S.2 Remedial Classes
Lesson 1 - Introduction, and the basics of a sentence
Anonymous Question Form
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How does one start learning English?
In fact, experiencing english is the best way.
There are already many method of learning English in our daily lifes.
- Watch YouTube videos in English
informational videos
gaming
mathematics
In fact, experiencing english is the best way.
- Change language settings to English whenever possible
In fact, experiencing english is the best way.
- Even social media might help…
So, what is a sentence?
The basic components of a sentence consist of 3 things:
Therefore, the most basic a sentence can get is 3 words.
Subject + Verb + Object
For example: He likes baseball.
In this sentence,
Subject - They
Verb - Bribed
Object - her
A little bit more complex, but still a simple sentence
Example: I go to school by bus.
subject
verb
object
preposition
phrase
Preposition Pharse: Used to add more information in your sentence
These include: ‘by’, ‘for’, ‘with’, ‘in’
There are more complex sentrence structures.
Compound Sentence - 2 independent clauses linked together by a comma or the word ‘and/but’
- I made this slide at 6p.m., and played osu! at 10p.m..
Complex Sentence - 1 independent clause and 1 dependpent clause, meaning the 2 clauses have some sort of relation.
- He likes basketball, but he is never good at it.
For more information: https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/sentencestructure
Exercise 1: Is this a complete sentence?
There will be 3 questions in total. Some of them will be complete sentences, while others will have some parts missing.
You need to identify:
Note: ignore the punctuations.
Exercise 1: Question 1
For Context, Sylent_ is a username.
Yes, this is a complete sentence, where
Subject - Sylent_
Verb - has blessed
Object - us
Preposition Phrase - with lobby reskin
Exercise 1: Question 2
This is not a complete sentence.
Exercise 1: Question 3
This is a complete sentence.
Subject: I
Verb: have seen
Object: god
A quick review on grammar items learned this year
List of items learned this year:
- Past Perfect
- Present Perfect Continuous
- Present Perfect
- Comparative and Superlative adjectives
- Report Statements and Questions
- Conditionals
Tangent: Past Participles
The past participle is a verb form that is typically used in combination with an auxiliary verb to form certain verb tenses.
For many verbs, the past participle formed by adding "-ed" or "-d" to the base form of a regular verb, which is the same as the simple past form of the verb (e.g., The past participle of ‘Walk’ is ‘Walked’, which is the same as simple past).
Tangent: Past Participles
However, irregular verbs have unique past participle forms that do not follow this pattern (e.g., The past participle of ‘go’ is ‘gone’, while the simple past is ‘went’).
Tangent: Past Participles
How do we know what are the
past participles of irregular verbs?
ChatGPT answer:
Exercise 2: The forms of verb
Fill in the following table with the simple persent, simple past, and the past participle forms of the same verb.
The first column is simple present.
The second column is simple past.
The third column is past participle.
Have | Had | Had |
Fall | Fell | Fallen |
Know | Knew | Known |
Dry | Dried | Dried |
Drive | Drove | Driven |
Hunt | Hunted | Hunted |
Freeze | Froze | Frozen |
Catch | Caught | Caught |
Come | Came | Come |
Program | Programmed | Programmed |
Simple Present Simple Past Past Participle
Present Perfect Tense
We use the present perfect for something that started in the past and �continues in the present / has an effect in the present.
We use the present tense of ‘have’ and the past participle of a verb.
Present Perfect Tense
Example:
Nefertima arrived before this moment of time, and she is still here at the time of speaking
Present Perfect Tense
We can also use present perfect tense to talk about experience up to the present.
- I have read Harry Potter before.
simply refers you read the book at some point in the past.
For negative forms, we use ‘never’ inbetween ‘have’ and the verb
- I have never gone to Africa in my whole life.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Similar to Present Perfect Tense, Present Perfect Continuous Tense is also used to describe an action that started in the past, and continued to the present.
We use ‘has/have been’ + present participle for the tense.
Example: I have been working on the presentation for 3 hours.
What is the different between the two tenses?
For Present Perfect Tense, we are not entirely sure if the action is still currently being done.
While for Present Perfect Continuous tense, it is certainly still ongoing at the time of speaking.
Take the previous sentence as example
Present Perfect:
I have worked on the slides for 3 hours.
This means that I have, at some point in the past, spent 3 hours on the slides.
Present Perfect Continuous:
I have been working on the slides for 3 hours.
This means that I have just spent 3 hours working, and is still working now.
Exercise 3
Should the following sentences use Present Perfect Tense or Present Perfect Continuous Tense?
Below are a few sentences, you should select the correct answer.
Exercise 3
1. She has finished / has been finishing her homework, so she is relaxing now.
2. They have worked / have been working on the project for weeks, it is almost done.
3. She has studied / has been studying for the exam all day, and she is still going through her mathematics.
4. In this alternate universe, humanity has declined / has been declining, due to the decreased birth rate, to the point they lost control of most of the planet’s land.
5. I have seen / have been seeing that movie before.
6. I have waited / have been waiting for the bus since morning.
Exercise 3 - Answers
1. She has finished / has been finishing her homework, so she is relaxing now.
2. They have worked / have been working on the project for weeks, it is almost done.
3. She has studied / has been studying for the exam all day, and she is still going through her mathematics.
4. In this alternate universe, humanity has declined / has been declining, due to the decreased birth rate, to the point they lost control of most of the planet’s land.
5. I have seen / have been seeing that movie before.
6. I have waited / have been waiting for the bus since morning.
Past Perfect Tense
We use the past perfect tense (had + past participle) to talk about time up to a certain point in the past.
For example:
He had played the trumpet for 30 minutes when I entered the room.
Past Perfect Tense
Two events must happen in order to use past perfect tense. If there is only 1 event, we use simple past tense instead.
- She slept last night at 11p.m. (not ‘She had slept’)
(only 1 event happened, so we do not use past perfect)
Conditional Sentences (Type 0)
Type 0 conditional sentences describe factual things.
Structure: ‘If <persent simple>, <present simple>’
‘If ice melts, it becomes liquid water.’
Conditional Sentence (Type 0)
Perhaps a more
relatable example…
Conditional Sentence (Type 1)
Type 1 is used to express real or possible situations in the future.
Structure - ‘If <simple present>, <future simple>’
example ->
Conditional Sentence (Type 1)
An example that is simply
a statement
Conditional Sentences (Type 2)
Type 2 is used for describing unlikely situations in the present or future.
Structure - ‘If <past simple>, would/could/might + base form’
Example: ‘If I had a billion dollars, I would buy more things.’
Conditional Sentence (Type 2)
Additional
example:
Conditional Sentences (Type 3)
Type 3 is used to describe unrealized or hypothetical situations. These situations can no longer be achieved no matter what you tried.
Structure: ‘If <past perfect>, would/could/might + have + past participle’
Conditional Sentence (Type 3)
Example: If Nijika had not reached out to Bocchi, Bocchi might have been alone in her high school years.
Conditional Sentence (Type 3)
An actual example
Conditional Sentence
Do be noted that although the structures are the general guidelines, there can be some variations.
For example, this is also a type 1
conditional sentence.
Exercise 4
Below are some situations, you have to identify which type of conditional sentence it used, and whether it is the correct usage or not. If not, which type of conditional sentence should it use instead?
Reminder:
Type 0 - facts
Type 1 - likely events, or future reality
Type 2 - unlikely events
Type 3 - impossible events
Exercise 4
Question 1 - ‘If I had got enough money, I would have opened a store.’
Type 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 conditional is used.
Exercise 4
Question 1 - ‘If I had got enough money, I would have opened a store.’
Type 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 conditional is used.
The type usage is incorrect as it might be possible to earn enough to open a store in the future. It is not necessarily an impossible event.
Type 2 conditional should be used instead.
(i.e. ‘If I got enough money, I would open a store.’)
Exercise 4
Question 2 - ‘If you get good grades, you will be able to select your favourite subjects for your senior secondary study.’
Type 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 conditional is used.
Exercise 4
Question 2 - ‘If you get good grades, you will be able to select your favourite subjects for your senior secondary study.’
Type 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 conditional is used.
The type usage is correct since it is a real event in the future after you achieve a good grade.
Exercise 4
Question 3 - ‘If it rains, the floor gets wet.’
Type 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 conditional is used.
Exercise 4
Question 3 - ‘If it rains, the floor gets wet.’
Type 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 conditional is used.
The type usage is correct as it is a commonly known fact.
Exercise 4
Question 4 - ‘If she had left earlier, she wouldn’t have missed the train’
Type 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 conditional is used.
Exercise 4
Question 4 - ‘If she had left earlier, she wouldn’t have missed the train’
Type 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 conditional is used.
The type usage is correct, since the train left the station before she arrived at the station, so it is not possible for the same train to return to the station.
Exercise 4
Question 5 - ‘If I knew you were coming, I would bake cookies for you.’’
Type 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 conditional is used.
Exercise 4
Question 5 - ‘If I knew you were coming, I would bake cookies for you.’
Type 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 conditional is used.
The type usage is incorrect. Since ‘you’ have already arrived, it is not possible for ‘I’ to know that ‘you’ were coming anymore.
Type 3 conditional should be used instead.
(i.e. ‘If I had known you were cooking, I would have baked cookies for you.’)
The End
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