high in the poultry feeds.

Good production of Poultry birds

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• Maintenance of temperature and hygienic conditions in housing
• Poultry feed, as well as prevention and control of diseases and pests.

Poultry diseases

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Causes of diseases

• Virus
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Parasites
• Nutritional deficiencies..

Prevention techniques to reduce loss of poultry

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• Cleaning
• Sanitation
• Appropriate
• Vaccination
• spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals

Indian varieties

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At ICAR Directorate of poultry research

Fish production

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Fish production

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There are two ways of obtaining fish.

One is from natural resources, which is called

Capture fishing.

Commercially raising fishes in tanks is called

Culture fishery.

Sources to obtain fish

MARINE FISHERIES

(ii) INLAND FISHERIES

�MARINE FISHERIES�

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Popular marine fish varieties

• Pomphret
• Mackerel
• Tuna
• Sardines,
• Bombay duck

Marine fish are caught using many kinds of fishing nets from fishing boats.

Yields are increased by locating large schools of fish in the open sea using satellites and echo-sounders.

High economic value fishes

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Fish of high economic value & sea food

• Finned fishes like mullets
• Bhetki
• Pearl spots
• Shellfish
• Prawns
• Mussels
• Oysters
• Seaweed

Peneaus monodon

(marine)

Mariculture

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Culturing raising marine fishes in enclosed portion of ocean or culture fisheries, a practice called mariculture.

INLAND FISHERIES- Aquaculture

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Fresh water resources

• Canals
• Ponds
• Reservoirs
• Rivers.

Fish culture is sometimes done in combination with a rice crop, so that fish are

grown in the water in the paddy field.

Brackish water resources

- seawater and fresh water mix

• Estuaries
• lagoons

Composite fish culture

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A combination of five or six fish species -in a single pond.

• These species -do not compete for food among them
• have different types of food habits
• As a result, the food available in all the parts of the pond is used.
• Increase fish yield

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Problems of Composite fish culture

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Most of the fish breed only during monsoon. Even if fish seed is collected from the wild, it can be mixed with other species. So, a major problem in fish farming is the lack of availability of good quality seed.

Solution for Composite fish culture

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Breed these fish in ponds using hormonal stimulation. This has ensured the supply of pure fish seed in desired quantities.

Bee keeping

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Bee Keeping -Honey Production

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Benefits

• Bee-keeping needs low investments
• Farmers use it as an additional income generating activity.
• In addition to honey, the beehives are a source of wax which is used in various medicinal preparations

Bee varieties

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Varieties of bees

Local

1.Apis cerana indica, -Indian bee

2 Apis Dorsata- Rock bee

3.Apis florae- Little bee

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An Italian bee variety

1.Apis mellifera- High yield variety and is used for commercial honey production.

For commercial honey production, bee farms or apiaries are established.

Honey Quality

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The value or quality & taste of honey depends upon

1. Pasturage, or the flowers available to the bees for nectar and pollen collection.

2. Adequate quantity of pasturage

3.Kind of flowers available will determine the taste of the honey.

Summary on finger tips – Animal Husbandry

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Thank you

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Please visit the site of National Bee Board --https://nbb.gov.in/ to know more about the recent developments in Bee keeping.

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