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APPRAISAL: NEGOTIATING MEANING

APPRAISAL IS CONCERNED WITH EVALUATION: THE KINDS OF ATTITUDES THAT ARE NEGOTIATED IN A TEXT, THE STRENGTH OF FEELING INVOLVED AND WAYS IN WHICH VALUES ARE SOURCED AND READERS ALIGNED

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GENRE SEBAGAI KONTEKS BUDAYA

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ASPECT OF TENOR

Martin (1992):

  • Affect
  • Status, and
  • Contact

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NEGOTIATING ATTITUDE

  • Appraisal is a system of interpersonal meaning to negotiate our social relationships, by telling our readers or listeners how we feel about things and people (in a word, what our attitude are).
  • Attitudes have to do with evaluating things, people’s characters and their feelings.
  • Such evaluations can be more or less intense, that is it may be more or less amplified.

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FOR EXAMPLE:

  • He was working in a top security structure. It was the beginning of a beautiful relationship. We even spoke about marriage. A bubbly, vivacious man who beamed out wild energy. Sharply intelligent. Even if he was popular with all the ‘Boer” Afrikaners. And all my girlfriends envied me. Then one day he said he was going on a ‘trip’. ‘We won’t see each other again … maybe never ever again.’ I was torn to pieces. So was he.

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BASIC OPTIONS FOR APPRAISAL

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BASIC OPTIONS FOR APPRAISAL

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KINDS OF ATTITUDES

  • Affects is expressing our feelings
  • It can be positive or negative.
  • And it can be expressed directly explicitly or impliedly or implicitly.
  • Examples of direct expression of attitudes: pain, bitterness, worry, anxiety, satisfied, envy, respect, humorous, fear etc.
  • Examples of implicit attitude: celebrate, restless, withdraw, press his face into his hand, shake uncontrollably, rushed breathing, the shakes, terrible convultion, shrieks, etc.

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OPTIONS FOR AFFECT

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JUDGING PEOPLE’S CHARACTER

  • Judgement can be positive or negative.
  • It can be personal judgement of admiration or criticism and moral judgement of praise or condemnation
  • It can also be expressed directly and impliedly.
  • Based on the categories judging people’s characters can be illustrated as follows:

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EXAMPLE OF JUDGEMENT OF PEOPLE’S CHARACTERS

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APPRECIATING THINGS

  • Appreciating things includes our attitudes towards things such as TV shows, films, books, CDs, paintings, sculptures etc.
  • Appreciation can also be categorized into positive and negative.

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EXAMPLES OF APPRECIATION

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TYPES OF APPRECIATION

  • Reaction : impact and quality
  • Composition: balanced, complexity
  • Valuation

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BORDERLINE OF CHARACTER AND VALUE

  • In many cases attitude in texts can be analyzed as either judgement of character or appreciation of things.
  • For example: the positive appreciation of Vaughan’s album and its tracks are the evaluation of his performance: raw, soul and passion, artistry, inspired six-string diction

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AMPLIFYING ATTITUDES

  • One of the distinctive features of attitudes is that they are gradable, and called graduation.
  • Graduation: force and focus
  • This means that we can say how strong or weak we feel about someone or something.
  • Example of Force:

​

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AMPLIFYING THE FORCE OF ATTITUDES

  • Attitudes can be amplified by intensifiers such as very, really, and extremely. For example: very serious issue, quite a price to pay, really happy, extremely short marriage.
  • Intensifiers can also be called amplifiers, downtoners, and emphasizers.
  • Amplifying attitudes can involve attitudinal lexis (lexis with attitudes)

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EXAMPLES OF ATTITUDINAL LEXIS WITH SUGGESTED SCALES OF INTENSITY:

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SHARPENING AND SOFTENING FOCUS

  • Focus means experiential categories.
  • In many cases, the experiential categories can be graded by sharpening and softening lexis. For example:

We are real policemen now

I met a kind of policeman

I met a policeman sort of

​

After about three years with special forces

After exactly three years with …

​

We saw with our own eyes

the very first time, etc.

precisely this point

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OPTIONS FOR GRADUATION

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SOURCES OF ATTITUDES

  • Source of attitude can be defined as who are the evaluation coming from.
  • The source of evaluation can be referred to heterglossia meaning different voices which is used to refer to multiple voicing. There are two types of heterglossia. They involve:
  • Heterogloss is used to refer to the source of an attitude of other than writer.
  • Monogloss (single voice) is use to refer to the source of an attitude of the writer.,

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TYPES OF SOURCES OF ATTITUDE

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TYPES OF SOURCES OF ATTITUDE (CONTINUED)

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TYPES OF SOURCES OF ATTITUDE (CONTINUED)

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APPRAISAL SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW

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PROSODY AND GENRE

  • Appraisal resources are used to establish the tone or mood of a passage of discourse, as choices resonate with one another from one moment to another as text unfolds.
  • The pattern of choices is called ‘prosodic’.
  • The choices form a prosody of attitude running through the text that swells and diminishes, in the manner of a musical prosody.
  • The prosodic pattern of appraisal choices constructs the ‘stance’ or ‘voice’ of the appraiser.
  • This stance or voice defines the kind of community that is being set up around shared values.
  • In everyday language, the stances are often ranged a long a scale of from more objective to more subjective.

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RANGES OF PROSODY ON STYLE

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RANGES OF PROSODY ON PROTOTYPICALITY OF FACTUAL GENRES

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MORE DETAIL OF TYPES OF ATTITUDES

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IRREALIS AFFECT

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REALIS AFFECT 1

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REALIS AFFECT 2

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REALIS AFFECT 3

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TYPE OF JUDGEMENT 1

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TYPE OF JUDGEMENT 2

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TYPES OF APPRECIATION