Internet Ecosystem Formation�- in the 20th century -
2021.06.22
Chon, Kilnam
전길남
KAIST
2021 KR4050 Workshop, KRNET 2021.1.18rev6.22+
We connected 4 Internet nodes in USA, 1969.�We connected 2 Internet nodes in Korea, 1982.
What’s Next?
- Internet Ecosystem Formations
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Table of Contents
8. Human Network
10. Remarks
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1. Ecosystem Definition - Google Search
- A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
- A complex network or interconnected system
- 생태계 saentaegye (in Korean)
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2. Toward Global Internet
2.1 ARPANET
ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency) developed projects on� many advanced topics including computer networking and artificial intelligence� starting from 1960s.
ARPANET ecosystem was formed in USA in 1960s – 1990s. � IETF was formed as the Internet protocol standardization organization� with meetings for 3-4 times per year.
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2.2 CSNET and NSFNET (with IPv4 networks in many countries)
CSNET (along UUCPNET/USENET and BITNET) expanded users of computer networks beyond ARPANET both in USA and the world in the 1980s.
NSFNET replaced ARPANET as the backbone network in USA, and connected to IPv4 networks in other continents; Asia, Europe and Latin America in late 1980s-1990s.
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2.3 Global Internet
NSFNET and computer networks in many countries which are based on Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6) became “Internet” as we know today.
Various organizations including standardization bodies, conferences, and other domain specific organizations were formed in the 20th and 21st centuries.
Additional major developments (commercial Internet, broadband, WWW, �digital services,…) were made in 1980s~2000s.
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3. Technology
3.1 Research and Development
Universities and Research Institutes
3.2 Standardization
IEEE, IETF, ISO, ITU, W3C, Industry Consortia
3.3 Conferences
International Computer Communication Conference (ICCC), 1970s ~ 1990s
International Academic Networkshop (IANW), 1980s
INET, 1990s
SIGCOMM, 1980s ~ Present
Infocom, 1980s ~ Present
Interop, 1990s ~ Present
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4. Activities: National, Regional and Global
Research and Education Networks
Regional Conferences
Network Operators’ Groups
Cyber Security Organizations; CERT/CSIRT
Commercial Internet Service Providers
WWW and Its Applications
Digital Services; SMS, SNS, Messaging
e-Commerce with e-Payment
Entertainment
Internet Governance
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5. Users
5 billion Internet users in the world in 2020.
They form numerous user communities; nationally, regionally and globally.
How do we connect “the Last Billion Users” to the internet?
They are handicapped economically, geographically, and/or physiologically.
Does Low-orbital earth satellite Internet solve the last billion problem?
It may solve the geographically-handicapped case very well, but it may not solve � the economically-handicapped case.
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6. Public Sector
Governments
State governments play various roles depending on countries in addition to� their traditional roles.
Public Institutions
In many countries, public institutions play additional roles to the state� governments such as standardization, R&D,…
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7. Commercial Sector
Telecommunications Service Providers
They tend to offer many telecommunication services, and Internet services.
Commercial Internet
Additional commercial Internet service providers are increasingly becoming� minor service providers.
On the other hand, digital service providers (SNS, SMS, Messaging) are � becoming dominant along telecommunications service providers.
e-Commerce
e-Commerce along e-payment is becoming dominant commercial service� providers around the world.
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8. Human Networks
How do we develop good human networks and sustain them?
- Domestic human networks
- International human networks
- Interdisciplinary human networks
- Hand over human networks to next generations
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9. Issues
A- What to do if you encounters critical issues before others (security,..)?
B- How do we develop the next generation human resource?
C- How to handle reviews of ecosystems domestically and/or internationally?
D- Multistakeholder process for ecosystems
E- External ecosystem (under Internet) vs Internal ecosystem
F- Evolution of ecosystem; hard to change, openness, next generation,..
G- Can we keep Asia as one of 3 major regions along North America and Europe?
H- How do we archive data, develop data centers, and handle data governance?
I- How do we handle advanced topics such as Internet AI?
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10. Concluding Remarks
References
Asia Internet History, InternetHistory.asia, 2021.
Kilnam Chon, Internet Ecosystem, 2021.
M. Hemmati, Multi-stakeholder processes for governance and sustainability, 2002.
InternetWorldStats.com, 2021.
Korea Internet History, InternetHistory.kr.
Barry Leiner, et al., A Brief History of the Internet, ACM SIGCOMM, 2009.
National Security Council on AI, Final Report, 2021.03.
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Appendix Digital Ecosystems
Digital ecosystems are in their early formation stages.
AI ecosystem, security ecosystem and digital service ecosystem of the digital ecosysems may be very important along Internet ecosystem.
Other digital ecosystems such as data ecosystem and IoT ecosystem may be explored on their formations, too.
Multistakeholder models for digital ecosystems may be explored possibly based on the multistakeholder model of the Internet ecosystem.
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Appendix South Korea
Research & Education Network - KREONET, KOREN
Domestic Conferences – KRNET, HSN, KCC,…
Network Operators' Group – N/A
Computer Security Organization – KISA
Internet Service Providers – KT, SKT, LG+,…
Web Applications – Naver, Kakao,…
e-commerce - (many)
Entertainment – Nexon, NCSOFT, Netmarble,…
Internet Governance
Internet Exchange
Media – News, Video/TV,…
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Appendix AI Ecosystem - References
[ComputerWorld 2021] AI Ecosystem, 2021.
[CSIS 2018] Defining the AI Ecosystem, 2018.9.5.[youtube]
[CSIS 2018b] L. Sheppart, AI and National Security, 2018.11.5.
[Medium 2020] C. Auer-Welsbach, Global AI ecosystem, Medium, 2019.11.7.
[Medium 2021] Everything You Need to Know About the AI Ecosystem
[NCSAI 2021] NCSAI, Final Report, 2021.
[Quora 2021] https://www.quora.com/profile/Garima-Gupta-844, 2021.
[Wired 2020] K. Kallot and G. Williams, Future of AI ecosystem, 2020.7.13.
Appendix Cyber Security Ecosystem - References
[Blackkitetech 2020] Global cyber ecosystem and why does its security matter.
[ETSI 2017] Global Cyber Security Ecosystem, TR 103 306, ETSI, 2017.
[NCSAI 2021] NCSAI, Final Report, 2021.
[Potii 2018] O. Potti, Cybersecurity Ecosystem, ITU Seminar, 2018.
[Sadik 2020] S. Sadik, toward sustainable cybersecurity ecosystem, mdpi
Appendix Digital Service Ecosystem - References
[SocialMedia 2020] What is social media ecosystem?
[DigitalMedia 2021] What is digital media ecosystem?
[Bomsel 2020] Media Ecosystems: A definition, IPDIGIT, 2020.
[Koumaras 2020] H. Koumaras, Media ecosystems; a novel approach
[Kostovska 2020] I Kostovska, going beyond the hype: conceptualising media, 2020.
[Forbes 2012] Forbes, overview of the social media ecosystem, 2012.
[MediaEcology 2021] Media ecology, Wikipedia, 2021.
[KimChang 2020] kimchang, Korean government announces digital media ecosystem
[IPDIGIT 2014] IPDIGIT.eu, media-ecosystems-a-definition, 2014.