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SPIROMETRI

Alfian Nur Rosyid, Arief Baktiar, Daniel Maranatha, Muhammad Amin

Dept./SMF/KSM Pulmonologi dan Ilmu Kedokteran Respirasi

FK Unair – RSUD Dr.Soetomo, RS Unair

Surabaya, Indonesia

MATERI PENYEGARAN

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Contents:

3

Definition

Devices

Indication, Contraindocation,

Contra indication

Procedure

Interpretation

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Definition

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Definition

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volume

flow

(mL of air)

= volume / time

(mL/s)

“

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Physiology of Breath

  • Inspiration
  • Expiration

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“

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Devices

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Indication�

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Indication�

Spirometry: detecting airway obstruction 🡪 definitive diagnosis of asthma and COPD

  • Measure airflow obstruction to help make a definitive diagnosis of COPD.
  • Assess severity of airflow obstruction in COPD.
  • Detect airflow obstruction in smokers who may have few or no symptoms.
  • Monitor disease progression in COPD.
  • Assess one aspect of response to therapy.
  • Assess prognosis (FEV1) in COPD.

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Indication�

  • Perform pre-operative assessment.
  • Make a diagnosis and assess severity in a range of other respiratory conditions
  • Distinguish between obstruction and restriction as causes of breathlessness
  • Screen workforces in occupational environments
  • Assess fitness to dive
  • Perform pre-employment screening in certain professions

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Kontra Indikasi Spirometri

  • Tidak boleh dilakukan spirometri bila
  • Batuk Darah
  • Pneumotoraks
  • Unstable Angina Pektoris
  • Infark Miokar Akut
  • Aneurisma otak
  • Post operasi: mata, toraks, perut masa penyembuhan
  • Asma / PPOK eksaserbasi akut
  • Pneumonia

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Spirometry

Value and Graph

Value :

  1. TV
  2. IRV
  3. ERV
  4. VC or SVC and FVC
  5. FEV1
  6. FEV1/FVC ratio
  7. FRC

​

​

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Graph:

  1. Vol per time
  2. Flow per volume

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Type of Spirometry

Static

​

No need time evaluation, only measure volume

Dinamic

​

Measure volume and measure time

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TV

IRV

IC

ERV

SVC

FVC

FEV1

FEF

PEF

TLC

RV

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TV

Volume Tidal

VC

Kapasitas Vital

IRV

ERV

IC

RV

FRC

TLC

Statik (hanya mengukur volume saja)

Spirometri manuver biasa / slow / pelan

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Spirometry graph

Dinamic

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Dinamik (mengukur volume dan waktu)

FVC

Kapasitas Vital Paksa (KVP)

FEV1

Volume Ekspirasi Paksa detik 1

PEF

Laju Arus Puncak

Pemeriksaan Spirometri PPOK: Fokus pada Dinamis dengan manuver Paksa !

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Spirometry graph

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Spirometry graph

Dinamic

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PROCEDURE

​

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Alat

Pasien

Operator

PERSIAPAN SEBELUM TES SPIROMETRI

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Alat

Pasien

Operator

PERSIAPAN SEBELUM TES SPIROMETRI

Spirometri

Mouth piece

Nose clip

Kalibrator

Listrik

Printer

Kertas

Tisue

Tempat Sampah

Timbang Badan

Tinggi Badan

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1. Persiapan Tindakan Spirometri (1)

  • a. Bahan dan Alat : Alat spirometer yang telah dikalibrasi untuk volume dan arus minimal 1 kali dalam seminggu. Mouth piece sekali pakai.
  • b. Pasien :
  • Memasukkan data ke dalam alat spirometri, data berikut :
    • Identitas diri (Nama)
    • Jenis kelamin
    • Umur
    • Berat badan
    • Tinggi badan
    • Suhu ruangan

​

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Alat

Pasien

Operator

PERSIAPAN SEBELUM TES SPIROMETRI

  • membutuhkan kooperasi subyek yang diperiksa, sangat bergantung usaha subyek untuk melakukan manuver yang tepat

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Withholding Medications

​

Before performing spirometry, withhold:

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Short acting β2-agonists for 6 hours� Long acting β2-agonists for 12 hours� Ipratropium for 6 hours

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Tiotropium for 24 hours

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Optimally, subjects should avoid caffeine and cigarette smoking for 30 minutes before performing spirometry

​

​

​

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1. Persiapan Tindakan Spirometri (2)

  • c. Ruang dan fasilitas :
    • Ruangan harus mempunyai sistem ventilasi yang baik.
    • Suhu udara tempat pemeriksaan tidak boleh 40 0C.
    • Pemeriksaan terhadap pasien yang dicurigai menderita penyakit infeksi saluran napas dilakukan pada urutan terakhir dan setelah itu harus dilakukan tindakan antiseptik pada alat.

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Alat

Pasien

Operator

PERSIAPAN SEBELUM TES SPIROMETRI

  • membutuhkan pemeriksa yang handal dan berpengalaman

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Prosedur Tindakan Spirometri

a) Menyapa pasien/ memperkenalkan diri

b) Menjelaskan kepada pasien mengenai nama/ jenis pemeriksaan, tujuan dan prosedur tindakan yang akan dilakukan

c) Dilakukan pengukuran tinggi badan dan berat badan pasien, kemudian tentukan besar nilai dugaan berdasarkan nilai standar faal paru Pneumobile Project Indonesia

d) Mengajarkan pasien cara melakukan manuver dan menjepit hidung pasien dengan penjepit hidung (atau pasien menginstruksikan pasien supaya bernapas melalui mulut)

e) Pemeriksaan dapat dilakukan dalam posisi berdiri atau duduk bagi pasien.

f) Penilaian meliputi pemeriksaan KV, KVP, VEP1.

https://bit.ly/videospirometri

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Kapasitas vital (Vital Capacity, KV)

  • - Pilih pemeriksaan kapasitas vital pada alat spirometri
  • - Menerangkan slow manuver yang akan dilakukan.
  • - Meletakkan mouth piece di antara gigi dan katup erat dengan bibir. Pastikan bibir pasien melingkupi sekeliling mouth piece sehingga tidak ada kebocoran.
  • - Bernapas biasa sebanyak 3 - 4 kali
  • - Instruksikan pasien menarik napas sedalam-dalamnya
  • - Instruksikan pasien mengeluarkan napas secara perlahan hingga sehabis-habisnya

https://bit.ly/videospirometri

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Kapasitas vital paksa (Forced Vital Capasity, KVP) dan Volume ekspirasi paksa detik pertama (Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second, VEP1)

  • - Pilih pemeriksaan KVP pada alat spirometri
  • - Menerangkan manuver paksa (force manouvre) yang akan dilakukan
  • - Pastikan bibir pasien melingkupi sekeliling mouth piece sehingga tidak ada kebocoran
  • - Instruksikan pasien menarik napas sedalam-dalamnya
  • - Instruksikan pasien membuang napas secepat-cepatnya sampai habis dengan dihentakkan
  • - Melepaskan mouthpiece yang sudah digunakan dari alat.
  • - Mesin spirometri akan menampilkan nilai VEP1dan KVP.
  • - Pemeriksaan dilakukan 3 kali.

https://bit.ly/videospirometri

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Spirometry - Possible Side Effects

​

Feeling light-headed

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Headache

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Facial redness

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Fainting: reduced venous return or vasovagal�attack (reflex)

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Transient urinary incontinence

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Spirometry should be avoided after recent heart attack or

​

stroke

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Intepretasi hasil

Acceptable ? 🡪

Reproducible ? 🡪 Intepretation

Maneuver OK

  • Mulai
  • Puncak
  • Tidak batuk
  • Tidak stop mendadak
  • Berhenti

Beda tiap manuver <5% dan 100ml

Normal

Obstruction

Restriction

Mix

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Mencapai uji yang valid

Syarat:

    • Setidaknya tiga kurva yang acceptable
    • Di antara kurva tersebut ada hasil yang repeatable untuk VEP1 dan KVP

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MULAI

RAGU-RAGU

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Batuk

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Hembusan tidak adekuat

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Inspirasi sub-maksimal

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VEP1 dan KVP yang repeatable

  • Perbedaan volume VEP1 dan KVP maksimal sebesar 0.15 L antara volume terbesar pertama dan kedua.
  • Kegagalan mencapai KVP yang repeatable biasanya karena inhalasi tidak maksimal.
  • Umumnya, untuk mecapai repeatability, manuver dapat dilakukan hingga 8 kali.

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Kriteria Acceptable + Reproducible

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Interpreting results

Result of spirometry

  • Normal
  • Obstruction
  • Restriction
  • Mixed obstruction and restriction�

�Do not just look at numbers volume or flow but also shape of spirogram

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Predicted Normal Values

  • Age
  • Height
  • Sex
  • Ethnic Origin

Affected by:

Pneumobile 1992

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Criteria for Normal �Post-bronchodilator Spirometry

  • FEV1: % predicted > 80%

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  • FVC: % predicted > 80%

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  • FEV1/FVC: > 0.7 - 0.8, depending on age

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Normal Trace Showing FEV1 and FVC

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

Volume, liters

Time, sec

FVC

5

1

FEV1 = 4L

FVC = 5L

FEV1/FVC = 0.8

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NORMAL SPIROGRAM

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NORMAL FLOW-VOLUME CURVE

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ABNORMAL FLOW-VOLUME PATTERNS

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OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE

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Diseases Associated With

​

Airflow Obstruction

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COPD

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Asthma

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Bronchiectasis�Cystic Fibrosis�Post-tuberculosis

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Lung cancer (greater risk in COPD)�Obliterative Bronchiolitis

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Spirometric Diagnosis of COPD

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COPD is confirmed by post-bronchodilator�FEV1/FVC < 0.7

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Post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC measured 15�minutes after 400µg salbutamol or

​

equivalent

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Bronchodilator Reversibility Testing

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Provides the best achievable FEV1�(and FVC)

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Helps to differentiate COPD from�asthma

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Must be interpreted with clinical history

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- neither asthma nor COPD are

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diagnosed on spirometry alone

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Bronchodilator Reversibility Testing

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Can be done on first visit if no diagnosis has�been made

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Best done as a planned procedure: pre- and�post-bronchodilator tests require a minimum of

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15 minutes

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Post-bronchodilator only saves time but does not�help confirm if asthma is present

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Short-acting bronchodilators need to be�withheld for at least 4 hours prior to test

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Bronchodilator Reversibility Testing

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Bronchodilator*

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Dose

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FEV1 before and

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after

​

Salbutamol

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Terbutaline

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Ipratropium

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200 - 400 µg via�large volume

​

spacer

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500 µg via

​

Turbohaler®

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160 µg** via�spacer

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15 minutes

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15 minutes

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45 minutes

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Bronchodilator Reversibility Testing in COPD

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POST BRONCHODILATOR SPIROMETRY

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49

2.2/3,8 L (0.57)

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RESTRICTIVE DISEASE

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Criteria: Restrictive Disease

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FEV1: normal or mildly reduced�FVC:< 80% predicted

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FEV1/FVC: > 0.7

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Diseases Associated with a Restrictive Defect

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Pulmonary

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Fibrosing lung diseases�Pneumoconioses

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Pulmonary edema�Parenchymal lung

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tumors

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Lobectomy or� pneumonectomy

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Extrapulmonary

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Thoracic cage deformity�Obesity

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Pregnancy

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Neuromuscular disorders�Fibrothorax

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POORLY PERFORMED SPIROMETRY

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Thank You

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Post Tes

Buka HP, buka browser & ketik:

​

bit.ly/SoalSpirometri

​

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Survey

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Isi survey

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Peak Flow Meter

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