1 of 25

CLASS XI BIOLOGY

CHAPTER 1. THE LIVING WORLD

KUNHIKRISHNAN M V

PGT BIOLOGY

JNV KOZHIKODE

KERALA

2 of 25

3 of 25

WHAT IS LIVING ?

Characteristics of living organisms

  1. Growth – plant & animal growth
  2. Reproduction- asexual & sexual
  3. Metabolism – anabolism&catabolism
  4. Body Organisation – cellular,tissue,organ & organ system
  5. Consciousness

4 of 25

WHAT IS LIVING ?

6. Response to stimuli

7. Heredity

8. Adaptation

9. Evolve

5 of 25

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

Living organisms are self replicating, evolving and self regulating interactive systems capable of responding to external stimuli.

ALIVE

Response

Metabolism

Heredity

Growth

Organisation

Reproduction

ADAPTATION

6 of 25

GROWTH

Internal / Intrinsic External/Extrinsic

Increase in mass Increase in Number

(Protoplasmic mass of cells) (Number of cells)

  • Plant Growth – Continuous / Restricted to regions
  • Animal Growth – Discontinuous / Whole some
  • Nonliving things shows extrinsic growth – like Mountains,

7 of 25

REPRODUCTION

Ability to produce new individual organisms of same kind.

Types – Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction

8 of 25

METABOLISM

Sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism.

  • Anabolism Catabolism

9 of 25

BODY ORGANISATION

10 of 25

CONSCIOUSNESS

Ability to sense and respond to their environmental stimuli.

CONSCIOUSNESS IS THE ABILITY TO EXPERIENCE OR TO FEEL,WAKEFULLNESS OR SELF AWARENESS

Consciousness sleeps in minerals, dreams in plants, wakes up in animals and becomes self aware in humans. quote by Rumi

11 of 25

DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD

Diversity in the living world or biodiversity is the occurrence of variety of life forms differing in morphology, size, colour, anatomy, habitats and habits. There are some 1.7 – 1.8 million living organisms known to science. Out of which 1.25 are animals and about 0.5 millions are plants.

12 of 25

Biodiversity hot spots

AREAS OF RICH BIODIVERSITY

HIMALAYAN REGION

WESTERN GHATS

13 of 25

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

(IUCN / ICBN / ICZN)

SYSTEM OF PROVIDING DISTINCT AND APPROPRIATE NAMES TO ORGANISMS, EACH CONSISTING OF TWO WORDS

Eg. MANGO – Mangifera indica HUMANS – Homo sapiens PEA – Pisum sativum

14 of 25

RULES OF BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

15 of 25

CLASSIFICATION / TAXONOMY

Process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on observable characters.

Taxa – Categories

Classification involves hierarchy of steps in which each steps represents a rank / category.

16 of 25

TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

17 of 25

TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

Species – Group of organisms with fundamental similarities.

Genus – Group of related species having more characters in

common in comparison to species of other generation.

Family – Group of related genera with a smaller number of

similarities as compared to genus and species.

Order – Group of families which exhibits a few similar characters.

Class – Group of related orders.

Phylum – Group of related classes.

Kingdom – Highest category of classification.

18 of 25

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

19 of 25

TAXONOMICAL AIDS

1.HERBARIUM

2.BOTANICAL GARDENS

3.MUSEUM

4.ZOOLOGICAL PARKS

5.KEY

6.FLORA

7.MANUALS

8.MONOGRAPHS

9.CATALOGUES

20 of 25

HERBARIUM

STOREHOUSE OF COLLECTED PLANT SPECIMENS THAT ARE DRIED ,PRESSED AND PRESERVED ON SHEETS

ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDEN 6.5 MILLION. CENTRAL NATIONAL HERBARIUM 2,0 MILLION

USES OF HERBARIUM

USED FOR IDENTIFICATION OF PLANTS

USEFUL TO LOCATE WILD VARITIES

TO KNOW MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS FOUND IN A SPECIES

USEFUL FOR RESEARCHIN PLANTS

21 of 25

BOTANICAL GARDEN

SPECIALLISED GARDENS THAT HAVECOLLECTIONS OF LIVING PLANTS FOR REFERENCE

ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDEN LONDON

INDIAN BOTANICAL GARDEN KOLKATA

-HAVE AESTHETIC APPEAL AND PROVIDE RECREATION FACILITY

-WIDE VARIETY OF GROWING PLANTS PROVIDE -READY MATERIAL FOR RESEARCH

-ROLE IN CONSERVATION OF ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES AND GENETIC DIVERSITY

22 of 25

MUSEUM

PLACE FOR COLLECTION OF PRESERVED PLANTS AND ANIMAL SPECIMENS FOR STUDY AND REFERENCE

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NY,NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY DELHI

23 of 25

ZOOLOGICAL PARKS

PLACES WHERE WILD ANIMALS ARE KEPT IN PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT THAT PROVIDE A NATURAL ENVIRONMENT TO THE ANIMALS

NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK DELHI ALIPORE ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN KOLKATA

24 of 25

25 of 25

TAXONOMIC AIDS

FLORA

Plants found in a specific area(Habitat)

MANUAL

In an area there are many plants. Manuals describe each and every plants there.

MONOGRAPH

Information on any one taxon

CATALOGUE

All the kind of species found in a particular area