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Internet of Things

Embedded System: An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system which is designed to perform specific task.

OR

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed in capability or programmable, designed for a specific function or functions within a larger system.

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Embedded System Concept

  1. An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based ,software driven, reliable, real-time control system which is designed to perform specific task.
  2. It may be either independent or part of larger system.
  3. It consist of input device, microcontroller and output device.
  4. An embedded device contains few or all the peripherals inside the module which is called as SOC(System on chip).

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Purpose of embedded system

An embedded system is used in many domain areas such as

consumer electronics,

home automation,

telecommunication automotive industries, healthcare,

control and instrumentation,

banking application ,

military application etc.

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  1. Data collection/storage/ represenation.
  2. Data communication in Embedded System.

Bluetooth,zigbee, WI-FI,GPRS(General package readio service) ,edge or wired media such as RS232,USB,TCP/IP,PC2,FIREWIRE PORT,SPI,CAN.

3. Data processing.

4. Monitoring the performance/operation of embedded system. ECG(Electro Cardiogram-to monitor heartbeat of the patient)

5. Control embedded system.Air conditioning system used to control room temperature.

6. Application specific user’s interface.Comes with keyboard,buttons,display, light,bell etc.

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Architecture of embedded system

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  • Types of IOT sensors:
  • 1. Temperature sensor :To measure the amount of heat energy generated from an object or surrounding. They find application in air-conditions, refrigerators, and similar devices used for environemn tal control. Temperature sensors include thermocouples, thermistors, resistor temperature detectors (RTDs)

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  • 2. Humidity sensors : To measure amount of water vapour in air.

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  • 3. Motion sensors : motion sensors are not only used for security purposes but also in automatic door controls, automatic parking systems, automated sinks, hand dryers etc. you can these sensor in IOT and monitor them from your smartphone or computer. HC-SR501 passive infrared(PIR) is most popular.
  • 4. smoke sensors

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  • 5. pressure sensors: These are used in IOT systems to monitor systems and devices that are driven by pressure signals, when pressure range is beyond the threshold level, the device alerts the user about the problems that should be fixed. BMP180.
  • 6. image sensors : Found in digital camera, medical imaging systems, night vision equipment,thermal imaging devices, radars , sonars media house and biometric systems.
  • 7. gas sensors : to detect toxic gases.

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  • 8. accelerometer sensors: These sensors are used in smarphones,vehicles, aircrafts and other applications to detect orientation of object, shake, tap, tilt, motion, vibration.Different accelerometers include hall-effect accelerometer,capacitive accelerometers and piezoelectric accelerometers.
  • 9. IR sensors:measure heat emitted by the objects. They are used in various IOT projects including healthcare to monitor blood flow and blood pressure, smartphones to use as remote control and other functions,wearable devices to detect amount of light,thermometers to monitor temperature and blind spot detection in vehicles.

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  • Actuators:
  • Servo motor
  • Stepper motor
  • Dc motor
  • Linear actuator
  • Relay
  • Solenoid

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Embedded processors

  1. PIC(Programmable/peripheral Interface controller)
  2. AVR(Advance virtual RISC)
  3. ARM(Advanced RISC machine)
  4. ASIC(Application specifiec integrated circuit)

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IoT Definition: The Internet of things is a computing concept that describes the idea of everyday physical objects being connected to the internet and being able to identify themselves to other devices.

Or

Internet of things refers to physical and virtual objects that have unique identifications and are connected to the internet to facilitate intelligent applications that make energy,logistics,industrial control, retail, agriculture and many other domains “smarter”

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Internet of things is a new revolution in which endpoints connected to the internet and driven by the advancement in sensor networks, mobile dives, wireless communications, networking and cloud technlogies.

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Advantages

  • 1. efficient resource utilization.
  • 2. minimize human effort
  • 3. save time
  • 4. improve security
  • 5. reduced waste
  • 6. enhanced data collection

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Disadvantages

  • 1. security
  • 2. privacy
  • 3. complexity
  • 4. compliance

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Stateless

Stateful

No information about a transaction is maintained after a transaction is processed

State information is kept even after a transaction has been processed

Record of state is not saved at server side

Server maintains the following information, status of connection, processes running, status of processes running

client sends request to server and server response back according to current state

Client send request to the server then it expects some kind of response,if it does not get any response then resend request.

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There is no tight dependency between client and server

There is tight dependency between client and server

Does not keep state between connection

Server keeps state of connection

These protocols are light

Heavy

fast

Slow

UDP,HTTP

FTP,Telnet

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Link Layer Protocols

  • Link layer protocols determine how the data is physically sent over the network’s physical layer or medium(e.g. copper wire, coaxial cable or a radio wire).
  • Link layer determines how the packets are coded and signaled by the hardware device over the medium to which the host is attached .

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Network /Internet layer protocols

  • The network layers are responsible for sending of IP datagrams from the source network to the destination network.
  • This layer performs the host addressing and packet routing.
  • The datagram contains the source and destination addresses which are used to route them from source to destination.

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Transport layer

  • It provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the underlaying network.
  • The message transfer capability can be set up on connections, either using handshake(as an TCP) or without handshakes/acknowledgements(as in UDP).
  • This layer provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow control and congestion control.

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TCP

UDP

Transmission control protocol

User datagram protocol

stateful

Stateless

Connection oriented

acknowledgement

Connectionless

No acknowledgement

slower

Faster

reliable

Unreliable

Port no. 6

Port no. 17

HTTP,FTP,SMTP

e.g. DNS,DHCP, TFTP

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  • Application layer protocols define how the applications interface with the lower layer protocols to send data over the network.
  • HTTP
  • COAP(Constrained application protocol)
  • Websocket(full duplex communication protocols)
  • MQTT(Message queue telemetry transport) : light weight messaging protocol based on the publish subscribe model.
  • XMPP(Extensible messaging and presence protocol)
  • Dds(data distrubiction service)
  • AMOP(ADVANCED MESSAGE QUEING PROTOCOL)

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IoT Enabling technologies

  • IoT is enabled by several technologies including,
  • wireless sensor network(WSN)
  • Cloud computing
  • Big data analytics
  • Embedded system
  • Security protocols and architecture
  • Communication protocols,
  • Web services etc.

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Wireless sensor Network

  • It consist of a number of end-nodes and routers and a coordinator. Each nodes have several sensors attached them. End nodes can also act as a routers. They are responsible for routing the data packet from end nodes to coordinator. Coordinator collects the data from all nodes. Example
    • Weather monitoring system
    • Indoor air quality monitoring system
    • Soil moisture monitoring system
    • Surveillance system
    • Smart grids
    • Structural health monitoring system.

Zigbee is one the most popular wireless technologies used by WSNs.

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Cloud Computing

  • Cloud computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves delivering applications and services over the internet. Cloud computing services are offered to user in different forms:
  • 1. infrastructure as a service(IaaS).
  • 2. Platform as a Service(Paas)
  • 3. Software as a service(SaaS)

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Big data analytics

  • Big data analytics is the process of collecting, organizing and analyzing large sets of data called Big Data to discover patterns and other useful information.
  • Big data analytics can help organization to better understand the information contained within the data and will also help identify the data that is most important to the business and future business decisions.
  • Big data analytics involved several steps starting from data cleansing, data munging(or wrangling) , data processing and visualisation.

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IoT levels

  • IoT Level1.
  • IoT Level2.
  • IoT Level3.
  • IoT Level4.
  • IoT Level5.
  • IoT Level6.

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  • IoT Level1:
  • System has a single node that performs sensing ,actuation, stores data, performs analysis and host the application.
  • Suitable for modeling low cost and low complexity solutions where the data involved is not big and analysis requirement are not computationally intensive. E.g. Home automation.

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  • IoT Level2:
  • System has a single node that performs sensing ,actuation and local analysis.
  • Data is stored in cloud.
  • Application is usually cloud based.
  • Data is analyzed locally.
  • Level2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where data are involved is big.
  • E.g. smart Irrigation

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  • IoT Level3:
  • System has a single node.
  • Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud .
  • Application is usually cloud based.
  • Level3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where data are involved is big.
  • And analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
  • E.g. tracking package handling

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  • IoT Level4:
  • System has a multiple node.
  • It performs local analysis.
  • Data is stored in the cloud .
  • Application is usually cloud based.
  • Level4 contains local and cloud based observer nodes which can subscribe to and receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices.
  • E.g. Noise Monitoring

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  • IoT Level5:
  • System has a multiple node and one coordinator node.
  • End nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation.
  • Coordinator nodes collects data from end nodes and send data to the cloud.
  • Data is stored in the cloud .
  • Application is usually cloud based.
  • Level5 are suitable for solution based on wireless sensor network, in which data involved is big and analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
  • E.g. Forest fire detection

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  • IoT Level6:
  • System has a multiple independed end nodes tht perform sensing and/or actuation and sensed data to the cloud.
  • Data is stored in the cloud .
  • Application is usually cloud based.
  • The analytics component analyses the data and stores the result in the cloud data base.
  • The results are visualized with cloud based application.
  • The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends control commands to nodes.
  • E.g. weather monitoring system.

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  • Applications of IoT

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Home automation�

  • 1. smart lighting
  • 2. smart appliances
  • 3. Intrusion detection
  • 4. Smoke/gas detectors

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Cities�

  • 1. Smart Parking
  • 2. smart Lighting
  • 3. Smart road
  • 4. Structural health monitoring
  • 5. Surveillance
  • 6. Emergency response

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Environment

  • 1. Weather Monitoring
  • 2. Air pollution Monitoring
  • 3. Noise pollution Monitoring
  • 4. Forest fire detection
  • 5. River flood detection

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Retail�

  • 1. Inventory Management
  • 2. Smart payments
  • 3. Smart vending machines

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Logistics�

  • 1. Route generation & scheduling
  • 2. Fleet tracking
  • 3. Shipment Monitoring
  • 4. Remote vehicle diagnostics

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Agriculture�

  • 1. Smart irrigation
  • 2. Green House Control

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Industry�

  • 1. Machine diagnosis and prognosis
  • 2. Indoor air quality monitoring

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Health and life style

  • 1. Health and fitness monitoring
  • 2. wearable electronics

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IoT devices

  • 1. Arduino uno
  • 2. Raspberry pi
  • 3. Intel Galileo
  • 4. Nodeµ