AV Aids

Development of Visual Aids

Communication Methods / Tools

2

Farm and Home Visit

Field Trip

Group Discussion

Method Demonstration

Result Demonstration

Field Trials

Lecture

Symposium

Panel Discussion

Debate

Forum

Buzz Group

Workshop

Brainstorming Session

Seminar

Conference

Meetings

Exhibition

Kisan Mela

Radio

Television

Community Radio

Office Call

Farm and Home Visit

Bulletin Board

Charts

Circular Letters

Field days

Film Strips

Films

Field Visits

Field trips

Exposure Visit

Flannel Graph

Front Line Demonstration

Folk Media

Flash Cards

Games

Lecture

Case study

Modules

Leaflet

Folder

Newspaper

Satellite

Poster

Puppets

Result demonstration

Slides

Specimen

Syndicate

Symposium

Tours

OHP

LCD

Apps

Social Media

Wall News Paper

Flash Cards

Flannel Boards

Communication Methods

• Method is a procedure / process for attaining an objective
• The choice of a channel or method of communication, also known as extension teaching method
• ETM depends on
• Number of audience
• Location of target audience
• Time available
• Choose particular method or combination of methods
• according to the needs of the situation.

Classification of Communication methods �(Extension Teaching Methods)

• According to Use
• Individual / group / Mass Contact Methods
• According to form
• Spoken / written / Visual

​

Spoken

Written

Objective / Visual

Individual Contact Methods

Group Contact Methods

Mass Contact Methods

Examples for ETMs

• ICM
• Farm and Home visit, Field trials, Personal Letter
• GCM
• Group discussion, Method demonstration, Result Demonstration, Field Trips
• Small group discussion techniques
• Lecture, Symposium, Panel, Debate, Forum, Buzz group, Workshop, Brain Storming, Seminar and Conference.

Examples for ETMs

• MCM
• Meetings, Campaign, Exhibition, Kisan Mela, Radio and Television
• ICTs – Email, Websites, Portals, Web2, Cloud communication, Mobile apps.

Aid /Tool

• Aid
• a person or thing that helps you.
• Tool
• a piece of equipment/thing, that you hold in your hand(s) and use to do a particular job

AV Aids

• Instructional Devices which are used to communicate messages more effectively through sound and visuals.

Advantages of AV Aids

• Change behavior
• Motivate, Clarify and Stimulate
• Catches the attention
• Arouse interest
• Highlight main points

Advantages of AV Aids

• Build Concepts- Avoid misinterpreting concepts
• Verbalism
• Water Use Efficiency / Plastics in Agriculture / LEISA / Cycles
• Structure the learning process
• Perception
• Several senses – understanding / retaining better

Advantages of AV Aids

• Reach more people
• overcome literacy / language barriers
• Adapt speed of presentation b/o audience response
• Save time – Speed up learning process
• Provides Experiences

Advantages of AV Aids

• Builds and Sustain Interest
• Use variety in Teaching
• Supplement other learning
• Serve as reminder
• Motivates, Develops and Changes Attitude

​

Attention of People is Attracted by Difference senses

• Sight – 87%
• Hearing – 07%
• Smell – 3.5%
• Touch – 01%
• Tasting – 1.5%

Classification of Audio Visual Aids

Audio Aids

Visual Aids

Audio-Visual Aids

Audio Aids

Is any instructional device that can be heard, but not seen

• Recordings (Tape, Disc, Wire, SD Cards)
• Public Address System
• Telephone

​

Visual Aids�Any instructional aid which can be seen but not heard

1. Literature

• Leaflets
• Newsletter
• Bulletins
• News articles
• Wall news papers
• Folders
• Calendars
• News stories

2. Symbolised

• Charts
• Graphs
• Maps

3. 3D Non - Projected

• Models
• Specimens
• Objects
• Paintings
• Drawings

3.

2D Projected

• Slides
• Film
• Film Strips
• Opaque
• OHP
• LCD

​

2D Non-Projected

• Chalk Board
• Bulletin Boards
• Photographs
• Diagram
• Flannel Graphs
• Flash Cards
• Posters
• Pictures

• Projected
• 3D Films / AR / VR/ MR

Audio-Visual Aids

• Any instructional device that can be heard and seen

Audio-Visual Aids

Projected

• Motion Pictures
• Videos
• Multimedia Projections (DLP)

​

Non-Projected

• Drama
• Puppet show
• Talking doll

​

EDGAR DALE’s CONE OF EXPERIENCE

Read

Hear

View Images

Watch Videos

Attend Exhibition

Watch a Demonstration

Participate in Hands on Workshop

Design a collaborative Model

Simulate, Model or Experience

Design and perform a presentation

10% of what they read

20% of what they hear

30% of what they see

50% of what they hear & see

70% of what they say and Write

90% of what they say and do a thing

People Tend to Remember

People are able to

Define,

Describe,

List,

Explain

Demonstrate,

Apply,

Practice

Analyse

Design

Create

Evaluate

People Involvement

Verbal Receiving

Visual Receiving

Receiving &

Participating

Doing it

Summarise : A-V Aids?

• Instructional devices
• Used to communicate messages more effectively through sound and visuals
• Aids help in stimulating the sensory organs ears and eyes
• Used for literate as well as for illiterate people.
• Messages can only be heard - Audio Aids.
• Messages can only be seen - Visual Aids.
• Messages can be heard and seen simultaneously Audio-Visual Aids.

Audio Aids

1. Tape Recorder

• Equipment for recording sound on magnetic tape by electro-magnetic process which may be played back when needed
• The tape may be of celluloid, plastic or high tensile polyester film
• These have an ultra thin coating of iron oxide on one side

Audio Aids

1. Tape Recorder

Advantages

• Facilitates on-the-spot recording of sound
• Help in duplication and dissemination of sound
• Recorded tape can be immediately played back without any processing
• Facilitates editing of sound by adding, deleting & adjusting tapes back and forth
• Helps in synchronization of sound with picture
• Easy to operate

Public Address System

​

• PAS is a set of equipment to amplify sound so that it is audible to a large audience over a distance.
• It is useful for extension programs involving a large number of people such as mass meeting, training, field day/farmers’ day, campaign , exhibition etc.,

Public Address System

​

• PAS has 3 components-microphone, amplifier and loudspeaker. The microphone is connected to the input terminal of the amplifier and the loudspeaker to the output terminal. It may be run on dry/wet battery, or AC/DC power

Telephone

• Telephone is a system of equipments through which people can communicate both ways to distant places.
• It provides for instant inter-personal commn, in which the communicator and the communicatee change their roles while giving and getting information.

Telephone

• Though only two persons can communicate at a time through a telephone, the system serves many people in a given area.
• By using telephone people can keep contact with the outside world, without physically moving out.

​

​

Non-Projected Visual Aids

1. Chalk Board
1. It is a board for writing with chalk. It is the simplest, cheapest, most convenient and widely used visual aid.
2. Wooden board, colored in black is mostly used, hence it is also known as blackboard. However, ground glass, roll-up materials, colored in black, olive green or blue may be used.

​

Non-Projected Visual Aids

1. Chalk Board

Advantages

• Furnishes a writing surface which may be easily erased.
• Step-by-step presentation of the topic on the board creates a dramatic impact which sustains audience interest
• Important points may be emphasized by underlining them
• Clarity in communication may be brought about by drawing illustrations
• Color effect may be produced by using colored chalk
• Mistakes, if any, may be promptly corrected.

Bulletin Board

• It is a board for display of message.
• It is made of soft insulation board or perforated masonite board and may or may not be covered with glass.
• Paper containing the message may be fixed by board-pin on the soft insulation board.
• On commercially available perforated boards, the message is displayed by pressing plastic letters and symbols on the perforations.

Bulletin Board

Advantages

• Draws attention to important announcements.
• Develops audience interest
• Facilitates display of graphic and pictorial matter
• Highlights current activities and achievements
• A basic means of communication at less cost

Picture and Photograph

• Picture is a representation made by drawing, painting or photography which gives accurate idea of an object
• A good picture may tell a story without using a single word
• Pictures may be in black and white /color
• Color pictures and blow up photographs have more appeal
• For extension photography, a good quality 35 mm. single-lens reflex camera with some essential attachments like flash-gun, lens-hood, filter, close-up lens etc., are enough.
• The processing may be done at a good photographic studio.
• For future use, the negatives may be preserved in negative-album, after properly indexing them.

Picture and Photograph

Advantages

• Arouses interest
• Facilitates introducing a new topic
• Clarifies complex ideas
• Conveys message even to an illiterate person
• Photographs provide proof for evaluation of result
• Leaves an impression on the mind
• Increase credibility of message
• Easy to get and of moderate cost

Flannel Graph, Flash Card, Flip Chart

• These are visual aids in which the messages are written or drawn on thick paper presented step-by-step by the extension agent to the audience to synchronize with the talk.
• This produces a dramatic effect on the audience.
• In flannel graph, papers containing the messages are prepared with sandpaper backing and are placed one-by-one in a sequence along with the talk, on a board covered with flannel or hand-woven thick cloth.

Flannel Graph, Flash Card, Flip Chart

• In flash card, messages are presented on papers measuring about 30 cm. X 25 cm. A number of them are held like a pack of cards and are flashed to the audience, one-by-one in a sequence along with the talk.
• In flip chart, the message is written or drawn on big size papers and are arranged like a calendar, the leaves of which are turned over one-by-one in a sequence as the talk proceeds.
• These are generally used in class room situations, rather than in field extension work

Flannel Graph, Flash Card, Flip Chart

Advantages

• Facilitate presentation of the talk as important points are already noted on the paper
• Helps in clarifying concepts
• Help in showing the cumulative process
• Produce dramatic effect on the audience
• Help in summarizing the talk
• Save time in presentation of a talk

Poster

• Poster is a play card displayed in a public place with the purpose of creating awareness amongst the people
• A poster is generally seen from a distance and the person glancing at it or inclination to stop and read, the job of the poster is to stop the hurriedly passing persons, trust the message upon them quickly and lead them to action immediately or eventually.

Poster

Advantages

• Helps in making announcements
• Facilitates display of ideas to the audience
• Quick communication of message to a large number of people dispersed
• Widely and in remote areas
• Facilitates motivating people.

Diagram, Map. Chart and Graph

• Diagram, Map, Chart and Graph are visuals where information is summarized and presented in a more or less abstract form.

​

• For example, a diagram is lien drawing of an object or an idea, a map is an informative diagram of an area, a chart contains information in tabular form and a graph is a diagrammatic representation of the relationship between variables.

Diagram, Map. Chart and Graph

• In diagram, map, chart and graph information is presented in abstract form, as such, a higher level of education and intelligence of the audience is required to understand and absorb the information..

​

• The rural audience would need some assistance to get the message from them. However, these types of visuals are very convenient for presenting large amount of information in a comprehensive and meaningful way. Diagram, map, chart and graph are used in bulletin board, method demonstration, group meeting, training programme, farm publication, campaign, exhibition, newspaper, television etc.,

Diagram, Map. Chart and Graph

• Advantages
• 1. Help in visualizing the broad concept
• 2. Give proper prospective of an area (Map)
• 3. Show proper sequence and relationship (Chart)
• 4. Help in analyzing a problem or situation (Chart)
• 5. Help in making comparisons and contrasts (Graph)

Specimen, Model and Diorama

• Specimen is a sample which represents the whole, Model is miniature replica of an object and Diorama is a scenic representation of the original, with specimen, model and pant0ing. The term ‘diorame’ is derived from the Greek and means ‘to see through’. In extension work when it is not possible to expose the audience to the real life situation, these may be used to communicate a reliable idea of the original. Specimen and model are used in method demonstration, group meeting, training programme, exhibition etc., Diorama is generally used in exhibition and in communication centers.

Audio Aids

Tape recorder

Public Address System

Telephone

Visual Aids

Leaflets, Folders, newsletters

Calendars, News Stories, Articles, Bulletins,

2 D NP : Chalk Board

2D NP: Bulletin Board

2D NP: Pictures

2D NP: Photographs

2D NP: Flannel Graph

2D NP: Flash Card

2D NP: Flip Chart

2D NP: Poster

2D NP: Diagram

Symbolized : Map

Symbolized : Chart

Symbolized : Graph

3D: Specimen

3D: Model

2D P: Tran slide

2D P: Slides

2D P: Filmstrip

2D P: Opaque Projector

2D P: Overhead projector

2D P: LCD Projectors

Audio - Visual Aids

AVA NP: Drama

AVA NP: Puppet show

AVA NP: Talking doll

AVA P: Motion Picture

AVA P: Video

Folk Media

Multimedia

Fixures

Communication Methods & �AV Aids

Development of Visual Aids

Development of VA calls for

• Ability to translate messages into visual form
• Flash / slowly comes out of thinking
• Choose from several ideas
• No single idea

​

General Guidelines

• Audience
• Size
• Level of understanding
• Background
• Subject matter
• Stress why important
• Make outline
• Identify key point
• Translate key point into visual
• Optimal – don’t crowd with Details (texts & visuals)

​

Important Things in Visual aid development

• Drawing Letters
• Simple Sketching
• Designing Layout

Drawing Letters

• Indispensable
• Part of blackboard, charts, posters, handouts etc.
• Sensational + Striking & Bold
• Catch Attention

​

​

​

Drawing Letters

• Four important Factors
1. Size
• >0.5” for 10’
1. Thickness
• 1/5^th height

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Drawing Letters

• Style
• Degree of slantness
• Vertical more readable
• EXAGGERATED Exaggerated capitals
• Flourishing Loops below

/ above

• Simple style Vs Complex Style
• Lower and Upper Case

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

BURRY THE PAST

BURRY THE PAST

Burry the Past

Burry the Past

BURRY THE PAST

BURRY THE PAST

BURRY THE PAST

BURRY THE PAST

burry the past

• Spacing
• Between words & Between letters
• Mechanical and Optical spacing

Agriculture Policy

Agriculture Policy

​

​

• Composing Lettering
• Use direct language
• Use group identification
1. Types
• Eg.
• Use language devices – Verb first, Rhythms, Rhymes

2. Simple Sketching / Drawing

• Anyone can learn
• Artists -
• Visualise subjects / objects in simple form
• Convert objects into shapes / combination of shapes
• Buildings : rectangles, triangles
• Vehicles : rectangles, triangles and circles
• People : Proportion, distinguishing features, body movements

​

LAYOUT

• Balance
• Topsideness
• Emphasise
• Central idea
• Contrast
• Light Vs Dark Colours
• Harmony
• Lettering, Colour, Materials
• Distraction - Avoid

​

Graphics

Graphics

• Graphics are material which communicate facts and ideas clearly thorugh combination of pictures, words and drawings
• Posters, charts, maps, globes

​

​

Posters

• ABC – Attractive, Brief and Clear
• Story at a glance
• Timely
• Audience
• Place the Messages & Rough Pictures in simple form
• Concise Words / Pictures
• Striking Slogan
• Layout the Poster
• Colour Scheme
• Appeal for Action

​

Charts

Combination of graphic and pictorial media designed for visualising relationship between key facts and ideas in an orderly and logical way.

​

• Layout the plan for the chart on paper
• Short, simple and approp. Caption
• One principal idea per chart
• Make large enough to see
• Attractive – colour / contrast
• Margins

​

​

Types

• Flow chart
• Tree chart
• trunk and branches
• Tabular chart
• facts / sequence / time relationship

​

​

Graphs - Types�Visual representation of numerical data

• Line – Continuous data
• Bar - Comparison
• Pie / circle – segments / parts of whole / percentages

​

​

​

Task

• Prepare a poster
• Make key points from literature
• Make simple sketches
• Design a layout
• Prepare a graph / Chart
• Prepare an outline for a graph
• Size / position / letter size / colours
• Finalise graph

​

Poster Evaluation

• Promotes single idea?
• Is there dramatic picture and attraction?
• Is there relation with familiar events?
• Is it limited with few words?
• Is simple words used
• Is the lettering size, style and spacings are optimal?
• Is there balance, emphasis, contrast and harmony?

​

​

Chart / Graph Evaluation

• Is the draft is appropriate
• Is the caption is short?
• Is the story complete?
• Is the chart / graph is simple
• Is the content covers one topic / idea
• Is the size large enough?
• Is the Layout is balanced / emphasised /harmony?
• Is the information is conveyed properly?

​

​

Visual Communication

What would have been the production in 2010

1. 210 tonnes
2. 350 Tonnes
3. 850 tonnes
4. 106 tonnes