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DATA

COLLECTION

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  • Data can be define as the quantitative or qualitative value of a variable (e.g. number, images, words, figures,facts or ideas)

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  • It is a lowest unit of information from which other measurements and analysis can be done.

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  • Data is one of the most important and vital aspect of any research study.

Introduction

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  • Object and scope of the enquiry.
  • Sources of information.
  • Quantitative expression.
  • Techniques of data collection.
  • Unit of collection.

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Factors to be Considered Before�Collection of Data

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Sources of Data

External sources

Primary data

Secondary data

Internal sources

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Internal sources of Data

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  • Many institutions and departments have information about their regular functions,for their own internal purposes.

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  • When those information are used in any survey is called internal sources of data.

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  • Eg…social welfare socities.

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External sources of data

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  • When information is collected from outside agencies is called external sources of data.

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  • Such types of data are either primary or secondary.

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  • This type of information can be collected by census or sampling method by conducting survey.

Internal & External Sources of Data

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  • Data that has been collected from first-hand experiences is known as primary data.It has more reliable,authentic and not been published anywhere.

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  • Primary data has not been changed or altered by human being,therefore its validity is greater than secondary data.

Primary Data

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Methods of collecting primary data

Direct Personal Investigation (i.e. interview method)

Indirect oral investigation (i.e. through enumerators)

Investigation through local reporters questionnaire

Investigation through mailed questionnaire

Investigation through observation

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Merits

Targeted issued are addressed

Data interpretation is better

High accuracy of data

Address as specific research issues

Greater control

Demerits

Evaluated cost

Time consuming

More number of resources are required

Inaccurate feedback

Required lot of skill with labour.

Primary Data

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  • Secondary data are those that have already been collected by others.

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  • These are usually in journals, periodicals, research publication ,official record etc.

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  • Secondary data may be available in the published or unpublished form. When it is not possible to collect the data by primary method,the investigator go for secondary method.

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  • This data collected for some purpose other

than the problem at hand.

Secondary Data

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Published

Sources

International

Government

Municipal corporation

Institutional/ commercial

Unpublished

sources

Method of collection secondary data

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Merits

Quick and cheap source of data

Wider geographical area

Longer orientation period

Leading to find primary data

Demerits

No fulfill our specific research needs

Poor accuracy

Data are not up to date

Poor accessibility in some cases

Secondary Data

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Primary data

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  • Real time data
  • Sure about sources of data
  • Help to give results/ finding
  • Costly and time consuming process
  • Avoid biasness of response data
  • More flexible

Secondary data

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  • Past data
  • Not sure about of sources of data
  • Refining the problem
  • Cheap and no time consuming process
  • Can not know in data biasness or not
  • Less flexible

Difference b/w primary and secondary data