2 of 20

Organizers:

Kelsey Vukic

Social and Behavioral Sciences Librarian

Alyssa Brissett

Head, Education, Social Work, and Gerontology Library Services

Email: sscihelp@usc.edu

Access slides: https://bit.ly/APA_intextSP22

APA In-text Citation Workshop

3 of 20

Outline of this Session

Introduction to APA
Overview of changes to 7th edition
In-text citations
Activity

4 of 20

APA Manual Overview

American Psychological Association (APA for short)
7th ed. Published October 2019
Format style used by sciences and social sciences
Sets rules for formatting paper (page number location, title page, etc.), formatting sources (in-text citations & references) and how information is presented (tables, ethical reporting, reducing bias in language, mechanics of style).
Objective to provide structure and formatting for manuscript publishing, new edition accounts for academic/student works

5 of 20

Text Formatting

One space after a period
More flexibility regarding font options

Format	Recommended Font
Online	Sans serif – Calibri (11pt), Arial (11pt), Lucida Sans Unicode (10pt)
Print	Serif – Times New Roman (12pt), Georgia (11pt)
Figure images	Sans serif between 8 and 14pt
Computer code	Monospace – Lucida Console (10pt), Courier New (10pt)

6 of 20

Formatting Changes

Student papers no longer need to provide a Running Head
Headings have been updated:

Level	Format
1	Centered, Bold, Title Case
2	Left-aligned, Bold, Title Case
3	Left-aligned, Bold, Italic, Title Case
4	Indented, Bold, Title Case, Period. Text being on same line
5	Indented, Bold, Italic, Title Case, Period. Text begin on the same line.

7 of 20

In-Text Citations

8 of 20

Purpose of citations

Properly credit the authors of information you use
Not doing so is considered plagiarism
Engage in scholarly conversation on your topic
Build a foundation on your knowledge and conclusions- Important to acknowledge the sources that make up that foundation
Allows reader to refer back to original source
Paraphrasing is more desirable than direct quotations

9 of 20

In-Text Citations

Follow the author-date method: Author’s last name and year of publication should appear in text, and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper
Smith (2003) claimed…. Or …cultural significance (Smith, 2003)
Direct quotes include page number (at the end of the quote)
Smith (2003) “…cultural significance” (p. 54). Or
“…cultural significance” (Smith, 2003, p. 54).
Sources with no publishing date use “n.d.” : (Cho, n.d.).

10 of 20

In-Text Citations Continued

Multiple authors: join the authors’ names with the word “and” if you refer to them in the text; join the authors names with an ampersand (“&”) if you refer to them in a parenthetical citation
Maldonado and Hernandez (2012) or (Maldonado & Hernandez, 2012)
Multiple works within the same citation should be separated by a semicolon. Order the citations alphabetically in the same order they appear in the reference list:
Several studies (Ford, 2003; Waters & Daniels, 2006)…

11 of 20

In-Text Citations Continued

Works with 3 or more authors: include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year:
Hall et al. (2010) found that….

...studies found (Hall et al., 2010).

12 of 20

In-Text Citations Continued

Use secondary sources sparingly (e.g. when original work is out of print or not available in English). Provide secondary source in reference. In text, provide name of original work and give citation for secondary source:
Piaget’s vision for education (as cited in Thompson, 2014)

...pedagogy (Piaget, as cited in Thompson, 2014)

13 of 20

In-Text Citations Continued

It appears there is no author- a company or organization becomes the author

Department of Education (2010) states …..
….early childhood (Department of Education, 2010).

The names of groups serving as authors (e.g., corporations, associations, government agencies, etc.) are spelled out in the first citation. If the abbreviation is familiar or readily understandable it is recommended to provide abbreviation in subsequent citations.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2007) found flu vaccines…..
….flu vaccines (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2007).
CDC (2007) also states…..
….response to Zika (CDC, 2016).

14 of 20

In-Text Citations Continued

If a work has no identified author or organization, then you cite the title and year of the work.
Use double quotation marks for the title of an article, a chapter, or a web page and italicize the title of a periodical or a book.

….statistical findings (“Study Finds,” 2010).
The book Today’s Standard of Living (2014) finds….

If a work’s author is designated as “Anonymous,” cite that in

(Anonymous, 1999).

Legal entries- typically include title of the work, followed by year

15 of 20

Block Quotes

Any quotation containing 40 or more words
Do not use quotation marks to enclose block quotations. Do use double quotation marks to enclose any quoted material within a block quotation
Place period at the end of the quote rather than after the citation
Block quotes should start on a new line and indent the block about ½ inch from the left margin
If there are additional paragraphs within the block quote, indent the first line of each an additional half inch.
Double space the entire quotation

16 of 20

Block Quotes

Education author Agarwal-Rangnath (2013) states:

In this tenant of the framework, application, the strategies, with examples of teacher practice, demonstrate how to help students apply and process new information gathered from delving beneath the surface of traditional textbook content. As students process and synthesize new content information, they also formulate for themselves historical narratives inclusive of the perspectives not necessarily heard in our textbooks. (p. 77)

Additionally, students should have opportunities throughout the lesson to deconstruct and examine bias �both in themselves and in the texts that surround them. In consequence, students may push past the bias normalized in traditional curriculum to form a historical narrative that is more inclusive of others’ perspectives, ideas, and values. (Agarwal-Rangnath, 2013, p. 77)

17 of 20

USC Libraries’ APA Resources

APA Style Guide 7th edition created by USC Libraries to support users with formatting and style guidance.
APA Manual 7th edition available for check out USC Libraries: Norris and Doheny Memorial Library. Call number: BF76.7 .P83 2020
Academic Writer: Academic Writer (formerly APA Style CENTRAL) combines learning and teaching tools, writing and content processing technology, and full integration of APA's Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.

18 of 20

Additional APA Resources

APA Style Website APA’s updated website with formatting resources. Replaced APA Style’s 6th Ed. blog
Owl Purdue Online resource for APA formatting
“A Step by Step Guide for APA Style Student Papers” video tutorial targeted to students regarding formatting student papers following APA Style 7th Ed.

19 of 20

In-Text Citations Activity- https://usc.libwizard.com/f/apaintext

20 of 20

Questions

Email: sscihelp@usc.edu

Access slides: https://bit.ly/APA_intextSP22 S1

Additional Workshops: https://libguides.usc.edu/ssciworkshops