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Opening Remarks

Sxwixwtn Wilson Williams

 Spokesperson & General Councilor, Squamish Nation

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JAY TREATY BORDER

ALLIANCE SUMMIT

January 31, 2023

Vancouver, B.C.

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Jay Treaty Border Alliance Overview

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ABOUT THE JAY TREATY BORDER ALLIANCE

  • Formerly named the Northern Tribal Border Alliance
  • Formed in 2017
  • Purpose:
    • To collaborate on our efforts to protect our rights preserved in the Jay Treaty
    • To create effective working relationships with the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and Canada Border Services Agency
    • To address issues that are unique to the U.S.-Canadian border

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JAY TREATY BORDER ALLIANCE LEADERSHIP

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JAY TREATY BORDER ALLIANCE WEBSITE

https://www.jaytreatyborderalliance.com/

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Right-of-Entry into Canada for

U.S. Born Indians

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BORDER CROSSING INTO CANADA FOR U.S.-BORN INDIANS

  • Canada does not recognize the Jay Treaty and thus does not recognize a “right of entry” for U.S.-born Indians.
  • However, in 2021, Canada enacted federal legislation to incorporate the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act (SC 2021, c.14, June 21, 2021).
  • The purposes of the UNDRIP Act are to—
    • (a) affirm the Declaration as a universal international human rights instrument with application in Canadian law; and
    • (b) provide a framework for the Government of Canada’s implementation of the Declaration.

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UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (UNDRIP)

  • In 2007 the United Nations adopted the UNDRIP
  • In 2016, Canada announced its full “support” for UNDRIP.
  • In 2021, Canada adopted the UNDRIP Act to bring federal law into alignment with UNDRIP.
  • Under the Canadian UNDRIP Act, Canada will work in consultation with Indigenous people to:
    • Take all measures necessary to ensure the laws of Canada are consistent with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples;
    • Prepare and implement an action plan to achieve the objectives of the Declaration; and
    • Develop annual reports on progress and submit them to Parliament.

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CANADIAN IMPLEMENTATION

  • The Canadian Attorney General is now initiating the process of implementing the UNDRIP Act:
  • In addition to Border Crossing, ALL of the provisions of the UNDRIP Act are subject to section-by-section implementation, which will take many years to implement.
  • The Mohawk Council of Akwesasne received a grant from Canada to engage in consultation on Indigenous border crossing. They are to prepare an overall findings report to be submitted to Canada in March of 2023.

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CANADIAN ADVOCACY EFFORTS

Right of Entry:

  • Pursue Canadian legislation to implement UNDRIP Article 36 that recognizes a right of entry for Indians who are citizens or members of federally-recognized Indian nations or tribes in the United States.
  • Request establishment of a Canadian Task Force to coordinate and collaborate with the U.S. Northern Border Caucus on border policy.

Identification/Credentials: Tribally issued ID cards as acceptable identification along with WHTI-compliant ID cards, and status cards.

Duty-Free Trade and Tariffs: Pursue legislation to implement UNDRIP Articles 20 and 36 to secure Indigenous right to trade freely without duty or tariffs.

Training for federal officials/employees:

  • Improved communication and treatment of Indigenous peoples at the border.
  • Education on ceremonial and sacred goods.

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JTBA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA

High Table:

Provides oversight & guidance to JTBA-CI

Approval body for actions raised through the Governance Table

Membership: JTBA senior leadership and Minister PS, Minister IRCC & Minister CIR

Governance Table:

Leads the governance, monitoring, and reporting functions for the JTBA-CI

Provides structure and direction to implememnt the direction of the High Table to the Technical Tables

Membership: Select JTBA Leaders; ADM-0lvel representation from CBSA/PS, IRCC & CIR

Technical Tables

Right of Entry

Border Crossing Experience

Identification / Travel Documents

Entry of Goods

Membership: JTBA technical leads & Director-level leads from respective departments

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OTTAWA FLY-IN

April 3-7, 2022 - JTBA held a series of in-person meetings with various Canadian Ministers and Members of Parliament in Ottawa, Canada.

Approximately 35 Tribal and First Nations leaders, attorneys and advisors were in attendance.

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Tribal Leader Discussion

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Afternoon Refreshments

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Government of Canada

Listening Session

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Addressing Indigenous �Border Crossing Issues at the �Canada - U.S. Border

Government of Canada Presentation to

the Jay Treaty Border Alliance Summit

January 31, 2023

Vancouver Canada

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Purpose

To provide an overview of:

  1. To provide an update to Jay Treaty Border Alliance (JTBA) membership on work underway in the Government of Canada in relation to Indigenous Border Crossing Issues; and

  • Engage in dialogue with JTBA delegates on topics of interest.

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CBSA: Advancement of Indigenous Affairs

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    • Implementation of MVOM report and recommendations
    • Monitoring and reporting on progress

Many Voices One Mind

    • Supported by unique policy suite that supports CBSA processes and engagement activities and provides guidance on Indigenous topics in a border services context.

CBSA’s Relationship with Indigenous Peoples Policy

    • Develops CBSA’s Indigenous training, policies and initiatives.

CBSA’s Indigenous Training Program

    • Implementation of report recommendations
    • Monitoring and reporting on progress

MSR Report

    • Guidance on impacts of treaty stipulations on agency programs and priorities
    • Adherence to treaty commitments

Treaty Commitments

    • Clearly defined performance measures regarding cultural competency and Indigenous affairs capability
    • Alignment of measures to GC priorities

Performance Measurement

    • Apply an Indigenous lens to policy
    • Guidance on impacts and implementation on Indigenous people

Legislative & Judicial

    • All officials to have access to unconscious bias and cultural competency training

Parliamentary Mandate

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CBSA: Indigenous Framework & Strategy

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People

The Agency is committed to both raising cultural awareness internally at all levels and reinventing the way that CBSA attracts and retains Indigenous talent and supports its Indigenous employees from recruitment and retirement.

Operations

CBSA operational staff, as relationship holders with Indigenous Peoples, will be equipped with the tools, knowledge and guidance required to provide services an informed, unbiased manner.

Engagement

CBSA undertakes respectful, purposeful internal and external engagement with the extent of building strong Nation-to-Nation relationships with Indigenous Peoples.

Policy

CBSA has a unique internal policy suite to support its processes and engagement activities rooted in Indigenous perspectives and providing guidance on Indigenous topics in a border service context.

CBSA Indigenous Framework & Strategy

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Public Safety – Review Body for CBSA

On May 19, 2022, the Minister of Public Safety introduced Bill C-20, an Act establishing the Public Complaints and Review Commission and amending certain Acts and statutory instruments.

    • The Bill would enact a new standalone statute, the Public Complaints and Review Commission Act, that would:
    • Establish the Public Complaints and Review Commission (PCRC), which would replace the Civilian Review and Complaints ‎Commission (CRCC), currently the review body for the RCMP. It would create, for the very first time, independent review of, and a forum for complaints about, the CBSA.
    • Enact additional accountability and transparency mechanisms, including codified timelines for RCMP and CBSA responses to PCRC interim reports, reviews and recommendations, mandatory annual reporting by the RCMP and CBSA on actions taken in response to PCRC recommendations and mandatory, reporting of disaggregated race-based data, including data on Indigenous status, by the PCRC.
    • Establish a statutory framework to govern CBSA responses to serious incidents.

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IRCC: Who we are and what is our role

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    • Right of Entry
    • Travel Documents
    • Admissibility & Facilitative Mechanisms (e.g. Temporary Resident Permits)

Admissibility Branch Responsibilities

    • Ministerial Special Representative Report 2017
    • 2018 commitment: discuss potential solutions to complex issues
    • Article 36: UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
    • Commitment to Reconciliation

Role with Indigenous Border Crossing Issues

    • NEW: Indigenous Border Crossing Division
    • Support JTBA & wider border crossing work

Looking Forward

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IRCC & Right of Entry

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Key Considerations to Explore

1. Engagement with Indigenous Partners

2. Scope

3. Documentation

4. Interaction with UN Declaration Act work

Departments with role

  1. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada
  2. Canada Border Services Agency/Public Safety
  3. Crown-Indigenous Relations
  4. Indigenous Services Canada
  5. Global Affairs Canada
  6. Department of Justice

Right of Entry, s.19 IRPA

  1. Canadian citizens

  • Persons registered under Indian Act

  • Permanent Residents

IRPA does not…

  1. Explicitly refer to First Nations, Métis and Inuit re: right of entry

  • Extend right of entry to foreign nationals (not registered under Indian Act)

Legal Framework

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Discussion and Next Steps

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Tribal Leader Discussion

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The Government of Canada

Listening Session

Moderator:

  • Billy Barquin, Attorney General, Kootenai Tribe of Idaho

Panelists:

  • Loretta Landmesser, Director, Indigenous Affairs Secretariat at Canada Border Services Agency
  • Helen Robertson, Director, Migration Control and Horizontal Policy
  • Cynthia Pye, Manager, Indigenous Training Program (and Assistant Director of the Indigenous Affairs Secretariat)

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JAY TREATY BORDER

ALLIANCE SUMMIT

February 1, 2023

Lummi Nation

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Opening Remarks

  • Lisa Wilson, Lummi Nation
  • Chief Michael Conners, Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe
  • Chairwoman Jennifer Porter, Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
  • Grand Chief Abram Benedict, Mohawk Council of Akwesasne

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Remarks by Local Host

Lisa Wilson,

Council member, Lummi Nation

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Remarks by JTBA Co-Chair

Michael Connors,

Chief, Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe

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Remarks by JTBA Co-Chair

Jennifer Porter,

Chairwoman, Kootenai Tribe of Idaho

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Remarks by JTBA Co-Chair

Abram Benedict,

Grand Chief, Mohawk Council of Akwesasne

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Border Markers

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Day 1 Recap

  • William Barquin, Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
  • Naomie Droll, Capitol Hill Policy Group

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WHY IS UNDRIP IMPORTANT FOR BORDER CROSSING?

Article 36 is directly relevant to border crossing and trade—

  • Indigenous peoples, in particular those divided by international borders, have the right to maintain and develop contacts, relations and cooperation, including activities for spiritual, cultural, political, economic and social purposes, with their own members as well as other peoples across borders.

Article 20 is directly relevant to trade (in addition to Article 36)—

  • Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and develop their political, economic and social systems or institutions, to be secure in the enjoyment of their own means of subsistence and development, and to engage freely in all their traditional and other economic activities.

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JTBA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA

High Table:

Provides oversight & guidance to JTBA-CI

Approval body for actions raised through the Governance Table

Membership: JTBA senior leadership and Minister PS, Minister IRCC & Minister CIR

Governance Table:

Leads the governance, monitoring, and reporting functions for the JTBA-CI

Provides structure and direction to implememnt the direction of the High Table to the Technical Tables

Membership: Select JTBA Leaders; ADM-0lvel representation from CBSA/PS, IRCC & CIR

Technical Tables

Right of Entry

Border Crossing Experience

Identification / Travel Documents

Entry of Goods

Membership: JTBA technical leads & Director-level leads from respective departments

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Jay Treaty Border Alliance

Advocacy

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Advocating for the Tribal Border Crossing Parity Act During the Biden Administration and the 118th Congress

Moderator:

  • William Barquin, Kootenai Tribe of Idaho

Panelists:

  • James Meggesto, Holland & Knight LLP
  • Robert Porter, Capitol Hill Policy Group
  • Naomie Droll, Capitol Hill Policy Group

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THE 1794 TREATY OF AMITY, COMMERCE, AND NAVIGATION (JAY TREATY)

  • Representatives of the United States and Great Britain signed the Jay Treaty, which sought to settle outstanding issues between the two countries. 
  • The Jay Treaty delineated the United States-Canadian border, splitting many tribal communities living along this border in half.

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ARTICLE III OF THE JAY TREATY

"[i]t is agreed, that . . . the Indians dwelling on either side of the [U.S.-Canadian border], freely to pass and repass, by land or inland navigation into the respective territories and countries of the two parties on the continent of America." 

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Codification of the Jay Treaty

  • Congress first codified the Indians’ right of free passage across the border with the Act of April 2, 1928 (the Act of 1928):

[T]he Immigration Act of 1924 shall not be construed to apply to the right of American Indians born in Canada to pass the borders of the United States: Provided, That this right shall not extend to persons whose membership in Indian tribes or families is created by adoption.

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Section 289 of the INA (8 U.S.C. § 1359) – the current law

§ 1359. Application to American Indians born in Canada Nothing in this subchapter shall be construed to affect the right of American Indians born in Canada to pass the borders of the United States, but such right shall extend only to persons who possess at least 50 per centum of blood of the American Indian race.

(June 27, 1952, ch. 477, title II, ch. 9, §289, 66 Stat. 234.) 

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Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49 (1978)

  • Self-determination means that Tribal governments possess the inherent right to determine Tribal membership.
  • The Supreme Court found that a Pueblo ordinance denying tribal membership to the children of female members who marry outside the tribe was not a violation of the Equal Protection Clause under the Indian Civil Rights Act (25 U.S.C. §§ 1301-1303)

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Tribal Border Crossing Parity Act - As introduced in the 116th Congress

§ 1359. Application to American Indians born in Canada Nothing in this subchapter shall be construed to affect the right of American Indians born in Canada to pass the borders of the United States, but such right shall extend only to persons who are members, or are eligible to be members, of a Federally recognized Indian tribe in the United States or Canada, or possess at least 50 per centum of blood of the American Indian race.

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Tribal Border Crossing Parity Act – As Introduced in the 117th Congress

Nothing in this subchapter shall be construed to affect the right of American Indians born in Canada or the United States to pass the borders of the United States, but such right shall extend only to persons who are members, or are eligible to be members, of a Federally recognized Indian tribe in the United States or Canada, or possess at least 50 per centum of blood of the American Indian race.

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White House Reciprocal Indigenous Mobility Initiative

  • Initiative announced during the White House Tribal Nations Summit
  • Purpose: to identify and remove barriers that impede the access of Tribal Nations and Alaska Native Villages to border-crossing and immigration rights and benefits
  • Next steps: DHS will provide a report to the White House Domestic Policy Council within 180 days of the Tribal Nations Summit describing its progress and recommending any new operational procedures or legal authorities necessary to support these efforts

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118th FEDERAL ADVOCACY STRATEGY

  • Reintroduce the Tribal Border Crossing Parity Act in the House
    • Ensure bipartisanship
  • House Judiciary Committee issues
  • Introduce a Senate companion bill
  • Work with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to amend the language
  • Work with DHS to advance its Reciprocal Indigenous Mobility Initiative

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RESOURCES:

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Advocating for Tribe-to-Tribe Trade in the 2023 Farm Bill

  • Kayla Gebeck Carroll, Holland & Knight LLP
  • William Barquin, Kootenai Tribe of Idaho

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2023 Farm Bill

  • What is the Farm Bill?
    • An omnibus, multiyear law that provides nutrition assistance, crop subsidies, crop insurance, rural broadband internet deployment and a range of other programs and initiatives.
    • 2018 Farm Bill expected to expire on September 30, 2023

  • Why is it important?
    • Mechanism to advance tribal self-determination, combat chronic health disparities, and develop regional food economies

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2023 Farm Bill

  • What is the ask?
    • Include a provision in the 2023 Farm Bill to consider traditional foods such as fish, meat, wild rice, grains, and other procured from traditional homelands in Canada "domestic" for the purpose of the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR).
    • If this provision is enacted, Congress will increase access to traditional, nutritionally-valuable foods and enhance Tribe-to-Tribe trade.

  • Strategy in 118th Congress
    • Leverage partnership with the Native Farm Bill Coalition (NFBC) to urge the House and Senate Agriculture Committees to include the above provision in the 2023 Farm Bill.

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RESOURCES:

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Tribal Leader Discussion

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U.S. Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Customs and Border Protection

Listening Session

  • Lisa Brown, Assistant Director, Field Operations, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Seattle Field Office

  • Bronia E. Ashford, Chief of Tribal and Community Affairs, Intergovernmental Public Liaison, Office of the Commissioner

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The purpose of this listening session is to solicit input from Tribal nations and Alaska Native Corporations. It is not a formal consultation, but a conversation focused on sharing information, and strengthening relationships.

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POST ELECTION OUTCOME

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  1. How can CBP provide additional support to Tribal nations on the Northern Border? Please describe or highlight in person or virtual meetings, conferences, summits, events, etc. where CBP can participate and or offer assistance?

  • Describe a situation (can be anonymous) where CBP Officers encountered sacred, ceremonial, or cultural items while crossing the border and, CBP engaged with the Tribal member appropriately? CBP could have done a better job handling the sacred, ceremonial, or cultural item?

  • How can CBP Officers and Tribal nations work in collaboration to ensure proper handling of sacred, ceremonial, and cultural items? Are there educational opportunities for CBP employees to learn about the importance of ceremonial dress, regalia, medicine bundles, rattles, fans, masks, and more? This also can include scheduling culturally sensitive and appropriate discussions to include world views, cultural ceremonies, religious ceremonies, and other important days, seasons, holidays, etc. that Tribal nations choose to share. Do you have literature on sacred, ceremonial, and cultural items that CBP can use for distribution and or training?

  • Describe situations where CBP Officers delayed Tribal members traveling across the Northern border due to issues with their identification/travel documents?

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POST ELECTION OUTCOME

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U.S. Customs and Border Protection - Seattle Field Office

Lisa Brown, Assistant Director Field Operations-Trade

LisaBeth.M.Brown@cbp.dhs.gov

Renne Archer, Supervisory Program Manager-Border Security,

Renne.J.Archer@cbp.dhs.gov

Adria Kinney, Program Manager, Tribal Liaison-Border Security,

Adria.L.Kinney@cbp.dhs.gov

(360) 332-4472

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POST ELECTION OUTCOME

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For Assistance

Intergovernmental Public Liaison

(202) 325-0775

CBP-Intergovernmental-Public-Liaison@cbp.dhs.gov

Point of Contact:

Bronia E Ashford

Chief of Tribal and Community Affairs

bronia.e.ashford@cbp.dhs.gov

 

DHS Traveler Redress Inquiry Program (DHS TRIP)

https://www.dhs.gov/dhs-trip

 

CBP Information Center

(877) CBP-5511 or (202) 325-8000

Monday – Friday (except holidays), 8:30am – 4:00pm EST

https://help.cbp.gov and https://helpspanish.cbp.gov

 

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POST ELECTION OUTCOME

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Tribal Enhanced Identification Cards (ETCs)

  • Marisela C. Nuñez, Enrollment Director

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POST ELECTION OUTCOME

Enhanced Tribal Card (ETC)

Consulting Services

Presenter: Marisela C. Nuñez, Enrollment Director

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Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona

2009 Pascua Yaqui Tribe (PYT) enters in MOA with DHS/CBP regarding ETC

2010 PYT began issuing ETCs to its tribal citizenship

2013 PYT assists Tribal Nations with ETC Program Development

2017 Sacred Path established

2017 PYT Cultural Participant Program established

2019 PYT Formed the Tribal Border Alliance

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Background – Congressional Authority

  • 2001 - 9/11 Terrorist Attacks

  • 2002 - Congress established the 9/11 Commission

  • 2004 - IRTPA Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act

Requirement to develop and implement a plan to require U.S. citizens and individuals to present a passport or other document or combination of documents as the Secretary of Homeland Security deems sufficient to denote identity and citizenship.

  • April 2008- Comment Period for the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) Published in the Federal Register, 73 FR 18,384.

  • June 1, 2009, Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI)- Finalized

When entering the United States from Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Bermuda by land and sea (including ferries) travelers are required to present a valid passport or WHTI compliant travel document (Enhanced Tribal Card “ETC”) denoting the individuals' identity and citizenship status.

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Issuing Authorities and Documents

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What is an ETC?

  • A WHTI Compliant Identification denoting identity and citizenship issued under the authority of Tribal Nations
  • Equivalent to, functions, and acceptance like a U.S. passport card
  • Secure Form of Tribal Identification with embedded industry standard card security features to prevent counterfeiting and tampering
  • Allows for secured ETC data sharing between DHS/CBP and Tribal Nations; NO tribal data exchanged (blood quantums, enrollment numbers or genealogy history)
  • Facilitates mobility and easier passage between borders and domestic air travel; accepted for TSA Pre-Screen Program and other WHTI compliant traveler programs

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ETC Data & Technology

What Appears on an ETC

  • Legal first, middle and last name
  • Date of Birth
  • Sex
  • Address
  • Citizenship (US or Canadian)
  • Identifies Tribal Nation Issuing Authority
  • Unique document number
  • Issued and Expiration dates (valid for 8 years)
  • Photo
  • Signature

Technology

GSI – Unique global prefix number assigned to identify the Tribal Nation

RFID – Radio Frequency Identification

MRZ – Machine Readable Zone

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) – How does it work?

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  • Reads a unique number embedded inside the card; 96-bit identifier
  • Real time verification of information between DHS/CBP and Tribal Nation
  • The device will read no tribal personal information as it’s not stored on the card
  • Push or Pull Method of Data Exchange

The RFID enables the electronic verification embedded in the card with the ability to read up to 20 feet proximity from a port of entry.

Example of RFID

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Secure Card Design Principals

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Examples of Security Card Features

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Current Client Tribal Nations

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Nine (9) Current Client Tribes:

  • Hydaburg Tribe of Alaska *
  • Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservations of Washington
  • Puyallup Tribe of Washington
  • Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas *
  • Kootenai Tribe of Idaho *
  • Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation of Kansas *
  • Muckleshoot Indian Tribe of Washington
  • Cayuga Nation of New York State *
  • Northern Cheyenne Tribe of Montana *

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ETC Production Outsourcing Journey

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Next Steps…

  • Contact the Sacred Path

Marisela C. Nuñez, Sacred Path/Enrollment Director

(520) 975-3594

www.SacredPath.net

  • Complete a Readiness Assessment and Set-up Conference Call

  • Tailor a Scope of Work and Cost Estimate

  • Contact DHS/CBP regarding the MOA (new appointment – Jill Thomspon CBPO Fraudulent Document Analysis Unit (517) 468-1882)

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  • Lios Em Chiokoe Ut’Tesia “Thank You”

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QUESTIONS

&

ANSWERS

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Jay Treaty Border Alliance

Organizational Discussion

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