ANATOMY- AN OVERVIEW

Presented By - Jeet Ghosh

(Resource person- Healthcare sector)

• Anatomy – the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts & their relationships to one another. The term anatomy comes from the Greek words meaning to cut (tomy) apart ( ana) .
• Gross anatomy( macroscopic anatomy) – the study of large, easily observable structures (by naked eye), such as the heart or bone.
• Microscopic anatomy (cytology, histology) – the study of very small structures, where a magnifying lens or microscope is needed.

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Levels of Structural Organization

The human body exhibits 6 levels of structural complexity :

1- Chemical level , the simplest level of structural ladder .At this level atoms combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, & proteins

2- Cellular level the smallest units of living things .

3- Tissue level , groups of similar cells that have a common function (4 basic types)

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4- Organ level, an organ is a structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that performs a specific function .

5- Organ System is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose (each organ has its own job to do)

6- Organismal level , represents the highest level of structural organization( total of 11 organ systems)

�Body systems:The human body has 11 systems�1-INTEGUMENTARY

ORGANS

• Skin

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FUNCTIONS

• Waterproofs, cushions, protects deeper tissue
• Excretes salts & urea; pain, pressure
• Regulates body temp; synthesize vitamin D

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2-SKELETAL

ORGANS

• Bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints

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FUNCTIONS

• Protects & supports body organs
• Framework for muscles & movement
• Hematopoiesis; store minerals

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3- MUSCULAR

ORGANS

• Skeletal muscle (attached to bone)

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FUNCTIONS

• Contraction & mobility (locomotion)
• Facial expression, posture
• Produce body heat

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4- NERVOUS

ORGANS

• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory receptors

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FUNCTIONS

• Fast-acting central control system
• Responds to external/internal stimuli via nerve impulses (electrical messages)

5- ENDOCRINE

ORGANS

• Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes…..etc.

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FUNCTIONS

• Slow -acting control system
• Glands produce hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism,…. etc.

6- Circulatory

ORGANS

• Heart, blood vessels, capillaries &blood

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FUNCTIONS

• Carries O₂ nutrients, hormones, & other substances to and from tissue cells
• White blood cells protect against bacteria, toxins, tumors

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7- LYMPHATIC

ORGANS

• Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

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FUNCTIONS

• Complements circulatory system by returning leaked fluid back to blood vessels
• Cleanses the blood; involved in immunity

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8- RESPIRATORY

ORGANS

• Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs

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FUNCTIONS

• Keeps blood supplied with O₂ & removes CO₂
• Carries out gas exchanges through air sacs in lungs

9- DIGESTIVE

ORGANS

• Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus (liver & pancreas)

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FUNCTIONS

• Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood; indigestible food eliminated as feces

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10- URINARY (EXCRETORY)

ORGANS

• Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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FUNCTIONS

• Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body (urea & uric acid)
• Regulates water, electrolytes, & acid-base balance of the blood

11- REPRODUCTIVE

ORGANS

• Male
• Seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, vas deferens, testis, scrotum
• Female
• Ovaries, mammary glands, uterus, vagina, uterine tube

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FUNCTIONS

• Primary function for both sexes is to produce offspring
• Male – testes produce sperm & male sex hormones
• Female – ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormones; mammary glands for nourishment

Maintaining Life �I-Necessary Life Functions :   All living organisms carry out certain vital functional activities necessary for life, including : �1-Maintenance of boundaries: Every living organism must maintain its inside distinct from outside.

-All the cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane.

-The body as a whole is enclosed and protected by the integumentary system, or skin, which protects our internal organs from drying out, bacteria, heat, sunlight, and chemicals .�

2-Movement :

-It includes the activities promoted by the muscular system , the skeletal system provides the bony framework that the muscles pull on as they work.

-Movement also occurs when substances such as blood, foodstuffs, and urine are propelled through internal organs .

- On the cellular level, the muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening is more precisely called contractility.

4-Digestion :is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. The nutrient-rich blood is then distributed to all body cells by the cardiovascular system.

In a simple, one-celled organism such as an amoeba, the cell itself is the “digestion factory,” but in the multicellular human body, the digestive system performs this function for the entire body.��

5- Metabolism is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (catabolism), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances (anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce (via cellular respiration) ATP, that power cellular activities.

Metabolism depends on the digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to be distributed throughout the body. Metabolism is regulated largely by hormones secreted by endocrine system glands.��

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