Animal Nutrition and Feeds

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What is Nutrition?

Nutrition is the science of dealing with the utilization of food by the body processes which transform food into body tissues and energy.

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To obtain and utilize surplus or unusable feed stuffs

and convert them to desirable products such as meat,

milk, eggs, fiber and work.

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What is a Nutrient?

A single class of food or group of like foods that aids in the support of life and makes it possible for animals to grow or provide energy for physiological processes.

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Digestible Nutrient

The portion of the nutrient which may be broken down (digested) and absorbed and used by the body.

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The Six Nutrients Needed

• Protein
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Minerals
• Vitamins
• Water

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Protein is needed for the following

• Developing and repairing body organs
• Producing milk, wool, and eggs
• Generating enzymes and hormones
• Developing antibodies
• Transmitting DNA

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Proteins

• Needed for growth and repair
• Helps form muscles, internal organs, skin, hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and horns
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Proteins

• Complex nutrients, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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Examples of Proteins

1. Meat and Bone Meal
2. Fish Meal
3. Soybean Meal
4. Cottonseed Meal
5. Dried Skim Milk
6. Amino Acids

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Proteins

What are proteins?

• Organic compounds that are made up of amino acids

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• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

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• Most expensive part of animal ration

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Proteins

What are the 2 types of amino acids?

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1. Non-Essential Amino Acids

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• Needed by animals

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• Are synthesized by the body from other A.A.’s and do not have to be provided

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Proteins

What are the 2 types of amino acids?

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2. Essential Amino Acids

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• Cannot be made from other A.A.’s

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• Must be provided in the diet

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• Nonruminants need most of their A.A.’s provided

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Proteins

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What are the 2 sources of proteins?

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1. Animal Proteins
• Meat and Bone Scraps
• Blood Meal
• Fish Meal

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• Vegetable Proteins
• Soybeans
• Peanut Meal
• Hay
• Pastures

Proteins

Animal Proteins Source vs. Vegetable/Plant Protein Source

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Which is a better source?

Animal Proteins

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Why?

They contain a good balance of the essential amino acids

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Carbohydrates

• Furnish energy for body functions, growth

and reproduction

• The largest part of the animal’s food supply

and usually the fibrous part of the diet

• Include sugars, starch and cellulose
• Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

Carbohydrates

• Contain the chemical elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Made up of a group of chemicals called sugars, starches and crude fiber

Energy Nutrients- Carbs

There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they?

1. Simple Carbs
• Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE’s)
• Consist of sugars and starches
• Supply immediate energy
• Come from cereal grains

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Energy Nutrients- Carbs

There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they?

2. Complex Carbs

• Known as fiber
• Consist of cellulose and lignin
• More difficult to digest than simple CHO’s
• Fiber is found primarily and roughages such as hay and pasture plants.
• Examples are alfalfa, brome grass, orchard grass, and bluegrass.

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Fats

• Furnish a concentrated source of energy, up to

2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates do

• Form cholesterol, steroids and other body

compounds

• Found in every cell in the body
• Affect the condition of skin and hair
• Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, but

contain much larger proportions of carbon and

hydrogen than carbohydrates do

• They also provide energy reserves, protection for

vital organs, and they insulate the body

Fats

• Made up of the same chemical elements as carbohydrates but in different combinations

Continued…

• Fats are needed for:
1. Providing energy
2. Absorbing fat soluble vitamins
3. Providing fatty acids

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• Are only needed in small amounts
• Are essential for life and health
• Provide a defense against disease,

promote growth and reproduction

• Contribute to the general health of

the animal

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Vitamins

• Are organic substances required in very small amounts
• Are necessary for biochemical reactions within the body.

Vitamins

What are vitamins?

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• Trace organic compounds needed in small amounts by animals

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• Needed for development of normal tissues and for health, growth and maintenance

Vitamins

Vitamins are divided into 2 groups, what are they?

• Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E,K)

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• Dissolved in fat

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• Water-Soluble Vitamins (C, B-Complex)

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• Dissolved in water

This Vitamin is associated with EYESIGHT ���What am I?

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Vitamin A

• Function:
• Vision
• Conception Rates
• Disease Resistance

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• Deficiencies:
• Night Blindness
• Blindness in calves
• Reproductive problems

This Vitamin is associated with BONES���What am I?

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Vitamin D

• Function:
• Bone Development
• Growth

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• Deficiencies:
• Rickets (young animals)
• Osteomalacia (older animals)

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This Vitamin is associated with REPRODUCTION���What am I?

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Vitamin E

• Function:
• Reproduction
• Muscle Development
• E and Selenium together help immune system

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• Deficiencies:
• Reproduction failure
• Muscular dystrophy

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This Vitamin is associated with BLOOD���What am I?

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Vitamin K

• Function:
• Blood Clotting

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• Deficiencies:
• Blood doesn’t clot fast

Vitamins

What are some sources of Vitamin A,D,E,K?

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• Green Leafy Hay

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• Yellow Corn

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• Cod Liver

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• Fish Oils

This Vitamin is associated with TEETH/BONES���What am I?

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Vitamin C

• Function:

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• Formation of teeth and bones

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• Prevents infections

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This Vitamin is associated with APPETITE���What am I?

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B- Complex

• Function:
• Appetite

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• Growth

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• Reproduction

Vitamins

What are some sources of water-soluble vitamins?

• Green Pastures and Hay

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• Cereal Grains

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• Milk

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Minerals

• Primarily found in bones and teeth
• Important in blood for the carrying of

oxygen

• Regulates heartbeat with potassium,

sodium

and calcium

Example: Calcium Formation

Found in rocks

Minerals

• Like vitamins however they support materials needed for building the skeletal system
• Also, producing body regulators such as enzymes and hormones.

Minerals

What are minerals?

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• Inorganic substances that animals need in small amounts

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• Minerals contain no carbon

Minerals

What are some functions of minerals?

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1. Provide material for growth of:

• Bones, Teeth, and Tissue

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2. Help with muscular activities

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3. Reproduction

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4. Digestion of feed

Minerals

Minerals are divided into 2 groups, what are they?

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1. Major (macro) Minerals

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• Trace (micro) Minerals

Minerals- Major

• Needed in large amounts

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• 7 Macro Minerals
• Calcium

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• Phosphorus

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• Sodium

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• Chlorine

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• Potassium

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• Sulfur

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• Magnesium

Minerals- Major

What are the most common major minerals animal rations lack?

• Sodium

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• Calcium

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• Phosphorous

Minerals- Major

Sodium

• Functions:
• Maintain osmotic pressure in cells
• Muscle and nerve activity

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• Deficiencies:
• Reduced appetite
• Rough hair coat
• Cannibalism in chickens
• Dirt eating

Minerals- Major

Calcium

• Functions:
• Bone development
• Nerve and muscle function

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• Deficiencies:
• Rickets- in young animals bones are soft, bend easily, and are malformed

Minerals- Major

Phosphorus

• Functions:
• Bone and Teeth Development
• Appetite

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• Deficiencies:
• Rickets
• Stiffness in joints
• Loss of appetite

Minerals- Trace

• Needed in small amounts
• Sulfur
• Magnesium
• Iron
• Iodine
• Copper
• Cobalt
• Zinc
• Manganese
• Boron
• Molybdenum
• Fluorine
• Selenium

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Water

• Water is in every cell of the animal
• It is more important than any other nutrient group
• The composition of an animal's blood is 90-95 percent water

1. Drinking Water

How much water do mature, non-stressed animals need?

Swine= 2-5 gal/hd/day

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Sheep= 1-4 gal/hd/day

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Cattle= 8-16 gal/hd/day

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Horses= 10-14 gal/hd/day

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2. Water Within The Feed

• Grains can range from 8% to 30% water

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• Forages can range from 5% in a dry hay to more than 90% water in lush young grass

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3. Metabolic Water

• Water produced by the body during chemical reactions

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• 5-10% of total water intake

Water Loss

How is water lost from the animals body?

1. Urine

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• Feces

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• Sweat

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• Milk production

Water Deficiencies

What happens if animals are deprived of water?

1. Reduced feed consumption
• Reduces amount of feed eaten by 27%
• Reduces feed efficiency by 33%
• Reduces weight gain by 50%
2. Weight Loss

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• Water Intoxication
• 4-5 days without water animal will drink up to 50% of body weight in ½ hour
• Death

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FEED CLASSIFICATIONS

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1. Roughages
2. Concentrates
3. Supplements

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ROUGHAGES

• High in fiber and relatively low in

digestible nutrients

Examples of roughages:

1. Alfalfa
2. Clover
3. Soybean
4. Oat hay
5. Corn Silage

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Concentrates

• Are low in fiber and high in

digestible nutrients

Examples of concentrates:

1. Corn
2. Cottonseed
3. Barley
4. Oats
5. Sorghum

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Supplements

• Supplements are extras that supply the body

with additional nutrients.

• Some supplements are minerals, salt, copper,

iodine and iron

• Vitamin A and D are also very important to

ruminant animals

Salt

Copper

Iron