What is AI?

Science of AI

Physics: where did the physical universe come from?

And what laws guide its dynamics?

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Biology: how did biological life evolve?

and how do living organism function?

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AI: what is the nature of intelligent thought?

What is intelligence?

Dictonary.com: capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity.

Abstraction, Logic, Understanding, Self Awareness, Learning, Emotional Knowledge, Reasoning, Planning, Creativity, Critical Thinking and problem solving

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• Ability to perceive and act in the world.
• Reasoning: proving thermos, medical diagnosis.
• Planning: take decisions
• Learning and Adaption: recommended movies, learn traffic patterns.
• Understanding: text, speech, visual scene

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Types of Intelligence:

Intelligence Quotient(IQ), Emotional Quotient(EQ), Social Quotient(SQ), Adversity Quotient(AQ)

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Intelligence vs Humans

• Are humans intelligent?

- replicating human behaviour early hallmark of intelligent

• Are humans always intelligent?
• Can non-human behaviour be intelligent?

Non-humans refers to anything that is not a human being or not produced by humans.

Ex: Animals, Nature, Technology, Philosophy, Literature and culture

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What is Artificial Intelligence?

• Artificial Intelligence

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“Man Made” + “Thinking Power”

Artificial is something “non-natural” or “man-made” and Intelligence which is ability to “think, learn and understand”.

AI means “a man-made thinking power”.

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“It is a study of create intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions”.

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It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs,- “John McCarthy”

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Definition 1:

“The theory and development of computer systems which is able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception; speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages”.

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Definition 2:

“it is branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machine, which can behave like a human, think like human and able to make decisions”.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

1. Systems that think like humans (focus on reasoning and human framework).
2. Systems that think rationally (focus on reasoning and a general concept of intelligence).
3. Systems that act like humans (focus on behaviour and human framework).
4. Systems that act rationally (focus on behaviour and a general concept of intelligence).

Some define Intelligence in terms of:

• Human Performance
• Rationality
• Internal thought process
• Some focus on intelligent behaviour

Intelligence vs Humans

Human like vs Rational

Though

Vs

Behaviour

Acting humanly: The Turing Test approach

Thinking rationally: The “laws of thought” approach

Thinking humanly: The cognitive modeling approach

Acting rationally: The rational agent approach

I. Thinking humanly: The cognitive modelling approach:

Cognitive relates to the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.

The 6 Core Cognitive Processes are Perception, Attention, Memory, Language, Reasoning, Problem-Solving.

If we are going to say that a given program thinks like a human, we must have some way of determining how humans think. We need to get inside the actual workings of human minds.

There are three ways to do this:

1. Through introspection—trying to catch our own thoughts as they go by;

2. Through psychological experiments—observing a person in action;

3. Through brain imaging—observing the brain in action.

II. Thinking rationally: The “laws of thought” approach:

The Greek philosopher Aristotle was one of the first to attempt to codify the “right thinking,” that is, irrefutable reasoning processes.

Syllogisms provided patterns for argument structures that always yielded correct conclusions when given correct premises.

Example: “Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Socrates is mortal.”

Example: “All birds can fly; A bat can fly; therefore, Therefore, a bat is a bird.” – “Not a Right Thinking”

These laws of thought were supposed to govern the operation of the mind; their study initiated the field called logic.

III. Acting humanly: The Turing Test approach:

The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence.

A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or from a computer. the details of the test and whether a computer would really be intelligent if it passed.

III. Acting humanly: The Turing Test approach: (cont..)

The 6 Capabilities Needed to Pass a rigorous Turing Test, an AI cannot just look up answers in a database.

It must possess six foundational capabilities:

1. Natural Language Processing: To communicate fluently in human languages.
2. Knowledge Representation: To store what it knows about the world.
3. Automated Reasoning: To use stored information to answer questions.
4. Machine Learning: To adapt to new situations and catch patterns.
5. Computer Vision: To perceive objects and visual cues.
6. Robotics: To move and manipulate objects physically.

IV. Acting rationally: The rational agent approach:

An agent is just something that acts (agent comes from the Latin agere, to do).

All computer programs do something, but computer agents are expected to do more:

• operate autonomously, perceive their environment,
• persist over a prolonged time period,
• adapt to change and create and pursue goals.

A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.

It is an abstract conceptual model or design framework in Artificial Intelligence.