Organisasi Industri dan Makro Moneter�(Pertemuan Ketujuh)�“Advertising dan Research-Development”
Disampaikan oleh:
Dr. Mariyudi, SE, MM
Cakupan Materi
Pendahuluan
Beberapa fakta unit terkait advertising
Advertising dan Kekuatan Monopoli
Dimana ηP merupakan elastisitas permintaan
Advertising dan Kekuatan Monopoli (lanjutan)
= Advertising-to-sales ratio
Advertising dan Kekuatan Monopoli (lanjutan)
= Advertising-to-sales ratio
Untuk mendapatkan
Kalikan LHS dengan Q*/Q*
Advertising dan Kekuatan Monopoli (lanjutan)
= Advertising/sales ratio
Advertising dan Kekuatan Monopoli (lanjutan)
Advertising, Information, dan Signaling
Advertising, Information, dan Signaling (lanjutan)
Research and Development
Pendahuluan
Taxonomi dari Inovasi
Inovasi Drastis vs. Non Drastis
Inovasi Drastis vs. Non Drastis
$/unit = p
Quantity
c
QC
c’
QM
Demand
$/unit = p
c
PM
QC
QM
Demand
c’
PM
Inovasi Drastis: QM > QC sehingga inovator dapat menetapkan harga PM tanpa adanya hambatan
Inovasi Non Drastis: QM < QC inovator tidak dapat menetapkan harga PM karena rival dapat menurunkan harga
MR
Quantity
MR
Inovasi dan Struktur Pasar
$/unit
Quantity
80
60
120
B
A
40
60
Surplus awal adalah segitiga kuning--Social Gains dari inovasi adalah Areas A ($800) danB ($200)
Namun inovator hanya mempertimbangkan proft Area A ($800)
120
Inovasi dan Struktur Pasar (lanjutan)
Kompetisi dan Inovasi
Output Condition
Kompetisi dan Inovasi (lanjutan)
R&D Condition
Kompetisi dan Inovasi (lanjutan)
Industry R&D as Share of Sales
Kompetisi dan Inovasi (lanjutan)
R&D Spillovers dan Cooperative R&D
R&D Spillovers dan Cooperative R&D (lanjutan)
R&D Spillovers dan Cooperative R&D (lanjutan)
R&D Spillovers dan Cooperative R&D (lanjutan)
The Pay-Off Matrix for β = 0.25
Firm 1
Firm 2
Low Research Intensity
High Research Intensity
$107.31, $107.31
Low Research Intensity
High Research Intensity
$100.54, $110.50
$110.50, $100.54
$103.13, $103.13
Nash Equilibrium is for both firms to choose the high level of research intensity (x = 10). Why? When degree of spillovers β is small, firm know that if its rival can do R&D knowing that it will get most of the benefits. Since this would advantage the rival, each firm tries to avoid being left behind by doing lots of R&D
R&D Spillovers dan Cooperative R&D (lanjutan)
The Pay-Off Matrix for β = 0.75
Firm 1
Firm 2
Low Research Intensity
High Research Intensity
$128.67, $128.671,
Low Research Intensity
High Research Intensity
$136.13, $125.78
$125.78, $136.13
$133.68, $133.68
Nash Equilibrium is for both firms to choose the low level of research intensity (x = 7.5). Why? When degree of spillovers β is large, firm knows that it will benefit from technical advance of its rival even if it doesn’t do any R&D itself. So, each firm tries to free-ride off its rival and each does little R&D
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