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DRAWINGS:

( A Graphical Representation)

The Fact about:

If compared with Verbal or Written Description,

Drawings offer far better idea about the Shape, Size & Appearance of

any object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time.

Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication

not only in Engineering but in almost all Fields.

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Drawings

(Some Types)

Nature Drawings

( landscape,

scenery etc.)

Geographical

Drawings

( maps etc.)

Botanical Drawings

( plants, flowers etc.)

Zoological Drawings

(creatures, animals etc.)

Portraits

( human faces,

expressions etc.)

Engineering Drawings,

(projections.)

Machine component Drawings

Building Related Drawings.

Orthographic Projections

(Fv,Tv & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms)

(Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms)

(Working Drawings 2-D type)

Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)

or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)

(Actual Object Drawing 3-D)

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ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:

Horizontal Plane (HP),

Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )

Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)

Planes.

Pattern of planes & Pattern of views

Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections

Different Reference planes are

FV is a view projected on VP.�TV is a view projected on HP.�SV is a view projected on PP.

And

Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)

IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:

IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT

ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES �OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE

1

2

3

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A.I.P.

⊥ to Vp

&

∠ to Hp

A.V.P.

⊥ to Hp & ∠ to Vp

PLANES

PRINCIPAL PLANES

HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane

(A.V.P.)

Profile Plane

( P.P.)

Auxiliary Inclined Plane

(A.I.P.)

1

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THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.

ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.

BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.

THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.

X

Y

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900

AND

BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.

​

PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 900

AND

BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.

X

Y

X

Y

VP

HP

PP

FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

DRAWN IN

FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS

LSV

TV

PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,

A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD

B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.

THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.

PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)

2

Click to view Animation

On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program is

safe for your pc.

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Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn

by placing object

in 1st Quadrant

( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y )

Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn

by placing object

in 3rd Quadrant.

( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )

FV

TV

X

Y

X

Y

G

L

TV

FV

SYMBOLIC

PRESENTATION

OF BOTH METHODS

WITH AN OBJECT

STANDING ON HP ( GROUND)

ON IT’S BASE.

3

NOTE:-

HP term is used in 1st Angle method

&

For the same

Ground term is used

in 3rd Angle method of projections

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FOR T.V.

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

FIRST ANGLE

PROJECTION

IN THIS METHOD,

THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE

SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT

MEANS

ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN

OBSERVER & PLANE.

ACTUAL PATTERN OF

PLANES & VIEWS

IN

FIRST ANGLE METHOD

OF PROJECTIONS

X

Y

VP

HP

PP

FV

LSV

TV

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FOR T.V.

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

IN THIS METHOD,

THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE

SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT

( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN

OBSERVER & OBJECT.

ACTUAL PATTERN OF

PLANES & VIEWS

OF

THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS

X

Y

TV

THIRD ANGLE

PROJECTION

LSV

FV

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ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

{ MACHINE ELEMENTS }

OBJECT IS OBSERVED IN THREE DIRECTIONS.

THE DIRECTIONS SHOULD BE NORMAL

TO THE RESPECTIVE PLANES.

AND NOW PROJECT THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THOSE PLANES.

THESE VEWS ARE FRONT VIEW , TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEW.

FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP )

TOP VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON HORIZONTAL PLANE ( HP )

SIDE VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON PROFILE PLANE ( PP )

AND THEN STUDY NEXT 26 ILLUSTRATED CASES CAREFULLY.

TRY TO RECOGNIZE SURFACES

PERPENDICULAR TO THE ARROW DIRECTIONS

FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE

PROJECTION METHODS

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FOR T.V.

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

FIRST ANGLE

PROJECTION

IN THIS METHOD,

THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE

SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT

MEANS

ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN

OBSERVER & PLANE.

ACTUAL PATTERN OF

PLANES & VIEWS

IN

FIRST ANGLE METHOD

OF PROJECTIONS

X

Y

VP

HP

PP

FV

LSV

TV

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ACTUAL PATTERN OF

PLANES & VIEWS

OF

THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS

X

TV

LSV

FV

IN THIS METHOD,

THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE

SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT

( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN

OBSERVER & OBJECT.

FOR T.V.

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

Y

THIRD ANGLE

PROJECTION

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x

y

FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

FOR F.V.

FOR S.V.

FOR T.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

1

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FOR F.V.

FOR S.V.

FOR T.V.

X

Y

FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

2

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FOR F.V.

FOR S.V.

FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

X

Y

FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

3

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

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FOR T.V.

FOR S.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FOR F.V.

FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

X

Y

4

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

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FOR T.V.

FOR F.V.

FOR S.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

X

Y

5

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

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FOR T.V.

FOR F.V.

FOR S.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

X

Y

6

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

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FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

X

Y

FOR T.V.

FOR F.V.

FOR S.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

7

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

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Z

STUDY

ILLUSTRATIONS

X

Y

50

20

25

25

20

FOR T.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

8

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

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FOR T.V.

FOR F.V.

FOR S.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

9

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

X

Y

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FOR T.V.

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

10

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

X

Y

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FOR T.V.

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

11

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

X

Y

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FOR T.V.

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

12

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

X

Y

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Z

STUDY

ILLUSTRATIONS

x

y

FV

35

35

10

TV

30

20

10

40

70

O

FOR T.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

13

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

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Z

STUDY

ILLUSTRATIONS

SV

TV

y

x

FV

30

30

10

30

10

30

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

FOR T.V.

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

14

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

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x

y

FV

SV

Z

STUDY

ILLUSTRATIONS

TV

10

40

60

60

40

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

FOR T.V.

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

15

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

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FOR T.V.

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

16

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

x

y

FV

SV

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

40

60

60

40

10

TOP VIEW

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40

20

30 SQUARE

20

50

60

30

10

F.V.

S.V.

O

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

17

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

X

Y

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50

80

10

30 D

TV

O

FOR T.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

18

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

40

10

45

FV

O

X

Y

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X

Y

FV

O

40

10

10

TV

25

25

30 R

100

10

30

10

20 D

FOR F.V.

O

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

19

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FOR T.V.

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O

20 D

30 D

60 D

TV

10

30

50

10

35

FV

X

Y

RECT.

SLOT

FOR T.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

20

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

TOP VIEW

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O

O

40

25

80

F.V.

10

15

25

25

25

25

10

S.V.

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

21

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

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450

X

FV

Y

30

40

TV

30 D

40

40

15

O

FOR T.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

22

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

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O

O

20

20

15

40

100

30

60

30

20

20

50

HEX PART

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV ABD SV OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

23

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

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O

10

30

10

80

30

T.V.

O

10

30

40

20

F.V.

X

Y

FOR T.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

24

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

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LSV

Y

25

25

10

50

FV

X

10

10

15

O

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

25

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

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Y

X

F.V.

LEFT S.V.

20

20

10

15

15

15

30

10

30

50

15

FOR S.V.

FOR F.V.

O

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

26

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS