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Ungrading

on the CUNY Academic Commons

Laurie Hurson

April 27, 2022

Open & Digital Pedagogy Wednesday Workshops

http://cuny.is/ungradingodp

Slides were created by Laurie Hurson with remixed content from Lindsey Albracht. Slides and are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

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Workshop

Overview

Free Write & Discussion of grading

Research on Grading

Intro to Ungrading

Ungrading Practices & Examples

Assessment Model & Examples

Reflect on our own Practices

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Free Write

Why do you grade?

What is the purpose of assessment for you as an educator? How does this compare to grading?

How does your assessment or grading method reflect your values as an educator?

Have you ever tried any kind of “ungrading”? What might happen if you graded less?

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Reasons for Grading & Purpose of Assessment

Grades are required

Students expect to be graded

Foster student motivation and interest

Communicate with students and give feedback

Certification, or to demonstrate proficiency, rigor

What else?

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Research on Grades shows…

  • When students are graded they:
    • avoid taking risks
    • think less deeply, creatively
    • lose interest in learning itself. (Kohn, 2006)
  • Extrinsic reward (such as a grade) reduces intrinsic interest. (Bain, 2004)
  • Performance declines partly due to the sense of being controlled by others (Bain, 2004)
  • Focus on GPA and easier classes (Blum, 2020)

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Grades…

  • Don’t truly motivate students
  • Instill fear of risk taking
  • Foster competitiveness over collaboration
  • Encourage a focus on schooling over learning
  • Not good markers of learning, providing info
    • Grades ≠ feedback
    • Don't reflect idiosyncratic, subjective, emotional character of learning

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Introducing: “Ungrading

  • Challenge the “deficit model” of education (Davidson, 2018)
    • Instructor no longer external judge who rewards or punishes student success
  • Shift the focus of evaluation from standardized performance to individual student growth
    • Encourage the student to reflect on their own goals, interests, and self-evaluate
  • Goal → to encourage and foster intrinsic, not extrinsic, motivation
    • Sage on the stage vs. Guide on the side
    • Start by trusting our students!

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“Think about your students as people who are learning things for purposes.

If they are not learning for a grade, why else are they learning?”

- Susan Blum

Author of Ungrading: Why Rating Students

Undermines Learning (and What to Do Instead)

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What is “ungrading”?

  • An ensemble of practices…
  • An ongoing process, not a static set of practices
  • Rubrics or points
  • Contract grading, Syllabus as a contract
  • “All-feedback-no-grades”
  • “Do-review-redo”
  • Process over product, Portfolios
  • Student-generated and or self assessment
  • Meetings, check-ins, discussions about progress

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Ungrading: a series of practices

Grade less stuff, grade less often, grade more simply Create space for discovery and experimentation. Use a grading scale that feels less arbitrary Ask students to do work that you don't "collect."

Change how you talk about assessment: Use words like "ask" or "invite," rather than "submit" or "required." Ask students about their expectations for their work, rather than centering yours.

Invite students to a conversation about grades: Ask students how being graded makes them feel, how it affects their motivation.

Ask students to reflect on their own learning: Even if you change nothing else about how you grade, ask students when and how they learn. Ask what barriers they face. Listen. Believe the answers.

Decenter grading: Talk about what the goals are for reading, writing, discussion, research and projects.

Emphasize the entire portfolio: Engage in activities, reflection, conversation, writing, and wondering. At the end, we can assess the entire experience.

Have students develop an individual plan: Have students figure out how a class fits with their own lives, course of study and interests. Try to meet with every student to talk through preparedness, what they are eager to learn or do, and what causes apprehension.

Encourage self-evaluation: Have students develop honest standards and self-scrutiny. Every assignment is accompanied by students’ written self-assessment of their work.

Conduct portfolio conferences: End the semester with a portfolio conference. The goal is to show them their learning, by comparing their early and later understanding, a chance to review the material and suggest their own grade.

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Grade less stuff, less often, more simply

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Grade less stuff, less often, more simply

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Change how you talk about assessment & Emphasize the entire portfolio

Intro to American Government: https://sp21pol51.commons.gc.cuny.edu/

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Change how you talk about assessment & Emphasize the entire portfolio

Intro to American Government: https://sp21pol51.commons.gc.cuny.edu/

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Decenter Grading

Survey of American Literature: https://americanlit307.commons.gc.cuny.edu/

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Invite students to a conversation about grades

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Ask students to reflect on their own learning & Encourage self-evaluation

Intro to American Government: https://sp21pol51.commons.gc.cuny.edu/

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Think of one of your own assignments…

What are your learning objectives for this assignment?

Will the form of assessment work for students who might have different goals or interests than those you have in mind?

What about students who may need to complete the assignment different way than the assessment you’ve set up?

What changes could you make to this assignment?

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Ungrading: a series of practices

Grade less stuff, grade less often, grade more simply Create space for discovery and experimentation. Use a grading scale that feels less arbitrary Ask students to do work that you don't "collect."

Change how you talk about assessment: Use words like "ask" or "invite," rather than "submit" or "required." Ask students about their expectations for their work, rather than centering yours.

Invite students to a conversation about grades: Ask students how being graded makes them feel, how it affects their motivation.

Ask students to reflect on their own learning: Even if you change nothing else about how you grade, ask students when and how they learn. Ask what barriers they face. Listen. Believe the answers.

Decenter grading: Talk about what the goals are for reading, writing, discussion, research and projects.

Emphasize the entire portfolio: Engage in activities, reflection, conversation, writing, and wondering. At the end, we can assess the entire experience.

Have students develop an individual plan: Have students figure out how a class fits with their own lives, course of study and interests. Try to meet with every student to talk through preparedness, what they are eager to learn or do, and what causes apprehension.

Encourage self-evaluation: Have students develop honest standards and self-scrutiny. Every assignment is accompanied by students’ written self-assessment of their work.

Conduct portfolio conferences: End the semester with a portfolio conference. The goal is to show them their learning, by comparing their early and later understanding, a chance to review the material and suggest their own grade.

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Alternative Assessment Models

Minimal Grading: Using scales with fewer gradations to make grading “simpler, fairer, clearer” (Elbow)

Self-assessment & Process Letters: Asking students to reflect on their work and offer feedback on those reflections. Students help guide the grading of their own work.

Authentic Assessment: Having students write for real-world audiences, focusing on their intrinsic motivations

Labor-Based & Contract Grading: Grading contracts convey expectations about what is required for each potential grade. Students work toward the grade they want to achieve, and goalposts don’t unexpectedly shift.

Student-generated Assessment: drawing students into the design of assignments / assessments

Source: Stommel “Ungrading: an Introduction

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Alternative Assessment Models

Minimal Grading: Using scales with fewer gradations to make grading “simpler, fairer, clearer” (Elbow)

Self-assessment & Process Letters: Asking students to reflect on their work and offer feedback on those reflections. Students help guide the grading of their own work.

Authentic Assessment: Having students write for real-world audiences, focusing on their intrinsic motivations

Labor-Based & Contract Grading: Grading contracts convey expectations about what is required for each potential grade. Students work toward the grade they want to achieve, and goalposts don’t unexpectedly shift.

Student-generated Assessment: drawing students into the design of assignments / assessments

Source: Stommel “Ungrading: an Introduction

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Minimal Grading & Self Assessment

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Students’ Self-assessment & Instructor Feedback

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Alternative Assessment Models

Minimal Grading: Using scales with fewer gradations to make grading “simpler, fairer, clearer” (Elbow)

Self-assessment & Process Letters: Asking students to reflect on their work and offer feedback on those reflections. Students help guide the grading of their own work.

Authentic Assessment: Having students write for real-world audiences, focusing on their intrinsic motivations

Student-generated Assessment: drawing students into the design of assignments / assessments

Labor-Based & Contract Grading: Grading contracts convey expectations about what is required for each potential grade. Students work toward the grade they want to achieve, and goalposts don’t unexpectedly shift.

Source: Stommel “Ungrading: an Introduction

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Authentic Assessment

Intro to American Government: https://sp21pol51.commons.gc.cuny.edu/

Examples of authentic tasks:

  • A business plan and a pitch presentation
  • A student-organized conference or symposium
  • A concert or a recital
  • Applying theories of learning when students do live observations of students / teachers
  • Producing a podcast, a website, a film review, a comic strip, etc. for a defined public audience

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Authentic Assessment

Examples of authentic tasks:

  • A business plan and a pitch presentation
  • A student-organized conference or symposium
  • A concert or a recital
  • Applying theories of learning when students do live observations of students / teachers
  • Producing a podcast, a website, a film review, a comic strip, etc. for a defined public audience

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Student Generated Assessment

Intro to American Government: https://sp21pol51.commons.gc.cuny.edu/

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Questions about Inclusivity and Access

  • What were my learning objectives for this assignment? Is this form of assessment hostile to students who might have or need different objectives, or need to get there in a different way than the one I’ve required through this form of assessment?
  • Is this syllabus/lesson/assignment/assessment method etc. inviting or excluding for students with extreme anxiety? depression? difficulty focusing? With PTSD? With varying ranges of social needs and comforts?
  • Am I casually using words like “crazy” or expressions like “off their meds” in class, or not addressing it when students do?

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Alternative Assessment Models

Minimal Grading: Using scales with fewer gradations to make grading “simpler, fairer, clearer” (Elbow)

Self-assessment & Process Letters: Asking students to reflect on their work and offer feedback on those reflections. Students help guide the grading of their own work.

Authentic Assessment: Having students write for real-world audiences, focusing on their intrinsic motivations

Student-generated Assessment: drawing students into the design of assignments / assessments

Labor-Based & Contract Grading: Grading contracts convey expectations about what is required for each potential grade. Students work toward the grade they want to achieve, and goalposts don’t unexpectedly shift.

Source: Stommel “Ungrading: an Introduction

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Labor-Based & Contract Grading

Inoue, 2017

Elbow & Danielewicz, 2008

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Labor-Based & Contract Grading

Albracht, 2021

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Drawbacks of Labor-Based & Contract Grading

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Labor-Based & Contract Grading

Ozment, 2022

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#Ungrading

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Presentation Sources

Sources and Research on Grades & Ungrading

Commons Examples

Contract Grading Examples

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Other resources

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“Think about your students as people who are learning things for purposes.

If they are not learning for a grade, why else are they learning?”

- Susan Blum

Author of Ungrading: Why Rating Students

Undermines Learning (and What to Do Instead)

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Questions to ask when Framing Assessment as a Process

  • What are two things I’d like to commit to doing differently in my assessment practices moving forward?
  • How can I open up the syllabus/expectations/assignments to welcome more ways of learning and engaging?
  • What types of learning styles and needs am I welcoming in my class? Which am I excluding?
  • Do my attendance and participation requirements exclude or alienate students for whom interacting in particular ways is extremely burdensome?
  • Am I proactive, rather than reactive, about providing multiple modes of engagement with the course?
  • What were my learning objectives for this assignment? Is this form of assessment hostile to students who might have or need different objectives, or need to get there in a different way than the one I’ve required through this form of assessment?
  • What assumptions do I make when a student sleeps in class? Or when they tell me they are sick? Or when a student is on their phone/computer in class?

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Ungrading & Building Trust

  • What do I assume when my student tells me they’re sick? How might an ethos of trusting students when they say they cannot complete something on time or simply do not come to class alter my assessment methods and the diversity of ways that I offer students to engage in coursework?
  • What assumptions do I make when a student sleeps in class? When a student is on their phone/computer in class? When a student gets up and leaves multiple times during class?

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Cheating & Rigor

  • Survey of 150,000 students showed that "between 60 to 70 percent of respondents admitted cheating." (McCabe, 2009 in Stommel, 2011 )
  • “It’s time we recognize ‘rigor’ for the exclusionary concept that it is and for the preferential practices it usually promotes” (Jack & Sathy, 2021)
  • “Rigorous” approaches privilege students who already have high academic literacy or who are already adept at managing higher education’s unofficial rules, routines, and structures — also known as the hidden curriculum (Uva, 2021)

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Ungrading: An umbrella term that encompasses a series of practices

Grade less stuff, grade less often, grade more simply: Create space in your course for discovery and experimentation. Use a grading scale that feels less arbitrary and communicates more clearly to students. Ask students to do work that you don't "collect."

Change how you talk about assessment: Ungrading works best as part of a holistic pedagogical practice. Use words like "ask" or "invite," rather than "submit" or "required." Ask students about their expectations for their work, rather than centering yours.

Ask students to reflect on their own learning: Even if you change nothing else about how you grade, ask students when and how they learn. Ask what barriers they face. Listen. Believe the answers.

Invite students to a conversation about grades: Ask students how being graded makes them feel, how it affects their motivation.

Decenter grading: Talk about what the goals are for reading, writing, discussion, research and projects.

Emphasize the entire portfolio: Engage in activities, reflection, conversation, writing, and wondering. At the end, we can assess the entire experience.

Have students develop an individual plan: Have students figure out how a class fits with their own lives, course of study and interests. Try to meet with every student early in the semester and again midway through to talk preparedness, what they are eager to learn or do, and what causes apprehension or even dread.

Encourage self-evaluation: Have students to develop honest standards and self-scrutiny. Every assignment is accompanied by students’ written self-assessment of their work.

Conduct portfolio conferences: End the semester with a portfolio conference. The goal is to show them their learning, by comparing their early and later understanding, a chance to review the material and suggest their own grade.