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It's Not Just for Girls: Doing Outdoors What We Do Indoors��2022 Outdoor Ethics & Conservation Conference��November 12, 2022

Presenter:

Kerin Farrell

Leave No Trace-Master Educator

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Most issues for men and women in the outdoors come down to two words:

BODY

FLUIDS

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Cause: Sweat

SWEAT is the body's mechanism for safely dumping excess heat you generate during exercise.

It doesn't start to smell until bacteria already living on your body (skin’s normal flora, filling up all of the cracks and crevices on your epidermis) go to work on it.

And consider this:

If you didn't have sweat glands, you'd have to pant like a dog to keep your internal body temperature within a safe range during a hot hike.

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For our Skin:

Smell:

Antiperspirant?

Skip it?
It’s a smellable…
Options

Sticking & Friction = Chafing

Chafing Sticks
Various Powders
Clothing Options

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It Matters What We Wear

Our skin protects everything underneath it.
We need to protect our skin, so we wear clothing.
We need to protect our sense of modesty
We need a way to protect ourselves from our environment

But what specifically do we need from out clothing?

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Out Clothing Needs to:

SPF rated at UV 40+
Fits well to protect you from vegetation & critter-based irritations
But also be loose fitting for great ventilation
Be appropriate to our activity
Wash & wear
Has extra buttons, if that's the closure method
Features reinforced seams
And be appropriate to our activities

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Natural Fabrics

Cotton Fiber

Cotton today is the most used textile fiber in the world. Its current market share is 56% for all fibers used for apparel and home furnishings sold in the US.

More US Consumers prefer cotton personal care items to those containing synthetic fibers.

The earliest evidence of using cotton as a textile fiber is from India around 3000 BC. There were also excavations of cotton fabrics of comparable age in Southern America. Cotton cultivation first spread from India to Egypt and the South Pacific. Large scale cultivation of cotton in North America began in the 16^th century with the arrival of colonists to what is now our South.

The largest rise in cotton production is connected to the invention of the saw-tooth cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Wit his new technology, it was possible to produce more cotton fiber, which results in big changes in the spinning and weaving industry, especially in England.

Cotton is comfortable and soft to handle, had great absorbency, color retention, prints and drapes well, is machine washable, and is easy to handle and sew.

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During scouring (treatment of the fiber with caustic soda), natural waxes and fats in the fiber are saponified and pectins and other non-cellulosic materials are released, so that the impurities can be removed by just rinsing away.

After scouring, a bleaching solution (consisting of a stabilized oxidizing agent) interacts with the fiber and the natural color is removed. Bleaching takes place at elevated temperature for a fixed period of time.

Mercerization is another process of improving sorption properties of cotton. cotton fiber is immersed into 18- 25% solution of sodium hydroxide often under tension.

The fiber obtains better luster and sorption during mercerization.

After scouring and bleaching, the fiber is 99% cellulose..

Each crystal unit consists of five chains of anhydroglucose units, parallel to the fibril axis. One chain is located at each of the corners of the cell and one runs through the center of the cell. The dimensions of the cell are a = 0.835nm, b = 1.03 nm and c = 0.79 nm. The angle between ab and bc planes is 84</span><br class="auto-style2"> <span class="auto-style2">for normal cellulose, i.e , Cellulose I.

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Cotton

Cotton is 99% cellulose polymers, from a variety of cotton plants.
Polymers are molecules made from joining many smaller molecules.
The fiber structure of cotton pulls liquid in, giving it absorbing capacity.
This means cotton fabrics/clothes retain sweat/excessive moisture that doesn't evaporate from the skin and you’re in wet clothes.

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Natural Fabrics

Wool Fiber

During a rainy hike, a wool garment will shed the rain (liquid water), but adsorb internally the water vapor generated by the body in response to the effort of hiking

Wool has some unique properties that make it one of nature's most amazing fibers. Firstly, wool is resistant to fire. It will burn if it's held to an intense fire, but when it's removed from the flame, it will self-extinguish. The reason is that each and every wool fiber contains moisture. It's also an incredibly flexible and durable fiber; one fiber can be bent back more than 20,000 times without breaking and is said to be comparatively stronger than steel [source: American Sheep Industry Association]. To put this in perspective, a cotton fiber can only be bent 3,000 times before it breaks. Its natural elasticity makes it resistant to tearing as well. Wool fibers can be stretched as much as 50 percent of their original length when it's wet and about 30 percent when dry [source: American Sheep Industry Association].

Wool is also a pretty smart insulator. Think of it like a thermos for your body -- it can keep you warm or cool depending on your needs. It keeps you warm without overheating your body and in the Sahara Desert, Bedouins wear thin wool to keep them cool in the searing heat. The secret to both of these facts are the tiny pockets of air within each wool fiber that provide both insulation and breathability (we'll get into this little more on the next page). If that's not enough, it's also resistant to mold and mildew. It's no wonder humans domesticated the sheep in 8000 B.C.

Wool is also able to soak up as much as 30 percent of its own weight in moisture without feeling wet, which is one of the reasons it can still keep you warm even in the rain [source: American Sheep Industry Association]. The fibers have a natural crimp that helps to wick moisture away from the body. Getting this moisture off your bare skin is a key element to keeping warm in wet conditions. But there are some other more complex elements to the wool fiber that aid in warming you in the wetness, as well.

wool can soak up a lot of moisture without feeling wet. This makes wool a hygroscopic insulator. The crimp in the wool fiber forces each strand to butt against each other, as opposed to lining up side by side or laying down flat together. This keeps the tiny air pockets intact, acting as little insulators -- the key to being able to keep you both warm and cool. Air has the ability to move heat by convection -- in other words, by moving and circulating. Through convection, air can transport heat from one place to another. When air is contained in very small pockets, it can't circulate easily, so heat is retained. Same goes for cold. Think Styrofoam cooler -- the Styrofoam's tiny pockets of air act as an insulator for heat or cold (depending on what's inside the cooler). The same concept goes for wool.

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The lanolin in wool also helps repel water.

During a rainy hike, a wool garment will shed the rain (liquid water), but adsorb internally the water vapor generated by the body in response to the effort of hiking

On a wet day, after the rain, or just during high humidity, wool will adsorb humidity from the air, preventing it from reaching you, and keeping a relatively dry microclimate around you. And it works the other way, too ... if you are working hard enough to perspire, the wool can adsorb the water vapor coming off your body, preventing the vapor from condensing on your skin ... and so you don't have the impression of sweating

Wool has some unique properties that make it one of nature's most amazing fibers. Firstly, wool is resistant to fire. It will burn if it's held to an intense fire, but when it's removed from the flame, it will self-extinguish. The reason is that each and every wool fiber contains moisture. It's also an incredibly flexible and durable fiber; one fiber can be bent back more than 20,000 times without breaking and is said to be comparatively stronger than steel [source: American Sheep Industry Association]. To put this in perspective, a cotton fiber can only be bent 3,000 times before it breaks. Its natural elasticity makes it resistant to tearing as well. Wool fibers can be stretched as much as 50 percent of their original length when it's wet and about 30 percent when dry [source: American Sheep Industry Association].

Wool is also a pretty smart insulator. Think of it like a thermos for your body -- it can keep you warm or cool depending on your needs. It keeps you warm without overheating your body and in the Sahara Desert, Bedouins wear thin wool to keep them cool in the searing heat. The secret to both of these facts are the tiny pockets of air within each wool fiber that provide both insulation and breathability (we'll get into this little more on the next page). If that's not enough, it's also resistant to mold and mildew. It's no wonder humans domesticated the sheep in 8000 B.C.

Wool is also able to soak up as much as 30 percent of its own weight in moisture without feeling wet, which is one of the reasons it can still keep you warm even in the rain [source: American Sheep Industry Association]. The fibers have a natural crimp that helps to wick moisture away from the body. Getting this moisture off your bare skin is a key element to keeping warm in wet conditions. But there are some other more complex elements to the wool fiber that aid in warming you in the wetness, as well.

wool can soak up a lot of moisture without feeling wet. This makes wool a hygroscopic insulator. The crimp in the wool fiber forces each strand to butt against each other, as opposed to lining up side by side or laying down flat together. This keeps the tiny air pockets intact, acting as little insulators -- the key to being able to keep you both warm and cool. Air has the ability to move heat by convection -- in other words, by moving and circulating. Through convection, air can transport heat from one place to another. When air is contained in very small pockets, it can't circulate easily, so heat is retained. Same goes for cold. Think Styrofoam cooler -- the Styrofoam's tiny pockets of air act as an insulator for heat or cold (depending on what's inside the cooler). The same concept goes for wool.

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Wool

Contains lanolin, which helps repel water.
Wool will gather humidity from the air, preventing it from reaching you, and keeping a relatively dry microclimate around you.
Wool can also gather the water vapor coming off your body, preventing the vapor from condensing on your skin ... and so you don't have the impression of sweating.
Wool is also able to soak up as much as 30 percent of its own weight in moisture without feeling wet, which is one of the reasons it can still keep you warm even in the rain .

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Natural Fabrics

Bamboo Fiber

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Our Fabric Choices:

SPF rated at UV 40+
Fits well to protect you from vegetation & critter-based irritations
But also be loose fitting for great ventilation
Be appropriate to our activity
Wash & wear
Has extra buttons, if that's the closure method
Features reinforced seams
Wear loose fitted moisture wicking shirts with great ventilation.
Can be worn under or over other hiking clothing
No cotton fibers (only wools, bamboos, nylons, & polyesters) so will dry quickly
Draws sweat away from your body and enhance evaporation

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Sun Protection (What are UVA rays and UVB rays?):

UVA (aging) rays penetrate deep into the dermis, the skin’s thickest layer, while UVB (burning) rays are primarily responsible for premature skin aging, brown spots, wrinkling, and blotching.
UVA rays have been shown to cause skin damage at the cellular level and may cause a great deal of internal damage, such as organ problems.
Unprotected exposure can lead to premature skin aging and wrinkling (photoaging), and suppression of the immune system.
UVB rays are more intense rays that usually burn the superficial layers of your skin and damage the outer layers of the skin. UVB rays play a key role in the development of skin cancer.

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Sun Protection:

Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) indicates how much UV radiation (both UVB and UVA) a fabric allows to reach your skin. For example, a UPF 50 fabric blocks 98 percent of the sun’s rays and allows 2% (1/50th) to penetrate the UV blocking fabrics, thus reducing your exposure risk significantly. So, the bigger the UPF rating is, the more UV protective the clothing is.
A fabric must have a UPF of 30 to qualify for The Skin Cancer Foundation’s Seal of Recommendation. A UPF of 30 to 49 offers very good protection, while UPF 50+ rates as excellent.
Both are measuring how something protects your skin from ultraviolet radiation. What SPF is to lotions, liquids and serums, UPF is to fabrics and clothing. UPF measures both UVB and UVA rays, while SPF measures only UVB.

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Sun Protection:

Cotton? In short, no. The average cotton t-shirt will provide some protection from the sun with an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of around 5-7. However, especially when wet, the protection level drops to about UPF 3. This rating can expose you to UV radiation that can be harmful to skin.
UV light can penetrate through micro holes in the loose weaves of most fabrics and can even travel directly through a light-colored shirt onto the skin. With UPF “Ultraviolet Protection Factor” clothing, like UV protection shirts, the shield is much greater. The weave is different, and oftentimes, is made from a special fabric to help form a barrier against the sun’s rays. UPF shirts also work when wet, however, UV rays transmit better through water than they do through air. So, when garments get wet, they let more UV rays through than when they are dry. Most sun protection clothing looks and feels like activewear or athleisure, and it comes in a variety of types like shirts, leggings and hats. Also, because of the higher thread count, it often feels a little more luxurious compared to your standard cotton t-shirt.
Up to 80% of the sun's UVA and UVB rays can still reach your skin on a cloudy day.

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Consider this when choosing fabrics:

Color: Dark or bright colors keep UV rays from reaching your skin by absorbing them rather than allowing them to penetrate. That’s why these colors offer better protection than lighter shades.
Construction: Densely woven cloth, like denim, canvas, wool or synthetic fibers, are more protective than sheer, thin or loosely woven cloth. Check a fabric’s sun safety by holding it up to the light. If you can see through, UV radiation can easily penetrate the fabric and reach your skin.
Content: The composition of your fabric really matters. Unbleached cotton contains natural lignins that act as UV absorbers. Shiny polyesters and even lightweight satiny silks can be highly protective because they reflect radiation. High-tech fabrics treated with chemical UV absorbers or dyes prevent some penetration from UV rays.
Fit: Loose-fitting apparel is preferable. Tight clothing can stretch and reduce the level of protection offered, as the fibers pull away from each other and allow more UV light to pass through.
Coverage: The more skin your outfit covers, the better your protection. Whenever possible, choose long-sleeved shirts and long pants or skirts.
Activity: Regardless of UPF, if your clothing gets stretched or wet, it will lose some of its protective ability and become more transparent, exposing your skin to more UV light.

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What about Wicking?

Candles draw wax up the wick to the flame.
Wicking fabrics pull moisture from the body to the exterior of the shirt where it can evaporate more easily.
Instead of the water being absorbed by the fiber it sits in droplets on the fiber’s surface and moves around the fabric by running along the weave. Eventually, the water droplets reach the outside of the fabric where, if exposed to the air, they evaporate.
Wicking fabrics are made from synthetic, polyester blends which do not retain moisture like natural fabrics do.
But…

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What about Wicking?

Natural fabrics like cotton and even wool have been better for excessive sweaters than synthetic fabrics because they breathe better
Light wool, like merino, helps transfer heat away from the body to provide a cooling effect.
Since the body cools when air hits moist skin, cotton is a good if you need to get your body temperature down in a hurry.
But where cotton and other natural fabrics fall short is that they all retain the excessive moisture that doesn't evaporate from the skin
So you stay wet

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Biodegradable Textiles and Fabrics

Types of biodegradable fabrics: Natural textiles that can easily break down; includes cotton, silk, wool, cashmere, and hemp.
Cotton: One of the most biodegradable fabrics you can have, especially if it is 100% cotton. In a compost, cotton may biodegrade within as little as a week but usually takes about 5 months.
Wool: Wool clothing will decompose in about one year but can take as long as five depending on the blend.
Types of non-biodegradable clothes: Manufactured synthetic textiles including polyester, spandex, nylon, and rayon. Though these will eventually break down, it may take between 20 and 200 years to fully biodegrade these textiles.

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Clothing:

Pants

Quick Dry.
Loose enough for movement and thermals in cold weather.
SPF rated at UV 40+,
No cotton fibers
Fits well to protect you from pesky insects and creepy crawlies
Pockets!
Wash & wear
Removable legs
Reinforced seams

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Clothing:

Bras, Panties, Girdles/Spanx & Thermals

No cotton!
Wash & wear
Odor resistance and Moisture wicking performance technology, keeps you fresh and feeling dry throughout your day
Tag-less labeling and no seam design eliminates chafing while minimizing no show panty lines
Stay in place 4 way stretch ultra-comfortable nylon elastane fabric allows for freedom of movement and conforms to the body for great support

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Clothing:

Socks

No cotton!
Sweaty feet and improperly fitted shoes & socks cause hot spots and blisters
Odor resistance and Moisture wicking performance technology, keeps you fresh and feeling dry throughout your day
Injinji Toe Socks

55 Polyester, 40 Nylon, 5 Lycra
Proper toe alignment,
Prevent Blisters and hotspots

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Cause: Urine

Every time you urinate (pee), you are saying good-bye to the end products of biochemical reactions your cells used to:

produce energy for your hike,

rebuild from injury or stress, and to

replenish themselves.

Urine comes from a sterile environment (your kidneys and bladder), and should not have an offensive odor.

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Urine Odor

It shouldn’t smell, but if it does, it might be a urinary tract infection.
Women are far more likely to develop urinary tract infections develop because there’s a shorter distance between the bladder and the outside world. In fact, some women get several infections each year.
Keep on eye on these problems:

Burning sensations during urination,

Fever and/or chills,

Dull ache in your back,

Dark, cloudy, stinky urine ...

These are symptoms you want to bring to a health care provider as soon as possible after your hike.

UTI’s occur in women significantly more than men - in fact, 40% of women will get a UTI in their lifetimes while only about 12% of men will get the same condition.

A woman’s urethra is shorter than her male counterpart’s. This means that bacteria do not have to travel as far from the urethral opening outside of the body to get to the bladder or other parts of the urinary tract. Our urology experts explain that a woman’s urethra opening is located close to the anus, so it is easier for her to bring bacteria from the anus into the urethra. This is often done when wiping after urinating or passing a bowel movement, but it’s also easy to do during sexual activity. While it is possible for a man to inadvertently transfer the bacteria as well, it is less likely since a male’s urethra is further away.

Women also are more prone to catching a UTI if they use a contraceptive diaphragm. Diaphragms contain spermicide, which could eliminate good bacteria living in the vagina that help fight infections. Additionally, a diaphragm could make it more difficult for the bladder to empty completely, and our experts say that urine that lingers in the bladder could cause an infection.

Some studies have found that women going through menopause or post-menopause are also more likely to develop a urinary tract infection. This may be attributable to lower levels of estrogen. For this reason, a physician may prescribe estrogen cream in order to prevent chronic urinary tract infections.

https://www.affiliatedurologists.com/blog/why-women-get-uti-s-more-than-men

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Urine Odor

Or it could signal dehydration.

Darker and more smelly urine is immediate feedback about how hydrated you are (or aren't!).

Pale yellow urine without a smell and in large amounts: you have plenty of water in your bloodstream.

The darker the color, the more it smells and the less there is, is an indicator that you urgently need to drink more pure, cool water.

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So drink, hydrate, refill, repeat!

Carry Collapsible Water Bottles in addition to your regular water bottle or hydration system.
Refill often.
Drink.

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Which of course leads to evacuation

Female urinary devices

Pee like a guy
Less to disrobe
No Squatting
Requires Practice – lots and lots of practice

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With that in mind…

2”

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Found a Kickstarter 4 years ago…

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Catholes

Find a location at least 200’ from water sources, your tent, your kitchen & the trail.
Dig a hole 6-8” deep and at least 4” wide.
Go for it.
Add some dirt. Grab a stick & stir.
Fill the hole, mark it with the stick, ucky side in the dirt.
Return the area to its original condition, as best you can.

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Need to sit?

Luggable Loo 5-gallon bucket

Pool Noodle is a lot cheaper

Portable Toilets
Portable Folding Toilets
Biffy Bag
Try-to-Go Camping Chair/Portable Toilet

Dual Functionality
Weight capacity of 300 lbs

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What to do with solid waste? - Retail

Poo Powder

Use a scoop in any plastic bag to make your own waste bags.

Prevents backsplash and turns liquid waste to solid in seconds

Odor neutralizer and decay catalyst help with smell and breaking down solid waste

Go Anywhere

Pre-loaded with Poo Powder, TP & hand sanitizer

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And when you have to carry it out…

Poop Tube

Duct Taped Zip Top Bags

The limit is your creativity

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Wiping

Toilet Paper
Baby Wipes
“Flushable” Wipes
Bandanas
Kula Cloths

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Against wiping?

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Cause: Blood

The body's river of life, delivers oxygen to trillions of cells.
It carries away waste products, too:
Carries carbon dioxide to the lungs as you exhale,
Carries toxic nitrogen compounds to the kidney for urinary excretion,
Carries other ingested toxins to your liver for processing,
Carries infectious organisms to the lymph nodes...

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A Menstrual Primer

Every month or so, a woman’s uterus lining gets thicker to prepare for a fertilized egg.
Her body chemicals, hormones, cause her ovaries to release one egg about once a month.
If the egg is not fertilized, the egg and the lining of her uterus pass through the cervix and out the vagina as her “period”.
This is part of the menstrual cycle, which is what makes it possible for a woman to have a baby.

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Menstrual Blood

It’s not odorless, but you shouldn't smell ammonia or other strong odors
Sanitary Options:

Pads

Sizes
Disposable or re-usable

Tampons

Cotton or Polyester
Applicator or not?
Size?

Internal Cups and Discs

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Do menstrual odors attract bears?

The Journal of Wildlife Management published some research results in 1991(a bit dated, but worthy of reading).
To bottom line it for you, NO - bears seem to prefer your food to your used "feminine hygiene" products. So on a hiking trip, hang your smellables properly, to avoid bear visitors.
You can use a stuff sack, or a bear bag, just don't ever bring the bag into your tent once it's gotten odors embedded in it.
Or skip the hanging routine, and use a bear canister - to safely stow your smellables, not the bear!

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Related & Random Facts:

The time it takes for a tampon or pad to degrade in a landfill is centuries longer than the lifespan of the woman who used it, particularly when wrapped in a plastic wrapper or bag. In addition, the process of manufacturing these products – turning wood pulp into soft, cotton-like fibers – is both resource- and chemical-intensive.
The average woman uses roughly 11,000 tampons in her lifetime.

Disposable tampons aren't sustainable, but do women want to talk about it?

The Guardian

April 27, 2015

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More “natural” options

Cotton Tampons

Cotton Pads

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“Natural” options for “Traditional” products

Cotton Tampons
Bamboo Pads
Some IUDs

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Menstrual Cups and Discs

Silicon Menstrual Cups

Reusable
Sits in the vagina below the cervix and

extends into the canal

Menstrual Discs

Single use
Fits back into the vaginal fornix,

which is where the vaginal canal

meets the cervix.

Menstrual discs and cups are very similar in that they’re inserted into the vagina and collect blood.

To make things more confusing, one of the first disposable menstrual cups on the market has since been rebranded as a menstrual disc, which totally makes more sense when you break down the features of each.

Cups look like cups, while discs look like, well, discs.

A cup sits in your vagina below your cervix and extends into your canal, depending on the type or brand you choose. A disc, on the other hand, fits back into your vaginal fornix, which is where your vaginal canal meets your cervix.

How are they inserted?

Getting the disc in there comfortably may take a little practice, but once it’s in you’ll know it because you won’t feel it at all.

Here’s a step-by-step on how to insert it:

First things first, wash your hands — it’s going in a delicate place after all!
Get into whichever position works for you. This can be sitting over the toilet, standing with a leg up, or squatting.
Squeeze the sides of the disc together, making it the size of a tampon.
Insert the pinched disc pointing down and back into your vagina. You want it to sit at a vertical angle so it completely covers your cervix.
Make sure you push it past the pubic bone as far as it can go so the rim tucks in just above the bone.
Congrats for getting it in! Bleed on!

needing to change your pad or tampon after less than 2 hours or passing clots the size of a quarter or larger is considered heavy.

Depending on the brand, menstrual discs hold the equivalent of around 5 regular or 3 super tampons, which is around 5 or 6 teaspoons of fluid. For some perspective, the amount of blood lost during an entire monthly period is 4 to 12 teaspoons.

Reusable menstrual cups are durable and can last for 6 months to 10 years with proper care.

Menstrual cups are safer. Because menstrual cups collect rather than absorb blood, you’re not at risk of getting toxic shock syndrome (TSS), a rare bacterial infection associated with tampon use.

You can wear a cup with an IUD. Some companies claim a menstrual cup could dislodge an IUD, but a 2012 studyTrusted Source debunked that belief. If you’re concerned, though, check with your doctor about using a menstrual cup.

https://www.healthline.com/health/menstrual-disc#discs-vs-cups

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Hygiene of Single-Use Sanitary Products

AKA Disposable products
Always wash hands before & after use.
Initial use has plastic trash that needs to be contained and secured.
Used products also need to be contained and secured.
Remember to give her the time & space to handle this.
Pack it in, pack it out.

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Hygiene of Reusable Sanitary Products

Always wash hands before & after use.
Reusable products need to be washed out after use, daily.
Travel with a collapsible bucket & cleanser/soap.
Remember to give her the time & space to handle this.
Educate that this is not a joke, nor something

to be embarrassed of.

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Gear Facts:

Women get colder faster than men do.
Layer up.

Merino Wool
CoolMax
Wicking fabrics first, then layer with your other materials

Avoid Cotton!

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Nocturnal Issues:

Women get colder at night.
Use a Sleeping Pad – Get off the Ground!
Wear clean, dry, layered sleeping clothes
Use Sleeping Bag Liners!

Silk
Fleece
Radiant Double Bubble Pad

Hats & Socks

Head
Hands
Feet

Air Activated Heater Pads

Sticky toe pads on your bum and feet

Eat before bed

Burning calories while you sleep generates energy!

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Gear vs. Anatomy

Male vs. Female

Gear was originally designed for men.
Some companies merely made it pink.
Watch for gear that works for your body!
You are physically different from men in ways you likely don’t think about:

Watch this!

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