Chapter 11 Growth and Expansion (1790-1825)

Section 3 Unity and Sectionalism

After the War of 1812

• After the War of 1812, there weren’t political divisions
• Election of 1816- Republican James Monroe saw almost no opposition
• The Federalists weakened after by their doubts of loyalty during the War of 1812
• Even though the Federalist Party almost disappeared, many of its programs gained popularity
• Including support for tariffs to protect industries and a national bank

Section 3

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

Which principle of the Federalist Party remained even after the Party itself dissolved?

A. Support for tariffs to � protect industry

B. The abolishment of � taxation altogether

C. Support of state sovereignty

D. The dissolution of the � national bank

The Era of Good Feelings

• Political differences among citizens seemed to fade
• A Boston newspaper called in the Era of Good Feelings
• James Monroe symbolized these good feelings- representing a united America
• Monroe traveled the country without a escort
• Monroe felt there was a “desire in the body of the people to show their attachment to the union”
• 1820- Monroe was reelected
• Received all but one electoral vote

The American System

• Clay wanted the US to grow – proposed The American System and included 3 parts
• 1. Protective tariffs (to increase US jobs and wealth)
• 2. program of internal improvements (roads, canals, etc to support internal growth)
• 3. A National bank (restore order to American currency)
• Many Southerners did not see the benefits of the tariffs or internal improvements
• In the end, little of Clay’s system went into effect

Sectionalism

• Regional differences soon brought an end to the Era of Good Feelings

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• Most Americans felt a strong allegiance to the region where they lived

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• This sectionalism grew more intense over national policies
• The Southerners supported slavery and states rights

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• Southerners felt the federal government/North interfered with the right to maintain the institution of slavery

John C. Calhoun

• A War Hawk from South Carolina
• Supported internal improvements, development of industries, and a national bank
• He believed these would benefit the South
• In the 1820s, Calhoun’s views began to change
• He became the chief supporter of state sovereignty (States have the right to govern themselves)
• Became a strong opponent of national programs
• Calhoun and Southerners opposed tariffs because they raised the prices of manufactured goods that they could not make themselves
• Said tariffs protected inefficient manufacturers

Daniel Webster

• From New Hampshire
• First supported free trade and shipping interests of New England
• Webster came to favor the tariff of 1816, which protected American industries from foreign competition
• Also supported other policies that would strengthen the nation and help the North
• Webster was a great speaker
• “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”

Henry Clay

• From Kentucky
• Was a War Hawk
• Represented the West
• National leader
• Tried to resolve sectional disputes

Sectional Tension in 1820

• Over slavery in states when they joined the Union
• The South wanted Missouri admitted as a slave state
• Northerners wanted it to be a free state
• At the same time, Maine (Part of Mass.) applied for statehood
• Henry Clay helped make a compromise that preserved the balance between North and South

The Missouri Compromise

• 1820
• Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
• Slavery was banned north of the 36°30‘N parallel
• Kept the balance of free and slave states in Congress
• Clay believed this would benefit all sections

Section 3

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

Which of these is not part of Henry Clay’s “American System” proposal?

A. Protective tariffs

B. The admission of Maine � as a free state

C. A program of internal � improvements

D. A national bank

McCulloch v. Maryland

• The Supreme Court also was involved in the sectional and states’ rights issues
• The National government was strengthened
• Maryland put a tax on the National Bank and the Bank refused to pay it
• Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Maryland had no right to tax the Bank
• Marshall ruled that a state government could not interfere with a federal agency that was using constitutional powers in that state
• The tax was interfering with the bank and its constitutional powers and was unconstitutional

Gibbons v. Ogden

• Established that states could not pass laws that interfere with congressional powers in interstate commerce
• Those that supported states’ rights believed that this decision increased federal power
• At the expense of the states

Foreign Affairs- Relations With Britain

• 1817 Rush-Bagot Treaty- The US and Britain agreed to limit the number of naval vessels on the Great Lakes
• Also remove weapons on the border
• Convention of 1818- Set the boundary of the Louisiana Territory between the US and Canada at the 49^th parallel
• Also a secure and demilitarized border
• Through the efforts of Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, Americans gained the right to settle the Oregon Country

Foreign Affairs- Relations With Spain

• Spain owned East Florida and claimed West Florida
• The US argued that West Florida was part of the Louisiana Purchase
• In 1810 and 1812- The US added parts of West Florida to Louisiana and Mississippi
• Spain objected but took no action
• General Andrew Jackson was ordered to stop Seminole raids on America from Florida
• April 1818- Jackson invaded Florida (Without permission) and took Spanish forts
• The Spanish did nothing about it

Adams–Onís Treaty and Mexico

• 1819- Adams–Onís Treaty- The US gained Florida
• In return, the US gave up claims to Spanish Texas
• The US also gained a territory in the Pacific Northwest
• In 1810- A priest, Miguel Hidalgo, led a rebellion in Mexico
• Hidalgo called for racial equality and redistribution of land
• The Spanish defeated the revolutionaries and executed Hidalgo
• 1821- Mexico gained independence

Bolívar and San Martín

• Simón Bolívar led the independence movement in Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador
• José de San Martín led the independence movements in Chile and Peru
• By 1824- Spain lost control of most of South America

The Monroe Doctrine

• 1822- The Quadruple Alliance (France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia) discussed plans to regain its American holdings
• The possibility of increased European involvement in North America led President Monroe to take action
• December 2, 1823- The Monroe Doctrine
• North and South America “are henceforth not to be considered as future [European] colonization”
• Also, US will not get involved in foreign affairs
• This became an important element in American foreign policy

Section 3

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

Which of the following was NOT part of the Missouri Compromise?

A. Missouri would be admitted � as a slave state.

B. Maine would be admitted � as a free state.

C. Florida was admitted as � a slave state.

D. Slavery was banned in a � certain portion of the � Louisiana Territory.

Essential Question

• How were nation-building issues resolved in the early 1800’s?
• 1. Sectional differences brought about the Missouri Compromise
• 2. The Supreme Court issued decisions that strengthen the power of the federal government over state governments
• 3. Territorial issues were resolved in agreements with Britain and Spain, while the Monroe doctrine stopped further land disputes with European countries

How were nation-building issues resolved in the early 1800s?

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1. Sectional differences brought about the Missouri Compromise

2. The Supreme Court issued decisions that strengthen the power of the federal government over state governments

3. Territorial issues were resolved in agreements with Britain and Spain, while the Monroe doctrine stopped further land disputes with European countries

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Chapter 10 Section 4 Quiz

According to the Adams-Onís Treaty, the United States gained East Florida, retained West Florida, and gave up all claims to Spanish Texas.

1. True
2. False

Who believed high tariffs raised the prices of manufactured goods?

1. Daniel Webster
2. Henry Clay
3. John C. Calhoun
4. John Marshall

What called for a tariff to stimulate growth of American industries?

1. American System
2. Embargo Act
3. Urban growth
4. National Bank

What agreement set the official border between Canada and the United States?

1. Rush-Bagot Treaty
2. Monroe Doctrine
3. Convention of 1818
4. Adams-Onis Treaty

Created in 1823, what became an important part of American foreign policy?

1. Monroe Doctrine
2. Convention of 1818
3. Adams-Onis Treaty
4. Rush-Bagot Treaty

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