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Kim Foglia’s

“Building Macromolecules”

Adapted by Kirstin Milks

Instructions are in speaker notes.

You might need to drag up the ___ or … at the bottom of this slide or use View → Show speaker notes!

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Kim Foglia’s

“Building Macromolecules”

Please set this up as a new entry in your lab notebook Table of Contents!

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First, a little practice!

Practice making this shape bigger and smaller by dragging the corners!

Use the blue circle that shows up when you click this shape to ROTATE!

Practice cropping the tea field photograph:

Click the picture. (It was taken in the Philippines!)
Look for the crop icon in the toolbar and click it.
Drag the black bars that appear - this will let you “cut off/hide” parts of the image.
Click away from the image to finish!

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Part 1:

BUILDING CARBOHYDRATES

FROM SUGARS

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Number the carbons on this glucose molecule.

1

6

5

4

3

2

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Reference glucose for numbering on slide 4 :)

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Join two glucose molecules via DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS to make a disaccharide:

Name your new molecule:

It’s go time! Time to be an enzyme that creates a covalent bond between two glucose molecules, making a disaccharide. These two molecules are aligned so that the bond is ready to be made between them.

Click on the glucose on the left. A crop icon will appear in your toolbar above the slide.

You can internet search for “crop icon” if you don’t remember what it looks like.

Use the crop tool to remove the -OH from Carbon 1 on the LEFT glucose.

Use the dotted line guidelines!

Do the same thing to remove the -H from Carbon 4 on the RIGHT glucose.
Push the two cropped glucose molecules together.

There should be a covalent bond from L’s Carbon 1 to an oxygen, and from that oxygen to R’s Carbon 4.
Hey! You made a disaccharide!

Go to slide 8 and copy (control-C) one of the water droplets.
Put the water droplet dripping from the O linking the two monomers.

This way you’ll remember where the cropped-out atoms “go”!

Last, name this disaccharide. All sugar monomers and dimers are named in names that end with ose.

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Slide 8: water drops for you to use. Select your size!

H

O

H

O

H

O

H

O

H

O

H

O

H

O

H

O

H

O

H

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When the linking of monosaccharides happens again and again, you make a starch!

H

O

H

O

H

O

H

O

H

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Part 2:

BUILDING LIPIDS

(in this case, a

triglyceride fat!)

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Saturated fat: three fatty acids and a glycerol

Let’s do it! Time to be an enzyme that creates covalent bonds between a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids, making a triglyceride fat.

Like last time, these molecules are aligned so that the bonds are ready to be made between them.

The resulting lipid you will make is NOT a polymer, because it’s not made of repeating units - but it is a biological macromolecule!

Click a fatty acid on the right. A crop icon will appear in your toolbar above the slide.
Use the crop tool to remove the -OH from the fatty acid.

See the dotted lines.

Move the cropped fatty acid over to the glycerol molecule, covering up one of the dotted-line-indicated Hs (effectively “removing” the H). See the finely dotted line.
Do the same steps for the other fatty acids.
Go to slide 8 and copy (control-C) one of the water droplets.
Paste (control-V) a water droplet for each covalent bond -- this type is an “ester bond” -- that you just made.

This way you’ll remember where the cropped-out atoms “go”!

Please notice: the saturated hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid allows the fat molecules to lie close together creating a solid at room temperature, like butter and other animal fats.

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Saturated fats: often solid at room temperature.

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Now here’s an unsaturated fat:

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Show why unsaturated fats are liquid at room temp:

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Part 3:

PROTEIN TIME

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Amino acids join the protein party:

Name your new molecule:

We’ve already done a lot of work on proteins in our class:

Remember that the different R groups (also called side chains) on amino acids have different chemical properties.
Those chemical properties influence how a region of a protein will fold.
So the DNA sequence of the protein dictates its structure - which lets the protein do a specific function!

You’re going to make a very short polypeptide -- functional proteins can be hundreds of amino acids long!

Click an amino acid. A crop icon will appear in your toolbar above the slide.
Use the crop tool to remove a C-terminal -OH from that amino acid.

See the dotted lines.

Click a different amino acid and use the crop tool to remove an N-terminal -H from it.
Line up your two amino acids so you can see the peptide bond formed.

For this assignment, your brain is acting as the mRNA, so whatever order you pick is the correct one ;)

Continue until you are out of amino acids.
Remember, this is still dehydration synthesis! Go to slide 8 and copy (control-C) one of the water droplets.
Paste (control-V) a water droplet for each covalent bond -- this type is an “ester bond” -- that you just made.

This way you’ll remember where the cropped-out atoms “go”!

Your protein’s name must end in -in (although enzymes end in -ase).

Here are the international rules for naming newly-discovered proteins (yep, such a thing exists).

Please sketch and label this molecule -- label one amino acid as “amino acid,” plus the protein as its name plus “protein”!

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Part 4:

DNA synthesis

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Let’s synthesize

some DNA!

The molecule on the left is the template strand of a DNA molecule.

In DNA, remember, synthesis happens that’s guided by an existing strand of DNA.

The cards on the right, color-coded for your convenience, are nucleotides!

Note the carbon numbering on the template strand. Move one of the light blue circles so it circles the 5’ carbon up at the top of the template strand. This will help you later on!

Next, build the complementary strand by matching nucleotides to the template strand. Make the “puzzle pieces” edges fit together!

HINT: You will need to use some of the skills you developed in the intro slides…

…

HINT HINT: like rotating!

Once you’ve finished building the complementary strand, move the other light blue circle so it circles the 5’ carbon on the COMPLEMENTARY strand.

Sometimes the arrangement of double-stranded DNA is called “antiparallel” -- do you see why?

There are two different types of bonds in DNA that make it a good information-encoding molecule:

One type is covalent, the strong bonds in DNA’s sugar-phosphate backbone and that connect the bases to the backbone.

Use one of the yellow rectangles (spin or re-size if needed!) so that it shows off a covalent bond.

The other type is a hydrogen bond. Those occur in between the two strands, between the match bases (A and T, C and G). Hydrogen bonds make it possible for the bases to match, but also for strands to come apart, during DNA replication -- and also for error correction to occur.

Use the other yellow rectangles (spin or re-size if needed!) to show off where a hydrogen bond would be.
HINT: They’re indicated by the shape matching!

Please sketch the DNA molecule as it appears on the screen!

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Putting it together: comparing and contrasting

How are hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis...
… the same? “Both processes _____.”	...different? “Hydration _____, while dehydration synthesis ____.”

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Putting it together: comparing and contrasting 2

Biological macromolecules you made:	Carbohydrates	Fats	Proteins	DNA
Describe the shapes of the macromolecules you made. Words you might use: Linear Branched Closely-packed Loosely-packed Single-stranded Double-stranded ?

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Putting it together: comparing and contrasting 3

Biological macromolecules you made:	Carbohydrates	Fats	Proteins	Nucleic acids (DNA, which you made, and RNA too)
What are the names of the monomers or building blocks? Be sure you can recognize the building blocks, too :)
Which chemical elements are visible in the building blocks you used? Choices: C, H, N, O, P, S		Phospholipids have P, too!	HINT: See link in speaker notes below.

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END

Be sure to submit this as requested by your teacher!