1. What are cells�2. In and out of cells�3. Specialised cells�4. Metric prefixes�5. Using the microscope� - part 1� - part 2�6. How living things are organised
7B1 Cells and body systems
On your whiteboards – how do you know something is alive?
What are the characteristics of living things?
7B1.1 What are Cells?
Keywords | Definition |
Cell Organelle
Microscopic
| The smallest component of living things Lit: ‘tiny organ’. Any structure found inside a cell that does a particular job Too small to be seen with the naked eye. |
What are the 7 life processes?�Can you write all 7 on your whiteboards.
MRS GREN
Remember organisms do these things, but so do the individual cells that they are made of.
Movement
In animals muscles contract and parts of the body move.
Plants can grow towards or away from stimuli (gravity, water, light)
Respiration
A chemical reaction in cells which uses oxygen to release energy from glucose.
Write the reaction for respiration in the space below the table.
Sensitivity
The ability to sense and respond to stimuli.
Growth
The increases in cell size and number that take place during the life of an organism.
�
Reproduction
To produce offspring by sexual or asexual reproduction.
Excretion
To get rid of waste material from the blood, tissues and organs.
Nutrition
Taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients.
Answer the 2 questions about nutrition in plants below.
Alien invasion!
Imagine that an alien spaceship is firing its death rays at Earth!
12
Developed by the University of York Science Education Group and the Salters’ Institute.
This presentation may have been edited. Download the original from www.BestEvidenceScienceTeaching.org
© University of York Science Education Group
Alien invasion!
Look at the statements in the table. Some are right and some are wrong.
Tick one box for each statement.
People will be destroyed.
Brick walls will be destroyed.
Plants will be destroyed.
Very small organisms will not be destroyed.
Dead bodies will be destroyed.
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
Bacteria will be destroyed.
| | | I am sure this is right | I think this is right | I think this is wrong | I am sure this is wrong |
| | | | | | |
A | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
B | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
C | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
D | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
E | | | | | | |
Developed by the University of York Science Education Group and the Salters’ Institute.
This presentation may have been edited. Download the original from www.BestEvidenceScienceTeaching.org
© University of York Science Education Group
Relative sizes
The unit of life
The diagrams show an atom, a biological molecule and a cell.
They are not drawn to the same scale.
An atom
A biological molecule
A cell
The unit of life
1 What is the smallest structure that can be alive?
A
An atom
B
Many atoms arranged to make a biological molecule
C
Many biological molecules arranged to make a single cell
D
Many cells arranged to make an organism
2 How would you explain your answer to question 1?
A single cell can…
The drawing shows a single cell.
Parts of the cell have been cut away so that you can see inside the cell and its structures.
A single cell can…
Look at the statements in the table.
How confident are you that each statement is right or wrong?
1
A single cell can take in food and other nutrients.
2
A single cell can get energy from food.
3
A single cell can get rid of waste.
4
A single cell can make new cells.
5
A single cell can respond to its surroundings.
I am sure this is right
I think this is right
I think this is wrong
I am sure this is wrong
6
A single cell is a living thing.
Too small to see?
The picture shows cells from the root of an onion plant.
Which statement about cells is true?
A
All cells are too small to be seen without a microscope.
B
Most cells are too small to be seen without a microscope.
C
All cells can be seen with the naked eye.
D
Most cells can be seen with the naked eye.
B – except the human egg cells, unusually large bacteria, some amoebas and squid nerve cells can be seen by the naked eye
B – except the human egg cells, unusually large bacteria, some amoebas and squid nerve cells can be seen by the naked eye
Cell diagrams
Organelle | Description/function |
| The watery jelly inside a cell where the cell’s activities take place. |
| The membrane that controls what goes into and out of a cell. |
| The ‘control centre’ of a cell. It contains the genes that are the instructions for the cell. |
| Tiny structures in a cell that make proteins. |
| An organelle in the cytoplasm of cells, where aerobic respiration occurs. Plural is mitochondria. |
| A green disc containing chlorophyll, found in plant cells. Where the plant makes glucose, using photosynthesis. |
| A tough layer of material around some cells, which is used for protection and support. It is stiff and made of cellulose in plant cells. |
| A storage space in cells. Plant cells have a large, permanent vacuole that helps to keep them rigid. |
| Liquid found in the vacuole in a plant cell. |
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Animal cell and plant cells
We’ll look at specialised cells in a future lesson.
Let's have a look at some real cells using the digital microscope.
The diagram below shows a plant cell.
(ii) Give the function of the chloroplasts.
(iii) Give the function of the cell wall.
(b) Give the names of two labelled parts that are not present in animal cells.
Cell wall/vacuole/chloroplast
Answer: controls the cell functions/contains the DNA / genes / chromosomes
Answer: carry out photosynthesis/make food for the plant
Answer: gives cell shape/support
1. What are cells�2. In and out of cells�3. Specialised cells�4. Metric prefixes�5. Using the microscope� - part 1� - part 2�6. How living things are organised
7B1 Cells and body systems
7B1.2 In and Out of Cells
Keywords | Definition |
Particle
Molecule
Diffusion
Cell membrane | A tiny piece of matter that everything is made out of.
A particle of a particular substance e.g. oxygen or water.
The random movement and spreading of particles. The overall movement of particles is from where there are many to where there are fewer.
A semi-permeable ‘bag’ that holds the cell contents and controls what goes in and out of the cell. |
7B1.2 In and Out of Cells
During this concept you will learn how cells absorb what they need to live and get rid of their waste
What do living cells need?
Animal Cells | Plant Cells |
Air | Air |
Water | Water |
Food | Light |
| Nutrients from soil |
Why do living things need these things?
Animal Cells | Plant Cells |
Air | Air |
Water | Water |
Food | Light |
| Nutrients from soil |
What animals need | Why animals need it | What animal cells do with it |
Air |
| Animal cells use oxygen for respiration to provide energy for life processes. |
Water | To store and transport dissolved substances. |
|
Food |
|
|
Fit these statements into your grid:��‘Whys’ are red ‘what fors’ are blue
As a source of oxygen.
For nutrition and respiration.
Animal cells use it to get energy, and to make new cells and materials.
Animal cells are filled up with it.
What animals need | Why animals need it | What animal cells do with it |
Air | As a source of oxygen. | Animal cells use oxygen for respiration to provide energy for life processes. |
Water | To store and transport dissolved substances. | Animal cells are filled up with it.
|
Food | For nutrition and respiration. | Animal cells use it to get energy, and to make new cells and materials. |
What plants need | Why plants need it | What plant cells do with it |
Air | As a source of carbon dioxide. |
|
| Plant cells use it for respiration to provide energy for life processes. | |
Water |
|
Plant cells are filled up with it. |
For nutrition. |
| |
Light |
| The energy is used for a chemical reaction in cells that makes food. |
Nutrients from soil | For nutrition and growth. |
|
Plant cells use nutrients to make new cells and materials for growth.
Plants need to absorb energy.
Plant cells use it in a chemical reaction to make food.
To store and transport dissolved substances.
As a source of
oxygen.
Plant cells use it in a chemical reaction to make food.
What plants need | Why plants need it | What plant cells do with it |
Air | As a source of carbon dioxide. | Plant cells use it in a chemical reaction to make food. |
As a source of oxygen. | Plant cells use it for respiration to provide energy for life processes. | |
Water | To store and transport dissolved substances. | Plant cells are filled up with it. |
For nutrition. | Plant cells use it in a chemical reaction to make food. | |
Light | Plants need to absorb energy. | The energy is used for a chemical reaction in cells that makes food. |
Nutrients from soil | For nutrition and growth. | Plant cells use nutrients to make new cells and materials for growth. |
So…
Think back to the cells structure we learned about in the last concept. Refer to your notes if you like.
The right structure for the job
The drawing shows a single cell.
The right structure for the job
A
B
E
D
Which drawing shows the structure that…
1 …controls what can enter and leave the cell?
2 …lets the cell take in oxygen for respiration?
3 …lets the cell take in substances from food for respiration?
nucleus
digestive system
C
F
cell cytoplasm
mitochondria
lungs
cell membrane
The right structure for the job
A
B
E
D
Which drawing shows the structure that…
4 …lets the cell take in water?
5 …lets the cell get rid of waste carbon dioxide?
nucleus
digestive system
C
F
cell cytoplasm
mitochondria
lungs
cell membrane
So…
Across the membrane
The diagram shows the particles of two solutions.
There is a selectively permeable membrane between the two solutions.
solution A
solution B
membrane
water particle
protein particle
oxygen particle
Across the membrane
A
Protein particles can move through the membrane in both directions.
B
Protein particles can only move from solution A to solution B.
C
Protein particles can only move from solution B to solution A.
D
Protein particles cannot move through the membrane in either direction.
solution A
solution B
membrane
water particle
protein particle
oxygen particle
Across the membrane
A
The membrane is permeable.
B
Protein particles are only found in solution B.
C
There is a concentration gradient.
D
Protein particles are too big to move through the membrane.
solution A
solution B
membrane
water particle
protein particle
oxygen particle
Across the membrane
A
Water particles will move through the membrane in both directions.
B
Water particles will only move from solution A to solution B.
C
Water particles will only move from solution B to solution A.
D
Water particles will not move through the membrane in either direction.
solution A
solution B
membrane
water particle
protein particle
oxygen particle
Across the membrane
A
There number of water particles in each solution is the same.
B
Solution B is much more concentrated.
C
Particles only move from higher concentration to lower concentration.
D
Water particles are small enough to move through the membrane.
solution A
solution B
membrane
water particle
protein particle
oxygen particle
Across the membrane
A
Oxygen particles will move through the membrane in both directions.
B
Oxygen particles will only move from solution A to solution B.
C
Oxygen particles will only move from solution B to solution A.
D
Oxygen particles will not move through the membrane in either direction.
solution A
solution B
membrane
water particle
protein particle
oxygen particle
Across the membrane
A
There is a concentration gradient.
B
There are more oxygen particles in solution B than in solution A.
C
Oxygen particles are small enough to move through the membrane.
D
Particles only move from higher concentration to lower concentration.
solution A
solution B
membrane
water particle
protein particle
oxygen particle
Across the membrane
A
The net movement of oxygen particles will be from solution A to solution B.
B
The net movement of oxygen particles will be from solution B to solution A.
C
There will be no net movement of oxygen particles.
D
The net movement of oxygen particles will be in both directions.
solution A
solution B
membrane
water particle
protein particle
oxygen particle
Across the membrane
A
Oxygen particles will only move from solution A to solution B.
B
Oxygen particles will only move from solution B to solution A.
C
Oxygen particles will move through the membrane in both directions.
D
Oxygen particles will move through the membrane in both directions but more will move from solution B to solution A.
solution A
solution B
membrane
water particle
protein particle
oxygen particle
1. What are cells�2. In and out of cells�3. Specialised cells�4. Metric prefixes�5. Using the microscope� - part 1� - part 2�6. How living things are organised
7B1 Cells and body systems
7B1.3: Specialised cells and Unicellular organisms
We are learning to:
Therse are examples of specialised cells.
Can you identify which are plant and which are animal cells.
Label N, C, CM, M (nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondrion) in each
7B1 Start here Tue 15
Who gets the job?
Who gets the job?
A leaf cell (palisade)
Who gets the job?
A sperm cell
Who gets the job?
A nerve cell
Who gets the job?
A red blood cell
Who gets the job?
A root hair cell
Who gets the job?
A white blood cell
7B1.3: Unicellular organisms
Keywords | Pronunciation | Definition |
Unicellular organism
Bacterium
Protist
Flagellum (pl. flagella) | You – nee – sell – you – lar or – gan – iz – um
bak – tier – ee – um
Pro – tist
Fla – jell - um | A microscopic living thing that has only one cell (uni means one). Sometimes also called single celled organisms
A unicellular organism that is much smaller that plant and animal cells. (Pl. bacteria)
A unicellular organism with a nucleus
A tail-like appendage that some unicellular organisms use to swim |
A single cell can…
The drawing shows a single cell.
Parts of the cell have been cut away so that you can see inside the cell and its structures.
A single cell can…
Look at the statements in the table.
How confident are you that each statement is right or wrong?
1
A single cell can take in food and other nutrients.
2
A single cell can get energy from food.
3
A single cell can get rid of waste.
4
A single cell can make new cells.
5
A single cell can respond to its surroundings.
I am sure this is right
I think this is right
I think this is wrong
I am sure this is wrong
6
A single cell is a living thing.
How many cells?
A
One cell
B
Hundreds of cells
C
Thousands of cells
D
Millions of cells
How many cells?
A
One cell
B
Hundreds of cells
C
Thousands of cells
D
Millions of cells
The size and shape of cells
Some children are talking about cells.
A
All cells are the same size and shape.
B
All cells are the same size, but
not all cells are the same shape.
C
All cells are the same shape, but
not all cells are the same size.
D
Different cells can have both different sizes and different shapes.
To discuss
1 Which person is correct?
2 Can you give examples that prove the other people are wrong?
Unicellular organism or not?
This is a typical animal cell
This is single bacterium
(bacteria)
This is a typical plant cell
This is a Euglena
These are:
This is an Amoeba
These are:
These are individual yeast
These are:
These are lots of cells in a piece of skin
These are:
These are many plant cell
Types of unicellular organism
Write these names into the space on page 23 and note an example of each.
Protists
Fungi
Bacteria
The hungry alien
Imagine there’s an alien visiting Earth.
The alien is very hungry.
The alien can only eat organisms made from
a single cell.
1 Which of these organisms can the alien eat?
2 Can you think of one word to describe all of the organisms the alien cannot eat?
humans cows sheep trees
ants head lice slugs grass mushrooms
tadpoles moss bacteria amoeba
The hungry alien
2 One word to describe all of the organisms the alien cannot eat –
humans cows sheep trees
ants head lice slugs grass
mushrooms tadpoles moss
bacteria amoeba
multicellular.
Euglena
This is an example of a protist. A protist is a living thing that is made of a single cell. The things that you can see inside the euglena are called organelles (lit. ‘little organ’) and they do jobs that make the cell work.
This is a scale bar. It shows us how much the image is magnified. 25μm is 25 micrometres. One micrometre is one millionth of 1 metre.
Euglena has an ‘eyespot’, an organelle that senses light. Why?
Euglena
Nucleus: the control centre of the cell which contains important genetic information.
Chloroplasts: contain green chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy and carries out photosynthesis
Flagellum: long, whip-like structure that Euglena uses to swim.
Cell membrane: surrounds the cell, and controls what substances pass in and out of the cell
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance that provides support for everything in the cell. Chemical reactions happen here
Contractile vacuole: pumps excess water out of the cell
Copy the names of the parts onto your diagram on page 25
Paramecium
Rocket man: Listeria monocytogenes
The bacteria can be found in soil and water or on plants, but it really shows its stuff when it lands in an animal or person.
Paramecium
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance that provides support for everything in the cell. Chemical reactions happen here
Cell membrane: surrounds the cell, controls what substances pass in and out of the cell
Nucleus: the control centre of the cell which contains important genetic information.
Cilia: tiny ‘hairs’ that beat back and forth to allow the paramecium to move through the water
Copy the names of the parts and any definitions you don’t already know onto your diagram on page 25
Euglena
Nucleus: the control centre of the cell which contains important genetic information.
Chloroplasts: contain green chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy and carries out photosynthesis
Flagellum: long, whip-like structure that Euglena uses to swim.
Cell membrane: surrounds the cell, and controls what substances pass in and out of the cell
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance that provides support for everything in the cell. Chemical reactions happen here
Contractile vacuole: pumps excess water out of the cell
Answer the exam question on page 26
Copy the names of the parts and any definitions you don’t already know onto your diagram on page 25
Answer to the exam question on page 26
1. What are cells�2. In and out of cells�3. Specialised cells�4. Metric prefixes�5. Using the microscope� - part 1� - part 2�6. How living things are organised
ARRIVAL TASK:
Draw and label a plant cell and an animal cell in the space on page 30 – do what you can from memory and then fill in the gaps using the diagrams on page 13
7B1 Cells and body systems
Microscopes
Eyepiece lens
Objective lens
You are going to see 10 photographs taken with a microscope.
Shout out what you think each picture is of.
Can you guess what it is?
Clue:
It plays music.
1/20
Loves Cats.
Can you guess what it is?
2/20
Can you guess what it is?
3/20
Can you guess what it is?
Saline solution
4/20
Can you guess what it is?
Loves heads
5/20
Can you guess what it is?
Creepy crawly
6/20
Can you guess what it is?
Light the way.
7/20
Can you guess what it is?
Reads data
8/20
Can you guess what it is?
Eyes on you.
9/20
Can you guess what it is?
Leg ware
10/20
How to calculate the magnification of microscope
Total magnification
magnification of eyepiece lens
x
magnification of objective lens
=
What’s the magnification?
A student uses the microscope to look at cells on a slide.
A
4x
B
10x
C
14x
D
40x
eyepiece lens
objective lens
What is the magnification of the cells seen using the microscope?
Moss safari
The simple moss squeeze
Microscope Safety
Eyepiece lens
Objective lens
Using a microscope
How many of the big 5 can you find?
Draw a diagram of what you can see on page 33 and label any coloured areas with the name of the colour. Do not colour it in. Can you guess what any of the parts you can see are?
7B1.5 Using the microscope
Microscope: an instrument for viewing objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye
Magnification: How much bigger something appears compared with its actual size
Task: draw and label a plant cell and an animal cell
Answer the questions on page 27
The speed of light = 300 000 000 m/s
The size of the coronavirus = 0.00000001 m
The distance to Mars = 203 000 000 000 m
The diameter of a helium atom = 0.00000000014m
We use prefixes:
To convert units to the next smallest unit in the table, multiply by 1000:
To convert units to the next largest unit in the table, divide by 1000:
µ is a Greek letter ‘mu’. We use it to abbreviate ‘micro’, because ‘m’ is used for milli and ‘M’ is used for ‘mega’. Practise writing the Greek letter µ
X
Think of rulers
The speed of light = 300 Mm/s
The size of the coronavirus = 10 nm
The distance to Mars = 203 Gm
The diameter of a helium atom = 0.14 nm
Decimal | With prefix |
1000m | 1 km |
0.025 m | 2.5 cm |
0.0003 m | ………….. mm |
0.000007 m | …………… μm |
0.00721 m | ………….. mm |
…………………………… m | 4.2 nm |
………………………….. m | 50.5 μm |
…………………………… m | ……………. μm |
0.00003 m
0.03 mm
30 µm
Decimal | With prefix |
1000 m | 1 km |
0.025 m | 2.5 cm |
0.0003 m | 0.3 mm |
0.000007 m | 7 μm |
0.00721 m | 7.21 mm |
0.000 000 0042 m | 4.2 nm |
0.000 0505 m | 50.5 μm |
0.000 000 241 m | 0.241 μm |
0.00003 m
0.03 mm
30 µm
Answer the questions on page 28 & 29
Comparing microscopes
What type of microscope do we use in class?
Robert Hooke’s book Micrographia was a best seller as it contained drawings such as cork. The term cell came from the latin word cella which means storeroom or small container in English.
Light microscopes
Thin specimens
Requires staining
Magnification limited to distance of 0.5 Wavelengths for good resolution
Most commonly used
Light microscopes
Resolution
Low Magnification
Good Resolution
High Magnification
Poor Resolution
Transmission Electron Microscopes
Thin specimens
Uses heavy positive ions for staining
Beam of electrons
Far greater range of magnification with much improved resolution
Expensive, used mostly in research
Magnification 500,000
Transmission electron microscopes
Scanning electron microscopes
Beam of electrons hitting surface thus 3D image
Crystal clear resolution at high magnifications
Specimens coated in heavy gold ions
Expensive, used mainly in research and specialist labs
Magnification 100,000
Can you guess what these magnified images are?
Scanning electron microscopes
Can you guess what it is?
Chilly
11/20
Can you guess what it is?
Sharp
12/20
Can you guess what it is?
Clean teeth
13/20
Can you guess what it is?
Hook you up
14/20
Can you guess what it is?
Molar
15/20
Can you guess what it is?
Season and spice
16/20
Can you guess what it is?
Attracted to the light
17/20
Can you guess what it is?
Killer of the sea.
18/20
Can you guess what it is?
Vital erythrocytes
19/20
Can you guess what it is?
I see you
20/20
Can you guess what it is?
Strum me
Bonus
Microscope Safety
Eyepiece lens
Objective lens
Using a microscope
7B1 Start here
Calculating actual size
The measured size is 70 mm
The magnification of the picture is x500
x500
Actual size = 70/500 = 0.14mm
= 140μm
A
I M
Answer the questions on page 36
Cheek cell slide preparation�
Cheek cell slide preparation�
Cheek cell drawing�
X10 eyepiece lens
X10 objective lens
What is the actual size of the cheek cell?
Onion Slide Preparation
Looking at the Onion Cells
2. Draw and label what you can see using a sharp pencil.
1. Focus the microscope using the lowest magnification (eyepiece magnification x objective magnification-10x X 25x =250x total magnification)
Onion cell drawing�
x 10 eyepiece lens
x 40 objective lens
20 mm
0.8 mm
What is the actual size of the onion cell?
Troubleshooting
7B1 Start here
7B1.6: How Multicellular Organisms are Organised
Answer the starter questions on page 37
Calculating actual size
The measured size is 70 mm
The magnification of the picture is x500
x500
Actual size = 70/500 = 0.14mm
= 140μm
A
I M
Answer the questions on page 36
Page 36
Cheek cell drawing�
X10 eyepiece lens
X10 objective lens
What is the actual size of the cheek cell?
Keywords | Definition |
multicellular organism
Tissue
organ
organ system | A living thing that is made of many cells
A group of cells of the same type working together
Structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions.
A group of different organs, which all work together to do a particular job |
7B1.6: How Multicellular Organisms are Organised
We will learn how multicellular organisms are organised in a hierarchy of increasingly complex structures, from individual cells up to complete organisms
1. The smallest structural unit of living things
Body cells
Which statement about the human body is the most accurate?
A
The body contains cells.
B
The body is a cell.
C
The body is made up of cells.
D
Cells are only found between the organs.
Cell needs
The cells of humans and other animals need particular things to stay alive.
How would you join the boxes to explain what animal cells need and what they do with it?
Oxygen
Glucose
Water
What animal cells need
React it with glucose to provide energy.
React it with oxygen to provide energy.
Use it to store and transport dissolved substances.
What animal cells do with it
A
B
C
Cells, tissues and organs
The bodies of humans are made up of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.
From cells to systems…
getting bigger
getting bigger
getting bigger
Cells, tissues and organs
Read the statements in the table.
What is your decision for each statement?
1
Cells contain organs that carry out life processes.
2
Cells, tissues and organs are roughly the same size.
3
Tissues are made up of cells.
4
Organs are made up of tissues.
5
Plants are also made up of tissues.
I am sure this is right
I think this is right
I think this is wrong
I am sure this is wrong
6
Plants do not have organs.
Put the following things in order from smallest to largest:
organism
organ systems
tissues cells
organs
Put the following things in order from smallest to largest:
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
Talking about cells, tissues and organs
Some children discuss their ideas about cells, tissues and organs.
Amber
I think cells contain organs such as lungs for respiration.
Kate
The organs in your body are made up of tissues.
Mia
Humans, other animals and plants are all made up of tissues.
Dan
Cells, tissues and organs must be roughly the same size.
Harry
I’m sure body tissues are made up of cells.
Tyler
I’m sure plants don’t have organs!
In pairs, discuss the answers to the questions on page 39
Talking about cells, tissues and organs
To talk about in your group:
1 Who do you agree with?
2 Who do you disagree with, and why?
3 How would you explain the right ideas to these children?
Amber
I think cells contain organs such as lungs for respiration.
Kate
The organs in your body are made up of tissues.
Mia
Humans, other animals and plants are all made up of tissues.
Dan
Cells, tissues and organs must be roughly the same size.
Harry
I’m sure body tissues are made up of cells.
Tyler
I’m sure plants don’t have organs!
A
B
C
D
G
Organs of the human body
Looking at the torso model
If the torso is not available….
Name of organ system | Function of organ system | Examples of organs, structures and tissues in this system |
| To regulate (control) the functions of the body using fast electrical signals | |
Respiratory (breathing) system | | |
| | Heart, veins, arteries, capillaries, blood |
| To support the body, protect organs and allow movement | |
| | Endocrine glands (e.g. pituitary, adrenal, thyroid), pancreas, testes, ovaries. Organs that the hormones control are called ‘target organs’. |
Digestive system | | |
| To produce gametes (sex cells) and allow reproduction (to make babies) | |
| | Kidneys, bladder |
| To maintain constant internal conditions, barrier against infection | |
| To destroy pathogens (bad microorganisms) and prevent future infection | Bone marrow, blood, skin |
Name of organ system | Function of organ system | Examples of organs, structures and tissues in this system |
Nervous system | To regulate (control) the functions of the body using fast electrical signals | Brain, spinal cord (these make up the central nervous system), peripheral nervous system |
Respiratory (breathing) system | To inflate the lungs so that oxygen can be absorbed into the blood via diffusion | Lungs, rib cage and intercostal muscles, diaphragm |
Cardiovascular system | To transport oxygen and food to every cell and remove waste substances. | Heart, veins, arteries, capillaries, blood |
Skeletomuscular system | To support the body, protect organs and allow movement | Bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments |
Hormonal (or endocrine) system | To regulate (control) the functions of the body using hormones (chemical messengers) | Endocrine glands (e.g. pituitary, adrenal, thyroid), pancreas, testes, ovaries. Organs that the hormones control are called ‘target organs’. |
Digestive system | To break down food into smaller molecules so that it can be absorbed into the blood | Mouth, stomach, intestines, liver |
Reproductive system | To produce gametes (sex cells) and allow reproduction (to make babies) | Ovaries, testes, uterus, cervix, sperm duct, vagina, penis |
Excretory system | To remove toxic waste products from the blood | Kidneys, bladder |
Skin | To maintain constant internal conditions | Skin |
Immune (lymphatic) system | To destroy pathogens (bad microorganisms) and prevent future infection | Bone marrow, blood, skin, lymph nodes, spleen |
Body parts
The diagram shows some organs in the human body.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Body parts
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
A
Heart
B
Intestine
C
Lung
D
Stomach
Body parts
A
Heart
B
Intestine
C
Lung
D
Stomach
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Body parts
A
Heart
B
Intestine
C
Lung
D
Stomach
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Body parts
A
Heart
B
Intestine
C
Lung
D
Stomach
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Extension
Dear Mr Brain,
I am applying for the role of the heart in the cardiovascular system. I am well-suited for this role as I am a double pump, and can pump blood around both body and lungs.
I am made of strong cardiac muscle, and my left ventricle is particularly large, strong and adapted for pumping blood all around the body.
I have valves to prevent blood flowing the wrong way.
I work well as part of a team and make good connections with both veins and arteries.
Yours sincerely,
Harriet Heart