AP Outline

• Definitions
• What is consciousness?
• Sleep
• Stages of REM
• Stages of Non-REM Sleep
• Functions of Sleep
• Dysfunctions of Sleep
• Theories of Sleep
• Dreaming

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• Variations of Consciousness
• Hypnosis
• Meditation
• Daydreaming
• Psychoactive Drug Effects on consciousness
• Narcotics
• Depressants
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens

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Consciousness

McElhaney

2021

States of Consciousness Modules 22-25�Pages 217-259

• Module 22 Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis (p218)

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• Module 23 Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories

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• Module 24 Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Dreams

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• Modules 25 Psychoactive Drugs (p 246)

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P1 Consciousness

• What is Consciousness?
• Definitions
• Waking Consciousness
• Dual Processing
• Altered States of Awareness (ASC)
• 3 types of Consciousness
• What causes ASC?
• Cultural Connections to ASC
• “Sweat Lodge”

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• Topics in Consciousness:
• Next Episode:
• Sleep
• Stages of Sleep
• Sleep Disorders
• Dreaming
• Dream Interpretation
• Hypnosis
• Psychoactive Drugs

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Definitions

• To be conscious is to be aware

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• Waking Consciousness = a state of clear organized alertness
• When we are conscious, we can perceive time, place, events (Normal Consciousness)

Consciousness

• Consciousness and altered States of awareness are core features of mental life.
• Sleep has 4 stages
• Sleep Loss/Sleep Disorders are health problems
• Dreams- are meaningful- but question is how much.
• Interpreting dreams can cause self-Awareness
• Hypnosis- can be useful to change experiences
• Psychoactive Drugs can be abused
• Drug abuse- relates to personal maladjustment
• “The Cerebral cortex is the seat of human consciousness”

Altered States of Consciousness �(ASC)

• All can change consciousness
• Are changes in quality and pattern of mental activity examples=
• Shifts in perception, emotions, memories, time sense, thoughts, self control, suggestibility
• 3 Types of Consciousness
• Sleep
• Awake/Aware
• Altered State Consciousness

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What causes ASC?

• Sensory overload (RAVE)
• Monotonous stimulation
• Unusual physical condition (Fever/sleep loss)
• Fatigue, delirium, hypnosis, drugs, music, long distance running
• P 219 Chart Altered States of Consciousness-
• Spontaneous
• Physiological
• Psychological

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Dual Processing:

• Consciousness- awareness (selective attention, allows us to direct our attention)
• Unconsciousness- outside of our awareness, we still process information
• Stream of Consciousness- William James said, “each moment flowing into the next.”

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Cultural Connections to ASC

• Sweat lodge- Sioux Indians, say, sweat causes cleansing, awareness and personal revelation.

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• Some cultures seek altered states for personal enlightenment and pleasure
• Cultural views vary
• Views range from- belief that people are Crazy or insightful

Rituals of healing

Praying

Purification

Personal transformation

P2 Consciousness Sleep

• Biological Rhythm
• Circadian Rhythm
• 5 Reasons We need Sleep
• Owls and Larks
• Biology and Sleep
• Melatonin

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• Micro-Sleep
• 4 Stages of sleep
• Stage 1 NREM 1
• Stage 2 NREM 2
• Stage 3 NREM 3
• Stage 4 REM

Biological Rhythm/�Circadian Rhythm

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• 24-hour rhythms
• Circa=about Dia=day (about a day= Circadian)
• Based on light and dark- time markers are important
• Average 7-8 hours of sleep
• As we get older we sleep less

We need sleep

• “Thinking is sharpest and memory most accurate when we are at our daily peak.”
• Processing Memory
• Memory consolidates with sleep
• Our cells rejuvenate

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5 reasons we need sleep

1.Sleep protects from harm at night (evolutionary)

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2. Sleep Helps us recuperate

a. Helps restore and repair brain tissue/neurons

b. Pruning unused connections

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3. Sleep helps restore and rebuild our fading memories of daily experiences

a. Sleep consolidates our memories

b. Strengthens neural memory traces

c. More sleep = better memory

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4. Sleep Feeds Creative Thinking

a. Dreams inspire literary/artistic/scientific Achievements

b. Boosts thinking and learning

c. Problem solving

d. Making and spotting connections

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5. Sleep Supports Growth

a. Pituitary gland releases growth hormones

b. Hormones promote muscle growth

c. Help athletic ability

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Owls and Larks

• Owls: Teens and young adults are evening energized, with performance improving across the day.
• Larks: (morning people) Older adults are morning energized, performance declines as the day wears on.
• Morning types tend to do better in school, take more initiative, and to be less vulnerable to depression…

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Biology and Sleep

• Sleep hormone in brain and spinal cord that promotes sleep.
• Melatonin or Orexin

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• Consciousness fades “As different parts of your cortex stop communicating.”
• BUT: sleeping brain remains active.

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Micro-sleep

• Brain activity- pattern similar to sleep
• Sleeping while awake=
• What should you do if you encounter Micro-sleep while driving?

4 Stages of Sleep

Stages of Sleep

• Measured EEG- electroencephalograph
• Brain waves associated with sleep:
• Beta- awake, and alert small fast waves
• Alpha- before sleep longer, slower (also when daydream)
• Sleep Spindles- short burst of distinctive brain wave activity
• Delta waves- large slow, deep sleep, stage 3
• 2 Types of Sleep- REM and NREM

Aserinsky-

Was a researcher placed EEG on kid during sleep

Discovered REM sleep

Sleep Cycles:

Every 90 minutes

4 distinct sleep stages

We cycle through the stages

Sleep Stage 1

• Beginning Sleep-
• Breathing, pulse slow
• Body temp drops

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• Stage 1
• Light sleep
• Lose consciousness
• Heart rate slows even more
• Muscles relax- may cause Hypnic Jerk- reflex contraction
• Small irregular waves and some Alpha waves

Stage 2 NREM 2 Sleep Deepens

• Body temp drops further
• Sleep spindles Waves- short burst of distinctive brain wave activity

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Stage 3 NREM3- Deepest Sleep

• Delta Brain wave- large and slow
• 1 hour of sleep
• Mostly pure Delta waves- large and slow
• Shift through stages 3, 2, then 1.

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Stage 4 REM Sleep

• Rapid Eye Movement
• Found in stages 2,3,4
• 20% of night time sleep
• 90 minutes per night
• Associated with dreaming
• More REM Sleep with emotional events like, death in family, work trouble, marital conflict
• Increases with stress

• Fast irregular EEG pattern, very active
• Areas of brain for imagery and emotion are more active
• Heart rate increases
• Sexual Arousal
• Body is almost paralyzed
• Breathing Rapid
• Your motor cortex is active- but brain stem blocks your movement = paralysis

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Fig. 7.6 (a) Average proportion of time adults spend daily in REM sleep and NREM sleep. REM periods add up to about 20 percent of total sleep time. (b) Typical changes in stages of sleep during the night. Notice that dreams mostly coincide with REM periods.

Non-REM Sleep NREM 1,2,3

• 80 % of sleep time
• Stages 1,2,3,4
• Usually not dreaming
• Increases after physical exertion
• May help overcome bodily fatigue
• Sleepwalking or Somnambulist- occurs (usually in stage 3-4)

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P3 Consciousness: �Sleep Disorders

• Effects of Sleep Loss
• Sleep Debt
• Sleep Deprivation
• Sleep Deprivation Psychosis
• Sleep Deprivation Effects

• Sleep Disturbances
• Insomnia
• Sleep Apnea
• Night Terrors
• Narcolepsy
• Somnambulism
• Natural Sleep Aides

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Effects of �Sleep Loss

• Not enough sleep = energy drain
• Less feeling of well being
• 1/3 of our lives we sleep
• Most adults sleep 9 hours at night
• Lots of sleep deprived students
• “Sleep Debt”
• = when you don’t get enough sleep

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Sleep Deprivation=Sleep loss

• What does sleep deprivation cause?
• Sleep loss typically causes:
• Mood changes, trembling hands, drooping eyes, inattention, irritability, starving, increased pain sensitivity, general discomfort
• Maximum recorded = 260 hours without sleep
• Caused Sleep Deprivation Psychosis
• Loss on contact with reality, hallucinations, confusion, disorientation, delusions

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Sleep Deprivation

• Effects:
• Difficulty studying
• Diminished productivity
• Tendency to make mistakes
• Irritability
• Fatigue
• Cortisol=stress hormone, also makes fat
• Can suppress immune system
• Increase appetite and eating
• Slows reactions
• Increases errors on visual attention

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Sleep Deprivation

Sleep Disorders/Disturbances

• Insomnia
• Persistent problems in falling to sleep or staying asleep
• Caused by stress = temporary
• Alcohol + sleeping pills don’t help so much- reduce REM sleep

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• Chronic Insomnia/long term
• Treated by Stimulus control
• Create a regular schedule and body rhythm

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• Sleep Apnea
• Snoring
• Stopping Breathing as while sleeping
• Brain stopping the sending of signals
• Also, blockage of air passages
• 1 in 20 have it
• Deprived of slow wave sleep
• Associate with obeisty

Night Terrors

• Night Terrors: Total panic occurs; hallucinations may occur
• Most common in childhood; may occur in adults
• Not remembered
• May sit or walk around
• Talk incoherently
• Appear terrified
• Increase breathing
• Increase heart rate
• Seldom wake up during an episode
• Not nightmares – they are REM Sleep
• Occurs in NREM 3 stage

• Nightmares and Night Terrors (remedy)
• Imagery rehearsal
• Mentally rehearse a changed nightmare.

Narcolepsy

• Sudden irresistible sleep attack
• Short term
• Triggered by an emotional attack
• Cataplexy- sudden temporary paralysis of muscles- ½ of Narcoleptics have this problem
• Some indication of heredity
• Closely associated with REM sleep

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Sleep Walking

• Somnambulism-
• NREM stage 3 (deep sleep)
• Hereditary
• Last 2-10 min
• Sleep talking can occur in any stage
• 20% of 3-12 year olds
• Decreases with age

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Natural Sleep Aides

P4 Consciousness: �Dreams

• Dream Basics
• REM
• 4-5 Times
• 90 Mins Apart
• Common Themes
• Dream Theories
• Psychodynamic
• Manifest Content
• Latent Content
• Symbolic
• Calvin Hall-Cognitive

• Hobson and McCurley
• Activation Synthesis
• Bio Explanation
• Dreaming and Memory
• REM Rebound

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Dream Basics

• Dreams occur during REM sleep
• “Hallucinations of a sleeping mind are vivid, emotional and sometimes bizarre.”
• 8 in 10 dreams are negative emotions or events
• Dreams occur 4-5 times per night
• 90 minutes apart Range
• 1^st dream 10 minutes
• Last dream 30 minutes

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(9 Common Dreams and What They Supposedly Mean)

Common Themes in Dreams

• Repeatedly falling
• Being attacked
• Being pursued
• Being rejected
• Experiencing misfortune
• Most dreams relate to previous day’s non-sexual experiences and pre-occupations
• For boys 1 in 10 dreams are sexual
• For Women 1 in 30 dreams are sexual in nature

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• Traumatic events are often followed by nightmares.

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Dream Theories

• Freud
• Psychodynamic Approach
• Calvin Hall
• Cognitive Interpretation
• Activation Synthesis
• Hobson and McCorley
• (Biological Explanation)

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• Memory Consolidation

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Freud/Psychodynamic

• Freud’s Book The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)

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• Dreams are manifestations of our subconscious mind and subconscious conflicts

• Dreams reflect = Hopes and Fears
• “Wish Fulfillment”

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• Freud said, “Dreams provide a psychic safety valve that discharges unacceptable feelings.”
• “Most dreams can be traced back to erotic wishes.” Freud

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• Manifest Content-
• According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content). “The story of the dream-remembered”

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• Latent Content (Psycho)
• According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Dreams are symbolic

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• Ideas expressed through Images/Dream Symbols

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Freud Sleep video

Calvin Hall Dreams �Cognitive Theory of Dreams

• Calvin Hall = dream expert (Link)
• Said dreams reflect everyday events
• Emotionally important people
• Actions in dreams are familiar (running, jumping, talking)
• ½ of all dreams have sexual elements
•  "dreams express 'conceptions' of self, family members, friends, and social environment. 

Hobson and McCarley

• Activation Synthesis Hypothesis
• Biological explanation of dreams
• “Dreams erupt from neural activation
• From brainstem random neural activity
• “Internal stimuli activates brain areas that process visual images”
• Not visual cortex
• Activity in Limbic System/Amygdala Emotion is present during REM sleep

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• Frontal Lobe Less activity (inhibition reduced/reduced logical thinking)

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• During REM Sleep certain brain cells are activated

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• Cortex is activated and is significant in creating stories and images

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Other Explanation for Dreams

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• Memory Consolidation
• To file away memories
• AKA- information processing
• Dreams may help sift, sort information
• Connection between REM sleep and memory

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• “if you don’t’ get good sleep and enough sleep after you learn new stuff, you won’t integrate it efficiently into you memory.”

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REM Rebound

• Drugs and alcohol inhibit REM sleep

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• When drug addicts and alcoholics stop their substance abuse
• REM sleep increases and can create lots of vivid dreaming and nightmares.

P5 Consciousness: �Hypnosis

• Hypnosis Definition
• Hypnosis History
• Mesmer
• Psychoanalytical
• Hypnotherapy
• Characteristics
• How does hypnosis function?
• Heightened Suggestibility

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• Susceptibility
• The Hypnotic State
• Hypnosis and Dissociation
• Effects of Hypnosis
• Sensory Deprivation
• Brain Waves Again

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Hypnosis

• Used as a relaxation tool
• Definition: Altered state of consciousness
• Narrowed attention
• Increased openness to suggestion
• A person is sensitive to suggestion of another…
• Alternate definition: “Merely a blend of conformity, relaxation, imagination, obedience, suggestion and role playing.”

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Hypnosis History

• Mesmer- early charlatan = mesmerize = to hypnotize
• 1700- used suggestion
• And influenced observers…

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Psychoanalytic Theory

Hypnotherapy

• Hypnotherapy- Psychodynamic approach
• Posthypnotic Suggestion-
• A suggestion made during hypnosis session
• To be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
• Used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
• Used to treat lots of ailments: obesity, drug, alcohol, smoking addiction…
• Most successful when used with other therapy

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Hypnotherapy

• To Treat various maladaptive behaviors Smoking…

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Can Hypnosis relieve pain?

Yes to a point

“Hypnosis inhibits pain related brain activity

10% respond very well

50% get some pain relief

It can reduce fear = less pain

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�Characteristics of Hypnosis

• Focus attention
• Relax and feel tired
• Let go + accept suggestions
• Use vivid imagination
• Must cooperate to be hypnotized

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How does Hypnosis function?

• Suggestions alter:
• Sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings and behavior
• Posthypnotic Suggestion-
• A suggestion made during hypnosis session
• To be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
• Used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
• Used to treat lots of ailments: obesity, drug, alcohol, smoking addiction…
• Most successful when used with other therapy

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Suggestibility

Can anyone Experience Hypnosis?

Hypnotic Ability

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Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (Link) (people with strong imagination)

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Memory and Hypnosis:

Memory recovered under hypnosis are generally unreliable.

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Can Hypnosis relieve pain?

Yes to a point

“Hypnosis inhibits pain related brain activity

10% respond very well

50% get some pain relief

It can reduce fear = less pain

Heightened Suggestibility

• Some evidence for hypnosis as a form of Social Influence
• Some people want to be hypnosis subjects
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• The hypnotist has influence over the hypnotized subject.
• “The hypnotist’s ideas become the subject’s thoughts…”

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Hypnotic Susceptibility

• Key component
• Associated with how easily a person can be hypnotized
• 8 out of 10 people can be hypnotized
• 4 of 10 will be good subjects
• Must be willing
• Imaginative and prone to fantasy

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Explaining the Hypnotic State:

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• The hypnotist has influence over the hypnotized subject.
• “The hypnotist’s ideas become the subject’s thoughts…”

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• Ernst Hilgard- researcher in Hypnosis Dissociation
• Said hypnosis was about social influence but also dual processing
• Called Dissociation- a split between different levels of consciousness
• A form of “mind split” similar to doodling while listening to a lecture…

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• Consciousness is altered
• A split in consciousness/awareness

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Heightened Suggestibility

Some evidence for hypnosis as a form of Social Influence

Some people want to be hypnosis subjects

Video on Hypnotherapy

Hypnosis and Dissociation

• There may be split awareness

Or

• Hidden Observer Effect- the detached par tof the hypnotized person that silently observes
• Ernst Hilgard- researcher in Hypnosis Dissociation
• Said hypnosis was about social influence but also dual processing
• Called Dissociation- a split between different levels of consciousness
• A form of “mind split” similar to doodling while listening to a lecture…
• The consciousness is altered
• A split in consciousness/awareness

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Effects of Hypnosis

• No superhuman acts of strength
• Memory can be enhanced but not reliably
• False memories
• Some amnesia during hypnosis
• Can relieve some pain
• Age regression is possible but skeptical due to suggestion
• Sensory changes can be effected- smell, color vision, hearing, also illusions

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Sensory Deprivation (SD)=(ASC)

• Refers to major reduction in the amount of sensory stimulation
• Sight, sound…
• Causes misjudgment of time
• Trouble concentrating
• Visual illusions
• Slower reactions
• Hypnogogic images- vivid surprising images
• Similar to theta waves

P6 Consciousness: �Psychoactive Drugs

• Fun Facts
• When is drug use problematic?
• Predictors of Adolescent drug use
• Descriptions of Adolescents behaviors
• Stress Coping Mechanism
• Self Medicating
• Substance Abuse Disorder

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• Tolerance and Addiction
• Dependency and Withdrawal
• Drugs and Neural Transmitters

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• Do you have any of these behaviors?
• Characteristics of drug and alcohol abuse

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Fun Facts

• 13 million require treatment for alcohol
• 5.5 million require treatment for drug use
• 2.5% population reported using Rx meds nonmedically within past month

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• 40% of hospital admission have alcohol or drugs associated
• 25% of all hospital deaths
• 100,000 deaths/year
• Intoxication is associated with 50% of all MVAs, 50% of all Domestic Violence cases and 50% of all murders

When is drug use problematic?�

• Adaptive Drug Use
• “Increases success in the environment”
• Learned Behavior
• Habit
• Cognitive
• Curiosity
• Escape
• Stimulus Motives
• Self Actualization (creativity/spur thinking)
• Social Use
• Cultural Use
• Biological = treatment for clinical diagnosis= Medical Marijuana

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• Maladaptive Drug Use-
• “Hinders success in the environment”
• Learned Behavior
• Habit
• Cognitive
• Low Self Esteem/Feelings of inadequacy…
• Self Medication
• Social-Peer pressure to belong
• Biological Dependence = Addiction
• Psychological Dependence= Addiction

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Using drugs or alcohol are symptoms of maladjustment- not necessarily a cause.

• Stress Coping Mechanism
• Or
• Self Medicating
• Taking drugs or alcohol in order to change your mood so you can cope is very common.
• It is a sign that the person has emotional problems that need to be addressed

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Best predictor of adolescent drug use and abuse:

• Having friends who use drugs
• Parental drug use
• Delinquency
• Troubled family life
• Poor self esteem
• Social nonconformity
• Stressful life changes

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Description of adolescents who use drugs or are tired of zoom school:�

• Maladjusted
• Alienated
• Impulsive
• Emotionally distressed
• Anti-social behavior
• School failure
• Risky sexual behavior
• Pandemic reaction

People use drugs to cope with life

• Drugs produce immediate feelings of pleasure “Feel good on demand”
• Consequences are delayed
• This dynamic creates a compulsion to take drugs
• Lifestyle problems (maladaptive behavior) result from the habit and effects of the drug use

Substance Abuse Disorder

Do you do any of these behaviors?

• Inability to control the use of drugs or alcohol
• Doing things to get the drug that you normally wouldn't do,
• Driving or doing other risky activities when you're under the influence of the drug
• Spending a good deal of time getting the drug, using the drug or recovering from the effects of the drug
• Failing in your attempts to stop
• Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when you attempt to stop taking the drug

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• Feeling that you have to use the drug regularly — daily or even several times a day
• Having intense urges for the drug that block out any other thoughts
• Over time, needing more of the drug to get the same effect
• Taking larger amounts of the drug over a longer period of time than you intended
• Spending money on the drug, even though you can't afford it
• Not meeting obligations and work responsibilities, or cutting back on social or recreational activities because of drug use
• Continuing to use the drug, even though you know it's causing problems in your life or causing you physical or psychological harm

Characteristics of Drug/Alcohol Problems (LINK)

• Problems at school or work —

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• Physical health issues 

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• Neglected appearance 

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• Changes in behavior 

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• Money issues —

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Tolerance and Addiction

• Tolerance = Neuroadaptation
• Continued use of alcohol or other drugs
• The user’s brain chemistry adapts (or habituates) to offset the drug effect = Neuro-adaptation
• P 247 “To experience the same effect the user requires larger and large doses.”

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• Addiction
• The person craves
• Uses substances despite adverse consequences
• 90 million suffer from addiction
• Compulsion to use drugs (behavior)
• Physical needs
• Emotional needs

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Dependence and Withdrawal

• Psychological dependence
• is associated with emotional and cognitive symptoms
• Withdrawal symptoms are emotional/cognitive reactions like instability

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• Physical dependence associated with tolerance
• And or
• Withdrawal symptoms that are primarily physical in nature
• Physical illness
• Nausea/Seizures
• Problems in functioning due to physical ailments

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Drugs and Neural Transmission

• Drugs affect Neural Transmitters
• Neural Transmitters are the cause and origin of much behavior.
• They all effect Brain Synapses through Neurotransmitters
• Inhibiting
• Stimulating
• Or Mimicking
• Cocaine Link
• Alcohol Link
• Cannabis Link
• Ecstasy Link

P7 Consciousness: �Psychoactive Drugs

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• Categories of Psychoactive Drugs
• Depressant Types
• Alcohol
• Barbiturates
• Opiates
• Benzodiazepines
• Sedatives/Hypnotics
• Depressants and Behavior

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• Depressants and Behavior
• Stimulants
• Ecstasy
• Nicotine
• Hallucinogens
• Treatment for Drugs and Alcohol Addiction
• Alcoholics Anonymous
• Big book
• 12 Steps

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Categories of Psychoactive Drugs:�

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• Depressants
• Barbiturates
• Benzodiazepines
• Opiates
• Alcohol
• Tranquilizers

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• Hallucinogens

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• Stimulants

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Depressants�Types

• Alcohol
• Barbiturates
• Phenobarbital
• Pentothal
• Seconal
• Nembutal
• Opiates
• Heroin
• Morphine
• Oxycontin
• Percodan
• Vicodin
• Fentanyl

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• Benzodiazepines
• Valium (diazepam)
• Xanax
• Halcion
• Ativan
• Klonopin
• Restoril
• Pohypnol
• Sedative-hypnotic
• Ambien
• Lunesta
• GHB
• Quaaludes (Dude)

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• Both Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
• Central nervous system depressants
• Cause drowsiness
• Treat Insomnia and seizures

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• Barbiturates
• Used to treat headaches

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• Benzodiazepines
• Treat anxiety disorders
• Alcohol withdrawal
• Epileptics

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Depressants and Behavior

• Depressants
• Calm neural activity and slow body functions
• Slows sympathetic nervous system
• Tolerance
• Withdrawal
• Slurred speech,
• Loss of motor coordination
• Weakness
• Headache, lightheadedness, blurred vision, dizziness,
• Nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, and slowed breathing
• Put you to sleep
• Relieve anxiety
• Prevent seizures
• Memory disruption/amnesia
• Reduce reaction time
• Impair mental functioning/judgment
• Cause confusion
• Reduces inhibitions
• Frontal lobes
• • Cause (leaving no memory of events that occur
• while under the influence),

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• Opiate Specific
• Derived from poppy plant
• Pain relief
• Blocks signals between brain and body
• Depress Neural Functioning
• Pupils constrict
• Breathing slows
• Lethargy sets in
• Pleasure replaces pain and anxiety
• Discomfort-
• Brain stops producing endorphins
• Natural pain killing is reduced

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Stimulants

• Excites neural activity
• Speeds up body function
• Pupils dilate
• Heart rate increases
• Blood sugar rises
• Drop in appetite
• Energy + Self Confidence rise
• Make you feel alert
• Lose weight
• Boost mood
• Can be addictive

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• Examples of Stimulants
• Caffeine
• Nicotine
• Amphetamines
• Cocaine
• Methamphetamine
• Ecstasy (also a hallucinogen)

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Ecstasy/MDMA

• Both Stimulant and Mild hallucinogen
• Serotonin release and blocking reuptake
• Triggers dopamine release
• Effect:
• 3-4 hours of high energy
• Emotional elevation
• Connectedness with others…
• Can damage serotonin-producing neurons
• Can permanently change brain chemistry (leading to chronic deficit of serotonin)
• Ecstasy also suppresses the disease-fighting immune system
• Impairs memory
• Slows thought
• Disrupts sleep by interfering with serotonin’s control of the circadian clock

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• video

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Nicotine

• Addictive stimulant
• Eliminating smoking would increase life expectancy
• Tolerance issues
• Withdrawal
• Craving
• Insomnia
• Anxiety
• Irritability
• Distractibility

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• Neurotransmitters
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
• Reduce appetite
• Boost mental alertness
• Dopamine- calms anxiety

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• Distort perceptions and evoke sensory images without sensory input
• “alter a person’s awareness of their surroundings as well as their own thoughts and feelings.”
• “dissociative (another type of hallucinogen) drugs can cause users to feel out of control or disconnected from their body and environment.”

• Common Hallucinogens
• LSD
• Marijuana
• Peyote
• Psilocybin
• PCP
• Ayahuasca

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Marijuana-Nature’s Medicine

Treatment for Drug and Alcohol Addiction

• “A problematic pattern of use leading to clinically significant impairment”
• “Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by compulsive, or uncontrollable, drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences and changes in the brain, which can be long-lasting.”

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• Hospitalization
• Residential Treatment
• Outpatient
• Pharmacologic= medication
• 50% will have another psychiatric disorder
• Behavioral Treatment
• Group Therapy
• Self-Help Recovery Groups (AA)…

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Treatment (Link)

• Principles of Effective Treatment
• Addiction is a complex but treatable disease that affects brain function and behavior.

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• No single treatment is right for everyone.

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• People need to have quick access to treatment.

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• Effective treatment addresses all of the patient’s needs, not just his or her drug use.

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• Staying in treatment long enough is critical.

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• Counseling and other behavioral therapies are the most commonly used forms of treatment.

• Medications are often an important part of treatment, combined with behavioral therapies.

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• Treatment should address other possible mental disorders.

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• Medically assisted detoxification is only the first stage of treatment.

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• Treatment doesn't need to be voluntary to be effective.

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• Drug use during treatment must be monitored continuously.

2.1 Million members worldwide

“I’m a friend of Bill’s”

“My name is __________, and I’m an alcoholic.”

“Hi ___________.”

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Alcoholics Anonymous

• Support Group
• Self-Help Program
• The “Big Book”
• 11 Symptoms of Alcohol Use Disorder

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• 12 Steps (Link)
• #1-Admitting having no power over alcohol
• #2-3, #5-7 involve working up belief and courage to admit problems to God or higher power
• #4 and #10 are introspection- a self examination
• #8 and #9 are listing and making up with people harmed
• #12 is keep practicing all these steps and to carry along the message