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1

The influence of oral contraceptives on brain development during adolescence.

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2

OC AND MECHANISM OF ACTION

(Brooke et Graham, 2025; De Leo et al., 2016; Hampson, 2023; Marques et al., 2024; Porce et al., 2019; Rotermann, 2025; Stanczyk et al., 2013, Taylor et al., 2020)

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OC AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGIES

(Anderl et al., 2022; de Wit et al., 2020; Hall et al., 2012 ; Johansson et al., 2024; Keyes et al., 2013; Larsson et al., 1997 ; Lindh et al., 2009 ; Lundin et al., 2022; Ott et al., 2008 ; Rosenberg et Waugh, 1998 ; Sanders et al., 2001 ; Skovlund et al., 2016; Toffol et al., 2011; 2012; Zettermark et al., 2018; Zimmerman et al., 2022

antidepressant use

diagnosis of depression

symptoms of anxiety

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4

EMOTION REGULATION CIRCUITRY

amygdale

striatum ventral

hippocampe

PAG

insula

dACC

rACC

vmPFC

(Braunstein et al., 2017; Dalton et al., 2025; Egner et al., 2008; Etkin et al., 2015; Feng et al., 2018; Gyurak et al., 2011; Phillips et al., 2003)

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5

SEX HORMONES AND EMOTIONAL CIRCUIT MORPHOLOGY

ENDOGENOUS

OC

(Brouillard et al., 2023; Brouillard et al., 2024; Heller et al., 2024; Lisofsky et al., 2016))

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6

ADOLESCENCE AS A SENSITIVE PERIOD

(Anderl et al., 2022 ; Beltz, 2022; Brønnick et al., 2020; Brouillard et al., 2024; Cahill, 2006 ; Costello et al., 2003; Davis et al., 2020; de Wit et al., 2020 ; Skovlund et al., 2016

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Historique des Contraceptifs oraux (CO)

(Burkman et al., 2011; Chasan-Taber et Stampfer, 1998; Derman, 1989; Lederer, 2005; Liao et Dollin, 2012; Liu et Fisher, 2002)

1960

1969

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• 30% des Canadiennes entre 15 et 19 ans
• Contraceptifs hormonaux les plus utilisés en Amérique du Nord et en Europe
• Médication la plus prescrite aux adolescents entre 12 et 19 ans

Prévalence et tendances d’utilisation

(Black et al., 2009; Canadian Institute for Health Information, 2023; Evans et Sutton, 2015; Hassoun et al., 2016; ; Rotermann, 2025; Rotermann et McKay, 2020; Rotermann et al., 2014; 2015; Teal et Edelman, 2021; United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2019)

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(Ahmed et al., 2015; Crowell et al., 2021; Gyurak et al., 2011; Mauss et al., 2008; Sperduti et al. 2017; Zeman et al., 2006)

Développement de la ré

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(Alex et al., 2024; Backhausen et al., 2024; Bethlehem et al., 2022; Dima et al., 2022; Gogtay et al., 2004; Kolk et Rakic, 2022; Konrad et al., 2013; Mills et al., 2014; Roeske et al., 2025; Russell et al., 2021)

Développement cérébral