Negativity vs Vitality: The Last Chapter of the Psychology of the Self��否定生命抑或禮讚生命： 自體的心理學的最後一章

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2024-12-28

張凱理

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abstract

• 自體的心理學，緣自自體心理學，非僅止自體心理學。基于自體的心理學的心理治療，就是五合一，回到自然，回到歷史，存在治療，批判的心理治療，後結構主義的心理治療。這個自體，走過一百三十七億年前的宇宙生成，物的誕生，四十六億年前的太陽地球形成，三十億年前的生命誕生，以至生命演化，以至五點四億年前的寒武紀大爆發，以至人類作為物種，七百萬年前從猩猩分支歧出，以至五至十萬年前，智人走出非洲，以至走過更新世，漫長的石器時代，開花結果于舊石器時代晚期，以至來到全新世，以至離開營火洞穴的狩獵採集，開始農業文明，以至來到銅器時代，鐵器時代，以至軸心時代，以至三百年前的工業革命，以至來到人類世的今日。上述這個漫長的旅程，從宇宙誕生，到原子生成，到星系形成，到生命居然在宜居帶的行星地球，奇蹟般的發生，到走過五次物種滅絕的壯麗演化，到人種開始歧出，

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• 人類與其他眾生歧出的關鍵是，人類有自覺意識。自覺意識，就是我的誕生，就是認同的誕生，就是末那識的誕生，就是我執的誕生。此前無所謂否定，一切都是禮讚，此後則否定大于禮讚。簡單講，N vs V，節點如下，自覺意識是 N>V，鐵器時代是 N>>V，軸心時代是 N>>>V，工業革命是 N>>>>V，人類世是 N>>>>>V。而自覺意識之起，就是惡的誕生，意思是說，此後惡大于善，每況愈下。至此，你可以理解，自體的心理學，的最後一章，是排山倒海的 N，和奄奄一息的 V。但是，這時，那個人，猶願 V > N，意思是說，死不足畏，生大于死。意思是說，猶願禮讚生命 (affirmation of life)。禮讚的路，就是車行 (van life) 的路，就是自由的路。此時，自體的心理學的心理治療，就是菊次郎十六式，就是巖中花樹療法，就是船子擺渡療法，就是無心無意，被事件事件。
• https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/19pYYPqoHikZXCbYTYEonN8iKfH0XdgIX?usp=sharing

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先說結論

• 首先是宇宙論，
• 你要理解，宇宙生成于，一百三十七億年前，
• 這個無中生有的，浩瀚的故事，十分動人，
• 尤其是，頭一秒鐘，的那個 Big Bang，
• 當然，你可以說，那只是個假設，而且，現有的證據，只有三十八萬年之後的 資料，
• 意思是說，宇宙生成的頭三十八萬年，的確是假設，而且是量子物理的假設，
• 無中生有，就是生成原子，
• 之後，才有超大型結構，星雲，銀河，
• 我們所在的，這個銀河系，太陽，地球，是四十六億年前，形成的，

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• 用宇宙四能量來理解，宇宙生成的瞬間，是強核能，生成原子之後，是弱核能 和電磁波，星體形成後，是引力，
• 而且，我們所能觀測到的，一般物質的宇宙，只占宇宙的 4%，我們無法觀測 到的，絕大部分的宇宙，是暗能量 74%，暗物質 21%，意思是說，無遠遠大于 有，無像是無垠的海洋，包裹著小小的島嶼，
• 其中一個，極其渺小的島嶼，就是地球， 地球何其幸運，因為它位在，宜居之所，意思是說，距離太陽，不近不遠，一 切條件，都恰到好處，
• 至此，無中生有，是物的演化，

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• 三十億年前，地球出現單細胞生物，
• 這是，由物至生命的誕生，
• 簡單講，這是奇蹟，
• 之後的故事，就是地球的故事，
• 這個故事，也十分動人，
• 簡單講，五點四億年前，寒武紀大爆發，生命演化，上演了一場大秀，
• 我們現在眼前，所見眾生，從此大致皆備，
• 人類演化，則是近幾百萬年，的昨天深夜，才發生的事情，
• 以至，智人出現，在三十萬年前，
• 以至，五萬年前，離開非洲，散居世界各地，
• 以至，走完更新世，終於來到全新世，

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• 用三器論來說，就是走完漫長的石器時代，終於在全新世上半葉，來到銅器時 代，以至四千年前，來到鐵器時代，
• 我相信，鐵器時代的出現，是第二個節點，從此 N >> V，
• 在此之前，人類的自覺意識的誕生，是第一個節點，從此 N > V，
• 自覺意識，等同于末那識，等同于我的誕生，等同于認同的誕生，等同于我執 的誕生，
• 意思是說，自覺意識誕生之前，生命無邪，無善無惡心之體，N vs V 的 vs，尚未發生，
• 那個世界，就是一元論的世界，就是吠壇多不二論的世界，

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• N vs V 的 vs，誕生之後，我們從此，坎陷在二元論的世界，
• 你可以把，一元論到二元論，當成意識的演化的必然，但是你無法釋懷，由一 至二，回不到一的困境，是否亦應視為必然，
• 鐵器時代之後，才有大型戰爭殺戮的工具，工具的進步，就是 N >> V 的依 據，
• 這件事說明，兩千五百年前，軸心時代，是第三個節點，N >>> V， 三百年前，
• 工業革命，則是第四個節點，N >>>> V， 工業革命，是進入人類世的開始，
• 我們現在，位在人類世的尾聲，第五個節點，N >>>>> V，

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• 我相信，精神分析，發生在十九世紀末，是因為工具理性的發展，已足夠逼出 潛意識，
• 而佛洛依德在一九二零，提出死之欲，是因為一次世界大戰的殺戮， 而佛洛姆在一九五零六零年代，提出愛生性 vs 戀屍性，是因為二次世界大戰 的殺戮，
• 回到第一個節點，自覺意識的誕生，從此有善有惡，或正確的說，從此惡大于 善，
• 在人類血腥屠殺的歷史中，居然仍有少數人相信，肯定生命 （affirmation of life），這件事讓人感動， 雖然，
• 這個感動，沒有歷史證據，以資證明， 意思是說，這個相信，相信有朝一日，V 必將大于 N，相信肯定生命， 是一個願望，
• 你要理解，願望願望，願大于意，望即希望 （hope)，

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小結

• 首先，物的演化，包括宇宙的演化，地球的演化，這時 N = V，
• 其次，生命的演化，人類的演化，意識 (心)的演化，
• 直到意識的演化，來到第一個節點，
• 自覺意識誕生之前，N = V，
• 自覺意識，是惡的源起，
• 自覺意識誕生之後，N 越來越大于 V，江河日下，以至于今，
• 第一個節點，自覺意識，N > V，
• 第二個節點，鐵器時代，N >> V，
• 第三個節點，軸心時代，N >>> V，
• 第四個節點，工業革命，N >>>> V，
• 第五個節點，人類世，N >>>>> V，
• 難以置信的是，
• 尚有人，唯仍願，唯仍望，唯仍信，V > N，

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Negativity vs Vitality

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• https://docs.google.com/document/d/1o68XRsrz41wcO0eU15ihFAGNu7PQsPj0/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=115251326502230793012&rtpof=true&sd=true

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• 七圖，止于魚，
• 魚，就是一元，就是純粹力動 （pure vitality)，
• 意思是說，negativity vs vitality，止于 vitality，
• 意思是說，negativity vs vitality，止于自體的心理學的最後一章，止于行走荒野掌觸湖面感應鱸魚的那個人，

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• 有之所以為有，是基于空，基于無，
• 上述，已是二元論，
• 二元之前，是一元，
• 鮭魚返鄉，返的是，一元的鄉，
• 一的隔壁，就是零，就是空，就是無，
• 一之所以為一的條件 （conditions for one to be one)，就是零，就是空，就是無，
• (關係本體論，則會說，一之所以為一的條件，就是二）

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考城隍（聊齋誌異）

• 予姊丈之祖宋公，諱燾，邑廩生。一日病臥，見吏人持牒，牽白顛馬來，云：「請赴試。」公言：「文宗未臨，何遽得考？」吏不言，但敦促之。公力病乘馬從去，路甚生疏，至一城郭，如王者都。移時入府廨，宮室壯麗。上坐十餘官，都不知何人，惟關壯繆可識。簷下設幾、墩各二，先有一秀才坐其末，公便與連肩。幾上各有筆札。俄題紙飛下，視之有八字，云：「一人二人，有心無心。」二公文成，呈殿上。公文中有云：「有心為善，雖善不賞。無心為惡，雖惡不罰。」諸神傳贊不已。召公上，諭曰：「河南缺一城隍，君稱其職。」公方悟，頓首泣曰：「辱膺寵命，何敢多辭？但老母七旬，奉養無人，請得終其天年，惟聽錄用。」上一帝王像者，即命稽母壽籍。有長須吏捧冊翻閱一過，白：「有陽算九年。」共躊躇間，關帝曰：「不妨令張生攝篆九年，瓜代可也。」乃謂公：「應即赴任，今推仁孝之心，給假九年。及期當復相召。」又勉勵秀才數語。二公稽首並下。秀才握手，送諸郊野，自言長山張某。以詩贈別，都忘其詞，中有「有花有酒春常在，無燭無燈夜自明」之句。
• 公既騎，乃別而去，及抵裏，豁若夢寤。時卒已三日，母聞棺中呻吟，扶出，半日始能語。問之長山，果有張生於是日死矣。後九年，母果卒，營葬既畢，浣濯入室而沒。其岳家居城中西門裡，忽見公鏤膺朱幩，輿馬甚眾。登其堂，一拜而行。相共驚疑，不知其為神，奔詢鄉中，則已歿矣。公有自記小傳，惜亂後無存，此其略耳。

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生命哲學的命題

• 1. Five ages of the cosmos 
• 2. CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background)
• 3. Evidence of first life in earth
• 4. 足跡
• 5. 蹲在河邊的人
• 6. 船子和尚
• 7. Warrior Bass

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�The Five Ages of the Universe�

• The time scales treated in the book are sufficiently vast, that, the authors find it convenient to use scientific notation. They refer to the "n^th cosmological decade," meaning 10ⁿ years after the Big Bang. In what follows, n refers to the cosmological decade.

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• The Five Ages of the Universe: Inside the Physics of Eternity, by Fred C. Adams, Greg Laughlin, Free Press, 2000

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• Primordial Era
• The Primordial Era is defined as "−50 < n < 5". In this era, the Big Bang, the subsequent inflation, and Big Bang nucleosynthesis are thought to have taken place. Toward the end of this age, the recombination of electrons with nuclei made the universe transparent for the first time. The authors discuss the horizon and flatness problems.
• Stelliferous Era
• The Stelliferous Era, is defined as, "6 < n < 14". This is the current era, in which matter is arranged in the form of stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters, and most energy is produced in stars. Stars will be the most dominant objects of the universe in this era. Massive stars use up their fuel very rapidly, in as little as a few million years. Eventually, the only luminous stars remaining will be white dwarf stars. By the end of this era, bright stars as we know them will be gone, their nuclear fuel exhausted, and only white dwarfs, brown dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes will remain. In this section, Olbers' paradox is discussed.

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• Stelliferous means "filled with stars." During this era, most of the energy generated in the universe arises from nuclear fusion in conventional stars. We now live in the middle of the Stelliferous Era, a time period when stars are actively forming, living, and dying.

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• Degenerate Era
• The Degenerate Era is defined as "15 < n < 39". This is the era of brown dwarfs, white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes. White dwarfs will assimilate dark matter and continue with a nominal energy output. As this era continues, the authors hypothesize that protons will begin to decay (violating the conservation of baryon number given by the Standard Model). If proton decay takes place, the sole survivors will be black holes. If so, life becomes nearly impossible as planets decay.
• Black Hole Era
• The Black Hole Era is defined as "40 < n < 100". In this era, according to the book, organized matter will remain only in the form of black holes. Black holes themselves slowly "evaporate" away the matter contained in them, by the quantum mechanical process of Hawking radiation. By the end of this era, only extremely low-energy photons, electrons, positrons, and neutrinos will remain.

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• Dark Era
• The Dark Era is defined as "n > 101". By this era, with only very diffuse matter remaining, activity in the universe will have tailed off dramatically, with very low energy levels and very large time scales. Electrons and positrons drifting through space will encounter one another and occasionally form positronium atoms. These structures are unstable, however, and their constituent particles must eventually annihilate. Other low-level annihilation events will also take place, albeit very slowly. Essentially, the universe will eventually turn into a void.

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�Summary�

• Primordial Era: The universe’s birth and rapid inflation.
• Stelliferous Era: The current age, dominated by star formation and galactic evolution.
• Degenerate Era: The end of star formation, dominated by stellar remnants.
• Black Hole Era: Dominated by the slow evaporation of black holes.
• Dark Era: A cold, dark, and nearly empty universe.

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• The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is the cooled remnant of the first light that could ever travel freely throughout the Universe.

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• This 'fossil' radiation, the furthest that any telescope can see, was released soon after the Big Bang.

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�dynamics of the evolution of the cosmos�

• This is a big question, but please explain to me, about the dynamics of the evolution of the cosmos? (ChatGPT, 2024-6-9)
• Describe the process of large scale structure formation of the cosmos for me. （ChatGPT, 2024-6-10)
• Can we say that the gravity is the driving force behind the evolution of the cosmos? (ChatGPT, 2024-6-10)

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�This is a big question, but please explain to me, about the dynamics of the evolution of the cosmos? (ChatGPT, 2024-6-9)�

• 1. **The Big Bang and Initial Expansion**
• - **Big Bang**: Approximately 13.8 billion years ago, the universe began from an extremely hot, dense state in an event known as the Big Bang. This marked the origin of space, time, and all matter and energy.
• - **Inflation**: Shortly after the Big Bang, the universe underwent a rapid exponential expansion called inflation. This smoothed out the distribution of matter and set the stage for the formation of the large-scale structure of the universe.�
• 2. **Formation of Fundamental Particles and Nuclei**
• - **Quark-Gluon Plasma**: In the first moments, the universe was a hot, dense plasma of quarks and gluons.
• - **Hadronization**: As the universe cooled, quarks combined to form protons and neutrons.
• - **Nucleosynthesis**: In the first few minutes, protons and neutrons fused to form light nuclei, such as hydrogen, helium, and trace amounts of lithium. This process is known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis.

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• 3. **Recombination and the Cosmic Microwave Background**
• - **Recombination**: About 380,000 years after the Big Bang, electrons combined with protons and nuclei to form neutral atoms, primarily hydrogen and helium. This allowed photons to travel freely, leading to the release of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation.
• - **CMB**: The CMB is a faint glow left over from the early universe, providing a snapshot of the universe at this early stage.

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• 4. **Formation of Large-Scale Structures**
• - **Dark Matter**: Dark matter played a crucial role in the formation of the first structures. Its gravitational pull helped gather ordinary matter into denser regions.
• - **First Stars and Galaxies**: The first stars (Population III stars) formed in these dense regions, eventually leading to the formation of galaxies. These stars began the process of reionization, lighting up the universe and allowing it to become transparent to ultraviolet light.

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• 5. **Galaxy Evolution and Star Formation**
• - **Galaxy Formation**: Over billions of years, galaxies formed and evolved through processes such as mergers and accretion of matter. Supermassive black holes formed at the centers of galaxies, influencing their growth and evolution.
• - **Star Formation**: Within galaxies, stars continued to form and evolve. Supernovae enriched the interstellar medium with heavier elements, allowing for the formation of planets and, eventually, life.

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• 6. **Dark Energy and Accelerated Expansion**
• - **Dark Energy**: Around 5 billion years ago, the expansion of the universe began to accelerate due to the influence of dark energy, a mysterious form of energy that permeates space.
• - **Current Era**: Today, the universe continues to expand at an accelerating rate, driven by dark energy. Galaxies are moving farther apart, and the large-scale structure of the universe is becoming increasingly dominated by the effects of dark energy.

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• 7. **Possible Future Scenarios**
• - **Big Freeze (Heat Death)**: If dark energy continues to drive accelerated expansion, the universe will keep expanding, galaxies will move farther apart, and stars will eventually burn out. This scenario leads to a cold, dark, and dilute universe.
• - **Big Rip**: If dark energy's repulsive force grows stronger over time, it could eventually overcome all other forces, tearing apart galaxies, stars, planets, and even atomic structures.
• - **Big Crunch**: If dark energy's influence diminishes and gravity prevails, the universe could stop expanding and begin contracting, leading to a collapse into a singularity.
• - **Big Bounce**: In some cyclic models, the universe could undergo repeated cycles of expansion and contraction, leading to new Big Bang events.

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• Summary
• The evolution of the cosmos is a dynamic process shaped by various forces and phenomena, including the initial conditions of the Big Bang, the role of dark matter in structure formation, the impact of dark energy on cosmic expansion, and the lifecycle of stars and galaxies. These processes interplay to create the universe we observe today and will continue to shape its future.�

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Cosmology

• The 4-Percent Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality, by Richard Panek, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011
• Pillars of Creation: How the James Webb Telescope Unlocked the Secrets of the Cosmos, by Richard Panek, Little, Brown and Company, 2024
• The Cosmos: Astronomy in the New Millennium 5e, by Jay M. Pasachoff, Alex Filippenko, Cambridge University Press, 2019
• A Brief History of Earth: Four Billion Years in Eight Chapters, by Andrew H. Knoll, Mariner Books, 2021
• A (Very) Short History of Life on Earth: 4.6 Billion Years in 12 Pithy Chapters, by Henry Gee, St. Martin's Press, 2021
• The Decline and Fall of the Human Empire: Why Our Species Is on the Edge of Extinction, by Henry Gee, St. Martin's Press, 2025
• The Five Ages of the Universe: Inside the Physics of Eternity, by Fred C. Adams, Greg Laughlin, Free Press, 2000
• Origins of Existence: How Life Emerged in the Universe, by Fred C. Adams, Free Press, 2010

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�足跡 (3.8 Mya) (阿法南方古猿）�

• As crazy as it might seem, the oldest evidence we have of Australopithecus is not a fossil at all but a few footprints that have been preserved: they belong to three specimens of Australopithecus afarensis, the same species as the famous Lucy. Around 3.8 million years ago, at a site called Laetoli in what is now Tanzania, the Sadiman volcano covered the earth in a six-inch-thick bed of ash, which preserved the footprints of three Australopithecus specimens who walked through it together. （A POCKET HISTORY OF HUMAN EVOLUTION: How We Became Sapiens, by SILVANA CONDEMI, FRANÇOIS SAVATIE, The Experiment, 2019, Chap 1)

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• … it’s very likely that from the end of the Pliocene epoch (5.3 to 2.58 million years ago) to the beginning of the Pleistocene (2.58 million to 11,700 years ago), several species of Australopithecus fashioned stone tools and used them—if not for hunting, then at the very least for cutting, harvesting root vegetables, and butchering dead animals. (ibid, Chap 2)�
• But it’s clear that one of these toolmaking Australopithecus species must be the origin of the human stone technology that initiated Sapiens’s technical domination of the world. (ibid, Chap 2)

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• Therefore, what truly separates Sapiens from Neanderthals is our behavior in relation to nature: our ecological behavior. Neanderthals behaved just like any another predator, removing from the environment only the necessary resources for them to survive, which always amounted to much less than Nature could provide. But Sapiens has a totally different behavior. As Homo sapiens hordes multiplied over time, they continued to take more and more resources from the environment, endangering one species after another, a process that—unfortunately for life on Earth—has never ceased. （ibid, Chap 7)

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物競天擇 劣者生存

• 尼安德塔人為何滅絕，其腦容量 1700 ml，大于人類 1350 ml，其與自然的關係融洽，不會像人類一般貪婪無厭，侵略掠奪，竭澤而漁，意思是說，人類分明是一種卑劣物種，為什麼尼安德塔人，從演化歷史而言，反而敗給人類這個傢伙，

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• The Two Million-Year-Old Self, by Anthony Stevens, Texas A&M University Press, 2005
• Psychoanalysis and the Birth of the Self: A Radical Interdisciplinary Approach, by Mark Leffert, Routledge, 2018
• The Accidental Homo Sapiens: Genetics, Behavior, and Free Will, by Ian Tattersall, Robert DeSalle, Pegasus Books, 2019
• The Accidental Species: Misunderstandings of Human Evolution, by Henry Gee, The University of Chicago Press, 2013
• The Decline and Fall of the Human Empire: Why Our Species Is on the Edge of Extinction, by Henry Gee, St. Martin's Press, 2025
• what's the genome difference between humans and animals? (ChatGPT, 2024-8-15)
• Do civilizations always originate and flourish in geologically unstable areas? （ChatGPT, 2924-8-15)
• What’s the function of SRGAP2 gene mutations? (ChatGPT, 2024-8-15)

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�what's the genome difference between humans and animals? (ChatGPT, 2024-8-15)�

• In equivalent areas of the genome, we are 98.8% genetically similar to chimpanzees, 75% genetically similar to chickens, and even 60% genetically similar to banana trees!
• Humans share large portions of our genome with other organisms due to similar basic functions across the animal kingdom. 
• As a result, we share roughly 90 percent of our DNA with mice, dogs, cattle, and elephants. Coming closer to home, the DNA of human beings and chimpanzees is 98 to 99 percent identical. The differences between us that we (and presumably the chimps) regard as significant depend on only 1 or 2 percent of our DNA.

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38

��明儒學案卷五　白沙學案上�

• 人具七尺之軀，除了此心此理，便無可貴。渾是一包膿血，一大塊骨頭，饑能食，渴能飲，能著衣服，能行淫欲，貧賤而思富貴，富貴而貪權勢，忿而爭，憂而悲，窮則濫，樂則淫，凡百所為，一信血氣，老死而後已，則命之曰禽獸可也。

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• https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=740791

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39

�青年熊十力 (1885-1968) (後結構主義和心理治療)�

• 熊十力，1885 年出生，所以，1911 年辛亥革命，他二十六歲，1918 年，二十七歲，「心書」出版，1919 年五四運動，他三十四歲，1920 年去南京內學院，他三十五歲，1922 年去北大教書，他三十七歲，1932 年，新唯識論 (文言文版) 出版，他四十七歲，�
• 三十五，是關鍵，當時窮到只有一條褲子，遂晾在佛像上，隔天再穿，意思是說，那天晚上，他沒有穿褲子，意思是說，學佛，尤其唯識學，不可穿褲，意思是說，有褲子穿者，學不會，�
• 熊十力，年少時 (何年？估計應是清末)，讀陳白沙禽獸說，因而奮起做人，�
• 我希望，有人能寫，熊十力前半生傳，以此說明清末民初巨變，心學何以萌芽復甦，藉以說明那隻蝴蝶，�
• 因為，此刻，我們正在等待，那隻蝴蝶，再度出現，�
• 熊十力撰新唯識論之前，已撰唯識論數次，意思是說，下佛學功夫甚深，為何由唯識入手，其中因緣何在乎，

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40

Evil

• Can we say that the upmost evil intent and act is actualized by creating evil systems which enslave life? (ChatGPT, 2024-10-25)
• Can we say that, as regards the perennial war between evil and goodness, evil, like true believer, is more faithful and determined, goodness, like stranger’s kindness, is more casual and reactive, therefore evil will win? (ChatGPT, 2024-8-21)
• How does politics of friendship deal with evilness? （ChatGPT, 2024-12-8)
• “It deconstructs the concept of evil as an absolute and challenges the use of enmity as a political tool. However, its focus on ambiguity and reconciliation may leave unresolved tensions in contexts where moral clarity or decisive action is needed.” Well, since evilness is deconstructed, evil does not exist any more, and it’s evil to talk about evil? (ChatGPT, 2024-12-8)

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41

Evil

• Explain to me the theories of the origin of evil. (ChatGPT, 2024-6-19)
• Can we say that the upmost evil intent and act is actualized by creating evil systems which enslave life? (ChatGPT, 2024-10-25)
• Does the concept of ‘evil’ make sense in terms of cosmology? (ChatGPT, 2024-6-2)
• Why among the animals, only humans are capable of being evil? (ChatGPT, 2024-6-19)
• Can we say that the ‘goodness vs evil’ is an evolution of the human mind? （ChatGPT, 2024-8-16)
• Therefore, the concept of ‘evil’ belongs to the humanities and social sciences, and is not a concern of natural science? (ChatGPT, 2024-6-2)
• 七宗罪 (seven deadly sins)
• Does the concept of ‘evil’ make sense in terms of life evolution, especially humans? (ChatGPT, 2024-6-2)
• Psychoanalysis of Evil: Perspectives on Destructive Behavior (Henry Kellerman, 2014)
• Liquid Evil (Zygmunt Bauman, 2016)

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42

Evil

• So, let’s be clear about the standpoint, conflict is not so bad to create momentum for evolutionary progress, but evil intent and act is not necessary, nor are man-made disasters? (ChatGPT, 2024-10-25)
• Do you think the evil axis, so-called crinks, which include China, Russia, Iran, North Korea, are “necessary” evils? Necessary, in terms of creating conflict and disaster for human evolution? (ChatGPT, 2024-10-25)
• Crink: the new autocractic 'axis of evil’ https://kellychang2713.blogspot.com/search?q=Crink%3A+the+new+autocractic+%27axis+of+evil%E2%80%99
• “He who fights with monsters might take care lest he thereby become a monster. And if you gaze for long into an abyss, the abyss gazes also into you." (Nietzsche, 1886) So, you mean, who fight to death to eradicate the Crink are destined to become evil itself? (ChatGPT, 2024-10-25)
• Now, “in the process of fighting what one perceives as monstrous or evil, there is a risk of adopting the same destructive traits and behaviors one seeks to eradicate”, isn’t this the paradox that the Crink exploits? (ChatGPT, 2024-10-25)
• The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil (Philip Zimbardo, 2007)

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43

Death Drive

• Negativity in Psychoanalysis: Theory and Clinic, ed. Duane Rousselle, Mark Gerard Murphy, Routledge, 2023
• Negative Psychoanalysis for the Living Dead: Philosophical Pessimism and the Death Drive, by Julie Reshe, Palgrave Macmillan, 2023
• Vitalization in Psychoanalysis (Relational Perspectives Book Series), ed. Amy Schwartz Cooney, Rachel Sopher, Routledge, 2023
• On the Destruction and Death Drives, by André Green  (Author), Howard B Levine  (Editor), Steven Jaron  (Translator), Karnac Books, 2023
• The Death Drive (Routledge Introductions to Contemporary Psychoanalysis), by Rossella Valdrè, Routledge, 2024
• Capitalism and the Death Drive, by Byung-Chul Han, Daniel Steuer  (Translator), Polity, 2021
• Death Drive: Why Societies Self-Destruct, by Niklas Hageback, Histria Perspectives, 2020
• Repetition, the Compulsion to Repeat, and the Death Drive: An Examination of Freud's Doctrines (Dialog-on-Freud), by M. Andrew Holowchak, Michael Lavin, Lexington Books, 2017
• Contemporary Perspectives on the Freudian Death Drive: In Theory, Clinical Practice and Culture (The International Psychoanalytical Association Psychoanalytic Ideas and Applications Series), ed. Victor Blüml, Liana Giorgi, Daru Huppert, Routledge, 2019

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44

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• Psychoanalytic Reflections on The Freudian Death Drive: In Theory, the Clinic, and Art, by Rossella Valdrè, Routledge, 2018
• Death and Mastery: Psychoanalytic Drive Theory and the Subject of Late Capitalism (New Directions in Critical Theory, 61), by Benjamin Fong, Columbia University Press, 2018
• A Child Is Being Killed: On Primary Narcissism and the Death Drive (Meridian: Crossing Aesthetics), by Serge Leclaire, Stanford University Press, 1998
• Death Drive: There are No Accidents, by Stephen Bayley, Circa Press, 2017
• Cultures of the Death Drive: Melanie Klein and Modernist Melancholia (Post-Contemporary Interventions), by Esther Sánchez-Pardo, Duke University Press Books, 2003
• Life Drive & Death Drive, Libido & Lethe, by Cordelia Schmidt-Hellerau, Other Press, 2001
• Life Drive & Death Drive Libido & Lethe A clear road through Freud's metapsychology leading to helpful findings and new concepts, by Cordelia Schmidt-Hellerau, Ipbooks, 2024
• Eros: Beyond the Death Drive, by Rosaura Martínez Ruiz, Fordham University Press, 2021
• Necropolitics (Theory in Forms), by Achille Mbembe, Duke University Press Books, 2019
• Biophilia, by Edward O. Wilson, Harvard University Press, 1984
• The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (Erich Fromm, 1979)
• The Heart of Man: Its Genius for Good and Evil (Erich Fromm,1964)

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45

�2006 vs 2024 (存在治療）(2024-8-5) �

​

我此生

•    (一) 第一個觀點 (perspective) (1991-1992)：個別動力心理治療的兩大基石，

是客體關係理論和自體理論

•    (二) 第二個觀點 (perspective) (2006)：從人文學迴溯心理治療，這個迴溯，

會體現在現象學-詮釋學-存有哲學 (P-H-E)

•    (三) 第三個轉折 (turn) (2015)：回到自然，回到歷史

•    (四) 兩個歸宗 (2019)：存在治療，批判的心理治療

•    (五) 預見後人類的世界 (post-human world) (2021)：後人類世 (post- anthropocene)，

後人本主義 (post- humanism)

•    (六) 後結構主義和心理治療 (2022)：德勒茲和心理治療，菊次郎十六式

•    (七) 從自體心理學到自體的心理學 (2022-2023)

•    (八) Negativity vs Vitality (2024)

•   (九) Metaphysics of van life (車行形上學) (2025)

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�

46

�

•      第一個命題是：個別動力心理治療的兩大基石為客體關係理論和自體理論。

•  第二個命題是：從人文學的傳統迴溯心理治療，這個迴溯將體現於

現象-詮釋-存在(P-H-E)觀點。

•  第三個轉折是：回到歷史，回到自然。第三個轉折說明了人的復位的困難，

和為什麼自體的心理學是一未完成的革命。

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47

• 2006，我猶在 P-H-E 的框架 （framework)，我先前說過，我當時以為，不必再想下去了，直到 2015，打開了兩個回到，回到自然，回到歷史，以至于，開啟了，批判的心理治療，以至于，接上去 D&G，後結構主義的心理治療，以至于，自體心理學，終于來到，自體的心理學，五合一，
• 以至于，2024 此時，存在治療，于我而言，除了 P-H-E，是加上去了，回到自然，回到歷史，批判的心理治療，後結構主義的心理治療，的自體的心理學，的存在治療，
• 它的名字，叫做菊次郎十六式，巖中花樹療法，船子擺渡療法，

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48

• 有趣的是，P-H-E 「仍在那裡」，所以，最大的問題是，P-H-E 怎麼和，回到自然，回到歷史，批判的心理治療，後結構主義的心理治療，尤其是，後結構主義，共存，
• Philip Cushman 那句話，就是說明，他怎麼處理，這個問題，

​

• To practice hermeneutics without a sharp focus on power, and critical postmodernism without a profound recognition of the inescapable moral frame, is to practice them poorly. (Cushman, 2005a, pp. 402-403) (Cushman, 2012) 

​

• Cushman, P. (2012). Why Resist? Politics, Psychoanalysis, and the Interpretive Turn. DIVISION/Rev., 4:11-13 
• Cushman, P. (2005a). Between arrogance and a dead-end: Gadamer and the Heiddeger-Foucault controversy. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 41, 399-417.�

49

• 有趣的是，Cushman 並未接上去後結構主義，他說的是後現代，意思是說，他其實沒有哲學上的處理，這個問題，
• 我不確定，我能走多遠，但是後結構主義一進來，P-H-E 的世界，相形之下，好像是一個靜止的世界，

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50

• 所以，小結，
• 2006 vs 2024，是加上去，事件 （to be appropriated by the event, rather than the event of appropriation)，生成 （becoming > being, becoming is being)，純粹的，激進的，變動不居 （pure and radical immanence)，意思是說，加上去的，是移動，是流動，是分子革命，是在歷史的現場開救護車，是開門遂為存在所見 （非開門見山，是開門遂為山所見），是 （薛西弗斯的）「自由」，
• 是「在變動不居中，作 P-H-E 的考察」，
• 意思是說，「在變動不居中，留下一個夏天的回憶」，

51

�關於邪惡 (2020-12-26)�

• 首先我認為病人無邪惡可言
• 意思是說在治療的前提下只有原諒
• 儘管病人無理取鬧搞得你大聲咆哮
• 未幾靜下心來你還是只有原諒
• 「他不是故意的他不知道他在做什麼」�
• 病人無邪惡可言
• 那非病人呢？�
• 意思是說在沒有要治療他的前提下
• 你沒有義務包容和原諒
• 「他是故意的他知道他在做什麼」�
• 這時你才面對邪惡�

• 精神分析的說法大致分為內外兩說
• 克萊茵學派相信邪惡是我們的內心的本然
• Fairbairn 和 Kohut 則相信邪惡是對於外的刺激的反應
• 但 Kohut 強調自戀的受傷 Narcissistic injury or insult 會帶來毀滅性的復仇
• 他認為 Narcissistic rage 可以解釋人類歷史的互戮�
• 所以自戀可以解釋邪惡嗎？�
• 我想自戀不足以道盡邪惡

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52

• 我想邪惡須分為個體的和集體的�
• The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil (Philip Zimbardo, 2007) 
• 說明「特定的集體情境下」
• (必須是讓人無所遁逃的不得不從眾的封閉系統的情境)
• 我們每個人都有本事生吃人心肝
• 這就是文革發生過的邪惡
• 意思是說邪惡的是那特定的集體情境
• 意思是說邪惡的是制度�
• 意思是說集體的意志大於個體的意志�

• 人類的幾大宗教系統基本上包山包海
• 當然也都處理過善惡這個大問題
• 哲學的倫理學亦然�
• 但都無法說明
• 面對善根已斷的純粹邪惡
• 我們該怎麼辦�
• 張系國多年前說
• 一般人是糊裡糊塗的
• 成不了大善也成不了大惡�
• 這我可以理解也可以接受

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53

• 但張系國沒有說
• 面對善根已斷的純粹邪惡
• 我們該怎麼辦�
• 我印象中 Kohut 也沒有說
• 雖然他戰後再三致意白玫瑰和 Franz Jägerstätter �
• 我還是沒有說清楚邪惡的成因
• (個體和集體的 自戀受傷引起的仇恨; 往往是在封閉的系統中發生 比如說基本教義派 或專制極權 封閉的系統意謂著單一話語系統)�
• 但我希望人在最糟的特定的集體情境下
• 仍可免於陷入一起邪惡
• 很難的確很難
• 當你身邊的人
• 都在吃人

​

• 我希望人善根猶存�
• 但我同時也知道
• 面對善根已斷的純粹邪惡
• 我們只能奮死一戰同歸於盡�
• 最好的結局
• 是同歸於盡�
• 意思是說
• 我不認為善能戰勝惡�
• 這點我先前解釋過
• 不再多說

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54

�善惡 (evil) (自體的心理學) (2023-7-16)�

• 無善無惡心之體，有善有惡意之動，知善知惡是良知，為善去惡是格物 （王陽明）
• 意思是說，宇宙洪荒，本無善惡，文明起，方有善惡，
• 但是，文明的本質是，惡大於善，惡先於善，惡勝於善，
• (善惡皆有其神經迴路，惡的神經迴路，明顯主導，明顯強勢)
• 這就是，有名的，「惡的優先性」 (The Priority of Evil)，
• 意思是說，善是在惡後面追趕的，怎麼趕都趕不上的，

​

• 意思是說，惡成為主要的人性的表現，以致人早已以為，惡就是他的本性，
• 良知只是知，所謂知善知惡，意思是說，只是知道，畢竟無鳥用，格物比較務實，有點用，像是垃圾分類，讓一般自以為善人，對於惡，眼不見為淨，其實惡只是被掃到地毯下，意思是說，老王最後一句錯了，「為善去惡，是真豪傑」，意思是說，去惡已經不易，尚且還要為善，意思是說，這是兼兩份全職工，比如說，滅共屠匪，同時還要，建立新民主中國，

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55

• 1. 惡分個人和系統
• 2. 系統之惡大於個人之惡
• 3. 甚至個人內化系統之惡之深已至誤以為其為個人本性的地步 （Cf. Intelligent Disobedience ，The Lucifer Effect)
• 4. 人的本性本無所謂善惡
• 5. 但是那個無所謂早已失去
• 6. 意思是說人已無本性可言
• 7. 然後代代受系統浸潤內化

​

• 8. 然後代代相傳
• 9. 照 Murray Bowen 的說法
• 10. Differentiation of the self 會依照其分化程度
• 11. 找到與自己同樣分化程度的配偶 (比如說四十分的找到四十分的)
• 12. 以致代代相傳的結果是
• 13. 從自體分化的程度而言
• 14. 我們無法超過前人 (意思是說無法大於四十分)
• 15. 意思是說只會更糟不可能更好

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56

• 16. 比照此說人的邪惡
• 17. 代代相傳
• 18. 只會更糟不可能更好
• 19. 此說讓人洩氣
• 20. 但符合實情
• 21. 實情就是惡已為人的本性
• 22. 善只不過是不忍為惡
• 23. 除惡者必成為惡

​

• 24. 但惡不除所有惡性輪迴無法終止
• 25. 所以需有人犧牲自己
• 26. 與惡共亡
• 27. 人是健忘的
• 28. 這樣的犧牲
• 29. 會一再發生
• 30. 因為多數人從來都沒有覺醒

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57

�Process theory vs Structure theory (自體的心理學）(2023-7-18)�

• 第一次看到這個分野，是 Howard Bacal 講特異性理論  （Specificity theory） ，
• Bacal 說， 特異性理論是歷程理論 （process theory），而非結構理論 （structure theory），
• 結構理論，以說明結構取勝，比如說，佛洛依德，克萊茵，Fairbairn，Kohut，拉岡桑，
• 歷程理論，以說明歷程取勝，比如說，Winnicott，關係學派精神分析 （Relational Psychoanalysis)，
• 你可以說，
• 結構理論，說的是，打開來，裡面藏了什麼；歷程理論，說的是，怎麼回事，發生了什麼，
• 換句話說，
• 結構理論，需要清晰的洞察 （crisp insight) ；歷程理論，需要豐富的經驗，
• 前者深思熟慮拆解細究；後者行雲流水一氣呵成，
• 結構主義，是結構理論；後結構主義，是歷程理論，

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58

• 自體心理學，是結構理論；自體的心理學，是歷程理論，
• 小結，自體的心理學，講的是那個，難得糊塗的人，一生跌跌撞撞，的未必終成正果，的故事，我不認為，那個人，考慮周到，計畫精準，我認為，那個人，有點衝動，有點莽撞，甚至有點憨蠢，意思是說，那個人，分明對結構，大而化之，不明就裡，喜歡歷程，無明流轉，一躍而下，直到 （也許），某個還滅的瞬間，
• 有趣的是，讓人動容的，是那個歷程，作為生命存在過的見證，
• 這時你會說，這個故事真好聽真好看，但我不知道，它是怎麼發生的，
• 比如說，But I have a son—Scott—who has a remarkable gift for catching fish. Once, when he was very young and we were on vacation at a lake house, I saw him go to the lake and kneel down and place the palm of his hand on the water’s surface, like a ritual in an innocent religious ceremony. … That gesture of touching the surface of the water has stayed with me for years, and it is the leaping-off point of this story.（The Valley of Light, Terry Kay, 2003)

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59

The Valley of Light (Terry Kay, 2003) (1938-2020)

• Noah Locke, A World War II veteran, returns home at the end of the war to find his parents have died, his younger brother is in prison and the family farm has been sold. Feeling lost in the world, Noah wanders the back roads of the South in search of a place to belong...a place to call home. He encounters a mysterious stranger, who guides him to a small mountain community called the Valley of Light. There he meets and befriends Matthew, a mute boy, and Eleanor, a young widow. Eleanor and Noah are two lonely souls who develop a strong attraction to one other. But when tragedy strikes the community, Noah must decide if he truly belongs in the Valley of Light.
• 你要理解，讓他的人生，沒有壞掉的原因，是那條魚，

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• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Kay

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60

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this is vitality

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• https://kellychang2713.blogspot.com/2024/07/this-is-vitality-negativity-vs-vitality.html

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63

�物的反撲，人的退位��https://www.theposthuman.org/�

��物的復位，人的復位�

• 先生游南鎮，一友指岩中花樹問曰：「天下無心外之物。如此花樹，在深山中自開自落，於我心亦何相關？」先生曰：「你未看此花時，此花與汝心同歸於寂。你來看此花時，則此花顏色一時明白起來。便知此花不在你的心外。」岩中花樹曰：「汝二人未看我時，我與汝心同歸於寂。汝來看我時，則汝心顏色一時明白起來。便知汝不在我心外。」

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回到歷史，

才能，回到自然

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自體的心理學 (2025)

• （一） 自體的心理學的哲學
• 自體的心理學的形上學 (車行形上學)
• 1. 自體的心理學的宇宙論
• 2. 自體的心理學的本體論

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• 自體的心理學的知識論
• 1. 在二元論的世界討生活
• 2. 心裡信著吠壇多不二論

• 自體的心理學的倫理學
• 1. 目睹著陌生人的苦難
• 2. 遂伸出陌生人的善意

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• 自體的心理學的美學
• 1. 用力搔著陰囊 （serious scrotum scratching)
• 2. 點起紙菸，看著遠方�

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自體的心理學的哲學的問題性

• 「空無 vs 生機」 (Negativity vs Vitality)
• 「物的反撲，人的退位」vs「物的復 位，人的復位」
• 「Agential Realism」 (Karen Barad)
• 「尋找有趣的生命型態」
• 「臨時演員尋找有對白的劇本」(美智子，買兇拍人，2001)
• 「巖中花樹療法」，「草木瓦石，皆有良知」
• 「事件」
• 「becoming > being，becoming is being」
• 「分裂分析」 (schizoanalysis)？
• 「體用不二，翕闢成變」
• 「所作已辦， 為而不有」

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(二) 自體的心理學的見証：基進列傳

• Benedictus de Spinoza (1632-1677)，Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)，John Muir (1838-1914)，Paul Shepard (1925-1996)，David Smail (1938-2014)，Thomas Szasz (1920-2012)，Frantz Fanon (1925-1961)，R. D. Laing (1927-1989)，Paul Gordon，Manu Bazzano，Del Loewenthal，D&G，Antonin Artaud (1896-1948)，Georges Bataille (1897-1962)，Francis Bacon (1909-1992)，「越過時空，在宇宙爆炸，星辰生成，混沌邊緣，相會」，�

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��(三) 自體的心理學的事件��

• 菊次郎十六式
• 巖中花樹療法
• 草木瓦石療法
• 船子擺渡療法
• 邊城客棧療法�

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��(四) 自體的心理學的十三書���

• 精神分析內部資源

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• 精神分析外部資源：社會學，歷史學，文學，後結構主義，混沌理論，量子力學，場論，批判的傳統，Decolonizing Therapy (Jennifer Mullan，2023)，Decolonial Psychology (Lillian Comas-Diaz，et al，2024)，熊十力 (1885-1968)，Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1967)，陳白沙 (1428-1500)，湛甘泉（1466-1560)，王陽明 (1472-1529)，吳汝鈞，京都學派，阿含經，禪門驪珠集，沙河悲歌，龍天樓，等待果陀，�

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• 1. Decolonizing Psychoanalytic Technique: Putting Freud on Fanon's Couch, by Daniel José Gaztambide, Palgrave Macmillan, 2024
• 2. Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning, by Karen Barad, Duke University Press Books, 2007
• 3. The Art of Being Posthuman: Who Are We in the 21st Century? by Francesca Ferrando, Polity, 2024
• 4. Psychoanalysis and the Birth of the Self: A Radical Interdisciplinary Approach, by Mark Leffert, Routledge, 2018
• 5. Pillars of Creation: How the James Webb Telescope Unlocked the Secrets of the Cosmos, by Richard Panek, Little, Brown and Company, 2024
• 6. The 4-Percent Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality, by Richard Panek, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011
• 7. The Cosmos: Astronomy in the New Millennium 5 e, by Jay M. Pasachoff, Alex Filippenko, Cambridge University Press, 2019�

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• 8. Deleuze and Becoming, by Samantha Bankston, Bloomsbury Academic, 2017
• 9. History and Becoming: Deleuze's Philosophy of Creativity, by Craig Lundy, Edinburgh University Press, 2012
• 10. Deleuze: A Philosophy of the Event: together with The Vocabulary of Deleuze, by Francois Zourabichvili, Edinburgh University Press, 2012
• 11. Crossing the Threshold: Etheric Imagination in the Post-Kantian Process Philosophy of Schelling and Whitehead, by David Segall, Matthew, Integral Imprint, 2023
• 12. A Thousand Plateaus and Philosophy, ed. Henry Somers-Hall, Jeffrey A. Bell, James Williams, Edinburgh University Press, 2018
• 13. The Incomplete Project of Schizoanalysis, by Ian Buchanan, Edinburgh University Press, 2021
• 14. Schizoanalysis and Ecosophy: Reading Deleuze and Guattari (Bloomsbury Studies in Continental Philosophy), by Constantin V. Boundas, Bloomsbury Academic, 2017�

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• 15. The Age of Perversion: Desire and Technology in Psychoanalysis and Culture, by Danielle Knafo, Rocco Lo Bosco, Routledge, 2016
• 16. Coming Home to the Pleistocene, by Paul Shepard, Florence R. Shepard (ed), Island Press, 2013
• 17. A Brief History of Earth: Four Billion Years in Eight Chapters, by Andrew H. Knoll, Mariner Books, 2021
• 18. Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things, by Jane Bennett, Duke University Press, 2010 
• 19. Deleuze’s Way: Essays in Transverse Ethics and Aesthetics, by Ronald Bogue, Routledge, 2007
• 20. Thinking with Deleuze, by Ronald Bogus, EUP, 2018

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