Peníze, zlato a Bitcoin
KAPITOLY Z MONETÁRNÍ TEORIE A HISTORIE
JIRI NOHEJL, GMU & INLIST
MISESOVA AKADEMIE INLIST 2025, RADEŠÍN
Co jsou vlastně peníze?
Funkce peněz …
VŠEOBECNĚ PŘIJÍMANÝ PROSTŘEDEK SMĚNY
UCHOVATEL HODNOTY
ÚČETNÍ JEDNOTKA
SBĚRATELSKÝ PŘEDMĚT
SYMBOL NÁRODNÍ SUVERENITY
…
…
“Money has not been generated by law. In its origin it is a social, and not a state institution.”
Menger [1892] On the Origin of Money
Knapp [1905] The State Theory of Money
“No private entity can claim monetary power, which is inherent to the sovereignty of nations”
Co je to monetární standard?
“A monetary standard is defined by the good in which prices are expressed (the ‘medium of account’) and contracts are ultimately settled (the ‘medium of redemption’).”
Lawrence H. White (2023) Better Money: Gold, Fiat or Bitcoin
Jak fungovalo zlato jako peníze?
Stabilita monetizovaného zlata
zlato vytěžené v dolech se stává zásobou světového zlata
PPG
PPG
GM
gM
gD
gS
gM
GMD
GMS
“The increased monetary gold demand was ultimately satisfied almost entirely by an enlarged stock of monetary gold rather than by a permanent rise in the purchasing power of gold.”
Lawrence H. White (2023) Better Money: Gold, Fiat or Bitcoin.
Zlatý standard a svobodné bankovnictví
“It is an attractive feature of free banking with fractional reserves that the quantity of bank-issued money expands when there is an increase the demand to hold bank-issued money, but does not expand otherwise (Selgin and White 1994, p. 1725). Free banking thus works against short-run monetary disequilibrium (excess supply or unsatisfied excess demand) and its business-cycle consequences.”
Lawrence H. White (2023) Better Money: Gold, Fiat or Bitcoin.
Přechod od zlatého standardu k fiat penězům
Jak fungují peníze dnes?
Stabilita systému nekrytých peněz
PPG
PPG
M
DM
SM
DM
SM2
“Monetary theorists accordingly say that a fiat money is ‘intrinsically useless’ for non-monetary purposes. […] No country we know of switched to a fiat standard following an open public discussion of its benefits and costs.”
Lawrence H. White (2023) Better Money: Gold, Fiat or Bitcoin.
IDEÁL
REALITA
M
SM1
SM3
DM2
DM3
SM2
SM3
Ražebné a “Baileyho křivka”
Konkurence měn teorie a praxe
“I am doubtful whether it is necessary or desirable that [central banks] or the government should have a monopoly of the issue of any kind of money.”
Friedrich A. Hayek (1960) The Constitution of Liberty.
Libra Story a nástup CBDC
Originally Libra “was intended to be a global stablecoin, tied to a basket of currencies, instead of being tied to just one fiat currency or asset” (McDonald, 2021) and it transformed into “building a payments system” which “sounds like a PayPal with a different technological backbone, not a challenge to sovereign authority” (Massad, 2020). The Financial Times summarized the story perfectly when they concluded that Libra “went from world changer to just another PayPal”.
Pohled ekonomů na alternativní měny
Pohled ekonomů na alternativní měny
Jak by mohl bitcoin fungovat jako peníze?
Teorie her a nekompatibilita incentivů
Problém monetární stability
PPG
DB1
M
SB
DB2
DB3
Známý problém a různá řešení
“Hal Finney & I proposed this kind of thing, inspired by [George Selgin] and Lawrence White's historical research about free banking. We now have more trust-minimized versions of this "layer 2" technology, e.g. Lightning, which is fully & more securely collateralized than mere IOUs.”
Szabó, Nick (2019)
“I believe this will be the ultimate fate of Bitcoin, to be the "high-powered money" that serves as a reserve currency for banks that issue their own digital cash. Most Bitcoin transactions will occur between banks, to settle net transfers. Bitcoin transactions by private individuals will be as rare as... well, as Bitcoin based purchases are today.”
Finney, Hal (2010)
Dynamika mezi Blockchain a Lightning Network
BLOCKCHAIN
TRANSACTIONS
LIGHTNING
decision
DĚKUJI VÁM VŠEM ZA POZORNOST